Quotation mark

The symbol"redirects here. For other uses, see"(disambiguation)andQuotation mark (disambiguation)

"\x22" redirects here. Not to be confused withX22.

The symbol‘redirects here. Not to be confused withʻOkinaorApostrophe.

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English quotation marks
« » “” Guille­mets CJKbrackets

Quotation marksarepunctuationmarks used in pairs in variouswriting systemsto identifydirect speech,aquotation,or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the sameglyph.Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media.

History

The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists.Isidore of Seville,in his seventh century encyclopedia,Etymologiae,described their use of the Greekdiplé(achevron):

[13] ⟩ Diple. Hanc scriptores nostri adponunt in libris ecclesiasticorum virorum ad separanda vel [ad] demonstranda testimonia sanctarum Scripturarum.

[13] ⟩ Diplé. Our copyists place this sign in the books of the people of the Church, to separate or to indicate the quotations drawn from theHoly Scriptures.

The double quotation mark derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth-centurymanuscriptannotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage.In his edition of the works ofAristotle,which appeared in 1483 or 1484, the MilaneseRenaissance humanistFrancesco Filelfomarked literal and appropriate quotes with oblique double dashes on the left margin of each line.Until then, literal quotations had been highlighted or not at the author's discretion.Non-verbal loanswere marked on the edge. After the publication of Filelfo's edition, the quotation marks for literal quotations prevailed.During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see underSpecific language featuresbelow) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.

Guillemetsby theImprimerie nationaleinBulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies,No. 302, May 1934, showing the usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters

Clash between the apostrophe and curved quotation marks in a phrase meaning “the crimes of the ‘good Samaritans’ ”

By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific to each region. InWestern Europethe custom became to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity of each mark aimedoutward.InBritainthose marks were elevated to the same height as the top of capital letters:“…”.

Clearly distinguishable apostrophe and angular quotation marks.

Blank space (in yellow) provoked by elevated quotation marks; some type designers consider this excessive.

InFrance,by the end of the nineteenth century, the marks were modified to an angular shape:«…».Some authorsclaim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas, and the parentheses. Also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters: theGreek breathing marks,theArmenian emphasis and apostrophe,the Arabiccomma,thedecimal separator,thethousands separator,etc. Other authorsclaim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one: the elevated quotation marks created extra white space before and after the word, below the quotation marks. This was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in-line quotation marks helped to maintain thetypographical color,since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters.Nevertheless, while other languages do not insert spaces between the quotation marks and the word(s) quoted, the French usage does insert them, even if they are narrow spaces.

Thecurvedquotation marks ( "66–99" ) usage,“…”,was exported to some non-Latin scripts, notably where there was someEnglishinfluence, for instance inNative AmericanscriptsandIndic scripts.On the other hand,Greek,Cyrillic,ArabicandEthiopicadopted the French "angular" quotation marks,«…».TheFar Eastangle bracket quotation marks,《…》,are also a development of the in-line angular quotation marks.

InCentral Europe,the practice was to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity aimedinward.TheGermantradition preferred the curved quotation marks, the first one at the level of the commas, the second one at the level of the apostrophes:„… “.Alternatively, these marks could be angular and in-line with lower case letters, but still pointing inward:»…«.Some neighboring regions adopted the German curved marks tradition with lower–upper alignment, while some, e.g. Poland, adopted a variant with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward like the opening one,„…”.

Sweden(andFinland) choose a convention where the convexity of both marks was aimed to the right but lined up both at the top level:”…”.

InEastern Europe,there was hesitation between the French tradition«…»and the German tradition„… “.The French tradition prevailed inEastern Europe(Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), whereas the German tradition, or its modified version with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward, has become dominant inSoutheastern Europe,e.g. in the Balkan countries.

The reemergence ofsingle quotation marks,‘…’,around 1800 came about as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation.In some languages using the angular quotation marks, the usage of the single guillemet,‹…›,became obsolete, being replaced by double curved ones:“…”,though the single ones still survive, for instance, in Switzerland. In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the curved quotation marks,„… “,are used as a secondary level or in handwriting, while the angular marks,«…»,are used as the primary level on printed text.

In English

Main article:Quotation marks in English

In English writing, quotation marks are placed in pairs around a word or phrase to indicate:

• Quotationordirect speech:Carol said "Go ahead" when I asked her if the launcher was ready.
• Mention in another work of thetitleof a short or subsidiary work, such as a chapter or an episode:"Encounter at Farpoint" was the pilot episode ofStar Trek: The Next Generation.
• Scare quotes,used to mean "so-called"or to expresssarcasm:The "fresh" bread was all dried up.

In American writing, quotation marks are normally the double kind (the primary style). If quotation marks are used inside another pair of quotation marks, then single quotation marks are used. For example:"Didn't she say 'I like red best' when I asked her wine preferences?" he asked his guests.If another set of quotation marks is nested inside single quotation marks, double quotation marks are used again, and they continue to alternate as necessary (though this is rarely done).

British publishing is regarded as more flexible about whether double or single quotation marks should be used.A tendency to use single quotation marks in British writing is thought to have arisen after the mid-19th century invention of steam-powered presses and the consequent rise of London and New York as distinct, industrialized publishing centers whose publishing houses adhered to separate norms.The King's Englishin 1908 noted that the prevailing British practice was to use double marks for most purposes, and single ones for quotations within quotations.Different media now follow different conventions in the United Kingdom.

Different varieties and styles of English have different conventions regarding whether terminal punctuation should be writteninside or outsidethe quotation marks. North American printing usually puts full stops and commas (but not colons, semicolons, exclamation or question marks) inside the closing quotation mark, whether it is part of the original quoted material or not.Styles elsewhere vary widely and have different rationales for placing it inside or outside, often a matter ofhouse style.

Regarding their appearance, there are two types of quotation marks:

• '…'and"…"are known as neutral, vertical, straight, typewriter,dumb,orASCIIquotation marks. The left and right marks are identical. These are found on typical Englishtypewritersandcomputer keyboards,although they are sometimesautomatically convertedto the other type by software.
• ‘…’and“…”are known as typographic, curly, curved, book, or smart quotation marks. (The doubled ones are more informally known as "66 and 99".) The beginning marks are commas raised to the top of the line and rotated 180 degrees. The ending marks are commas raised to the top of the line. Curved quotation marks are used mainly inmanuscript,printing, andtypesetting.Type cases(of any language) generally have the curved quotation mark metal types for the respective language, and may lack the vertical quotation mark metal types. Because most computer keyboards lack keys to enter typographic quotation marks directly, much that is written usingword-processing programshas vertical quotation marks. The "smart quotes"feature in some computer software can convert vertical quotation marks to curly ones, although sometimes imperfectly.

The closing single quotation mark is identical in form to theapostropheand similar to theprimesymbol. The double quotation mark is identical to theditto markin English-language usage. It is also similar to—and often used to represent—thedouble primesymbol. These all serve different purposes.

• 
  A typewriter
• 
  A type case

Summary table

Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.

Language	Standard			Alternative			Spacing	Names	Notes & references
	Primary	Secondary		Primary	Secondary
Afrikaans	“…”	‘…’		„…”	‚…’			aanhalingstekens(quotation)
Albanian	„…“	‘…’						thonjëza(quotes)
Amharic	«…»	‹…›		“…”	‘…’			ትምህርተ ጥቅስ(timihirite t’ik’isi,quote)
Arabic	«…»			“…”			optional	‏علامات تنصيص‎ (ʻalāmāt tanṣīṣ,quotation marks)
Armenian	«…»							չակերտներ(chakertner,quotation marks)
Azerbaijani	“…”	"…"		„…“			0–1 pt	dırnaq işarəsi(fingernail mark)
Basque	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			komatxkak
Belarusian	«…»	„…“		„…“				двукоссе(dvukossie,double commas) лапкі(lapki,little paws)
Bosnian	”…” „…”	’…’		„…“	»…«			”…”navodnici,наводници,znaci navoda,знаци навода(quotation marks) ’…’polunavodnici,полунаводници(half-quotation marks)	»…«is used only in printed media.
Bulgarian	„…“	’…’ ‘…’		«…»	’…’ ‘…’			кавички(kavichki) (orстандартни кавички,двойни кавички(standartni/dvoyni kavichki) for the main types of quotation marks (also calleddoublequotation mark(s)), andединични кавички,вторични кавички(edinichni/vtorichni kavichki) for the secondary quotation marks (also calledsinglequotation mark(s)).	„…“is sometimes replaced by"…"or very rarely by“…” ’…’and‘…’are sometimes written as'…',‘…’or‛…’ There is some limited use of alternative secondary quotation marks:’…‘;,…‘;’…’;,…’;‹…›.
Catalan	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’		none	«…»cometes franceses(French quotation marks) “…”cometes angleses(English quotation marks) ‘…’cometes simples(Simple quotation marks)
Chinese, simplified	“⋯” 『⋯』	‘⋯’ “⋯”		“⋯”	『⋯』		Fullwidth form	“⋯”Song dẫn hào(pinyin:shuāng yǐn hào,double quotation mark) ‘⋯’Đan dẫn hào(pinyin:dān yǐn hào,single quotation mark)	Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese agree on the names of the vertical rectangle quotation marks (“⋯”and『⋯』) but disagree on which pair being the primary one. In Simplified Chinese, rectangle quotation marks are only used in vertical texts. The horizontal rectangle quotation marks are not commonly used in Simplified Chinese, and in the rare cases where they are used, often the convention of Traditional Chinese is followed. In Traditional Chinese, curly quotation marks are not commonly used, and in the rare cases where they are used, often the convention of Simplified Chinese is followed.
Chinese, traditional	“⋯” “⋯”	『⋯』 『⋯』		“⋯”	‘⋯’		Fullwidth form	“⋯”Đan dẫn hào(pinyin:dān yǐn hào;Jyutping:daan1 jan5 hou6,single quotation mark) 『⋯』Song dẫn hào(pinyin:shuāng yǐn hào;Jyutping:soeng1 jan5 hou6,double quotation mark)
Croatian	„…”	’…’		»…«				„…”and»…«navodnici(quotation marks) ’…’polunavodnici(single quotes)	»…«is used only in printed media.
Czech	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			uvozovky(introduce)
Danish	»…« “…”	›…‹ ‘…’		”…” „…“	’…’			citationstegn(citation marks) anførselstegn(quotes) gåseøjne(goose eyes)
Dutch	„…”	,…’		“…”	‘…’			enkele aanhalingstekens,dubbele aanhalingstekens(single/double citation marks) ‘…’zogenaamdfunctie(scare quotes)	Double citation marks are only used in literal citations The sequence when using primary and secondary level is a recommendation, not a rule.
English, UK	‘…’	“…”		“…”	‘…’		1–2 pt	Quotation marks, double quotes, quotes, inverted commas, speech marks	Usage of single or double as primary varies across English varieties.
English, US;English, Canada	“…”	‘…’
Esperanto	“…”	‘…’		«…» „…“	‹…› ‚…‘			citiloj(lit.quoting tools)
Estonian	„…“			«…»				jutumärgid(speech marks) hanejalad(goose feet)
Filipino	“…”	‘…’						panipi
Finnish	”…”	’…’		»…»	’…’			lainausmerkit(citation marks)
French	« … »	« … »			‹ … ›		NNBSP NBSP	guillemets(William)
		“…”		“…”	‘…’		none
French, Switzerland	«…»	‹…›
Galician	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			comiñas aspas
Georgian	„…“			none		[1]	none	ბრჭყალები(brč’q’alebi,claws)
German	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			Anführungszeichen(quotation marks) Gänsefüßchen(little goose feet) Hochkommas,Hochkommata(high commas)
German, Switzerland;Swiss German	«…»	‹…›		„…“	‚…‘
Greek	«…»	“…”						εισαγωγικά(eisagogiká,introductory marks)
Hebrew	”…”	’…’		"…"	'…'			מֵירְכָאוֹת(merkha'ot)	Not to be confused withגֵּרְשַׁיִם(gershayim,double geresh typographical mark).
Hindi	“…”	‘…’						उद्धरण चिह्न(uddharan chihn)
Hungarian	„…”	»…«						„…”idézőjel(quotation mark) »…«belső idézőjel, lúdláb(inner quotation mark, goose feet) ’…’félidézőjel(half quotation mark, tertiary quotation mark) "…"macskaköröm(cat claws)	The three levels of Hungarian quotation:„…»…’…’…«…”
Icelandic	„…“	‚…‘ or ‘…’						tilvitnunarmerki gæsalappir(‘goose feet’)
Ido	« … »	‘ … ’						cito-hoketi(quotation hooks)
Indonesian	“…”	‘…’		”…”	’…’			tanda kutip,tanda petik(quote mark)	Usage of alternative marks seen among the literature by Jehovah’s Witnesses in Indonesian.
Interlingua	“…”	‘…’						virgulettas(smallcommas)
Irish	“…”	‘…’					1–2 pt	liamóg(William)
Italian	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			virgolette(smallcommas)
Italian, Switzerland	«…»	‹…›
Japanese	“…” “…”	『…』 『…』					Fullwidth form	“…”Câu quát hồ(kagi kakko,hook bracket) 『…』Nhị trọng câu quát hồ(nijū kagi kakko,double hook bracket)	Occasionally, other symbols, such as“…”,are used stylistically.
Kazakh	«…»			“…”				тырнақша(tırnaqşa)
Karakalpak	«…»			“…”				tırnaqsha(tırnaqsha)
Khmer	«…»			“…”				សញ្ញាសម្រង់(saññā samráng,quotation mark)
Korean, North Korea	《…》	〈…〉						〈…〉홑화살괄호(hot'hwasalgwalho,arrow bracket) 《…》겹화살괄호(gyeop'hwasalgwalho,double arrow bracket)
Korean, South Korea	“…”	‘…’		『…』	“…”			“…”쌍따옴표(ssang-ttaompyo,double quotation mark) ‘…’따옴표(ttaompyo,quotation mark) “…”낫표(natpyo,scythe symbol) 『…』겹낫표(gyeomnatpyo,double scythe symbol)
Lao	“…”							ວົງຢືມ(vong yum)
Latvian	“…” „…”			«…»				“…”/„…”pēdiņas «…»stūrainās pēdiņas	There is no standardized way on how quotation marks used in Latvian, depending on several usages: “…”is preferred as widespread use in Latvian, which is same as English. „…”is preferred for use in traditional handwriting and used in the Latvian Language Agency's (LVA) website. «…»is rarely seen in Latvian but can be found in several textbooks. It was also used in widespread usage during the occupation of theSoviet Union. Historically,„…“(German-stlye quotes) was used in Latvian in the first half of 20th century.
Lithuanian	„…“	‚…‘						kabutės
Lojban	lu…li’u			lu “…”li’u				Double quotes are not officially named in Lojban, but sometimes calledlubu,following the same pattern as vowel letters, e.g. ⟨a⟩ =abu	Lojban uses the wordsluandli’u,rather than punctuation, to surround quotes of grammatically correct Lojban.Double quotes can also be used for aesthetic purposes. Non-Lojban text may be quoted usingzoi.
Macedonian	„…“	’…‘						„…“наводници(navodnitsi,double quote) ’…‘полунаводници(polunavodnitsi,single quote)
Maltese	“…”	‘…’						Virgoletti
Mongolian,Cyrillic script	«…»	„…“		„…“
Mongolian,Mongolian script	⟪…⟫	⟨…⟩
New Tai Lue	《…》	〈…〉
Norwegian	«…»	‘…’		„…“	,…‘			anførselstegn(quotation marks) gåseauge,gåseøyne(goose eyes) hermeteikn,hermetegn sitatteikn,sitattegn dobbeltfnutt
Occitan	«…»	“…”		“…”	«…»			guilheumets,verguetas
Pashto	«…»
Persian	«…»							گیومه(giyume,guillaume)
Polish	„…”	»…«		«…»	‘…’		none	cudzysłów(someone else's word)
Portuguese, Brazil	“…”	‘…’						aspas(quotation marks) aspas duplas(double quotation marks) aspas simples(single quotation marks) “…”aspas curvas,aspas inglesas,aspas altas,aspas levantadas,aspas elevadas(curved quotation marks) «…»aspas angulares,aspas latinas,vírgulas dobradas,aspas em linha(angular quotation marks)
Portuguese, Portugal	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’
Romanian	„…”	«…»					none	ghilimele(quotes)
Romansh	«…»	‹…›
Russian	«…»	„…“		“…”	‘…’		none	кавычки(kavychki) «…»ёлочки(yolochki,littlespruces) „…“лапки(lapki,little paws)
Serbian	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			наводници(navodnici) знаци навода(znaci navoda)
Scottish Gaelic	‘…’	“…”		“…”	‘…’			cromagan turrach
Slovak	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			úvodzovky(introduce)
Slovene	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			navednice
Sorbian	„…“	‚…‘
Spanish	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			comillas «…»comillas latinas,comillas angulares “…”comillas inglesas dobles ‘…’comillas inglesas simples
Spanish, also used	“…”	‘…’						comillas “…”comillas inglesas ‘…’comillas simples
Swedish	”…”	’…’		»…» »…«	’…’			citationstecken,anföringstecken citattecken(modern term) dubbelfnutt(ASCII double quote) kaninöron(bunny ears)
Tai Le	《…》	〈…〉
Tamil	“…”	‘…’						மேற்கோட்குறி(mErkoL kuri)
Tibetan	《…》	〈…〉
Tigrinya	«…»	‹…›		“…”	‘…’
Thai	“…”	‘…’						อัญประกาศ(anyaprakat,differentiating mark),ฟันหนู(fạnh̄nū,mouse teeth)
Turkish	“…”	‘…’		«…»	‹…›		0–1 pt	tırnak işareti(fingernail mark)
Ukrainian	«…»	“…” ‘…’		„…“ „…”			none	лапки(lapky,little paws)
Urdu	“…”	‘…’						واوین(wāwain)
Uyghur	«…»	‹…›					none	قوش تىرناق(qosh tirnaq) يالاڭ تىرناق(yalang tirnaq)
Uzbek	«…»	„…“		„…“	‚…‘			qoʻshtirnoq(nails)
Vietnamese	“…”			« … »			NBSP(optional)	dấu ngoặc kép(paired parentheses) dấu nháy kép(paired blinking marks)
Welsh	‘…’	“…”		“…”	‘…’		1–2 pt	dyfynodau

Specific language features

Bulgarian

Contemporary Bulgarian employs theem dashor the quotation dash (thehorizontal bar) followed by a space character at the beginning of each direct-speech segment by a different character in order to markdirect speechin prose and in most journalistic question and answerinterviews;in such cases, the use of standard quotation marks is left for in-text citations or to mark the names of institutions, companies, and sometimes also brand or model names.

Air quotesare also widely used in face-to-face communication in contemporary Bulgarian but usually resemble"..."(secondary:'... ') unlike written Bulgarian quotation marks.

Dutch

The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Most large newspapers have kept these low-high quotation marks,„and”;otherwise, the alternative form with single or double English-style quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter. Neutral (straight) quotation marks,"and',are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites.

Although not generally common in theNetherlandsany more, double angle (guillemet) quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Examples include the FlemishHUMOmagazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels.

German

Different forms of German and English quotation marks and similar looking signs

The symbol used as the left (typographical) quote in English is used as the right quote inGermanyandAustriaand a "low double comma"„(not used in English) is used for the left quote. Its single quote form‚looks like a comma.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description	Wrong Symbols
‚A‘	U+201A (8218) U+2018 (8216)	‚ ‘	German single quotes (left and right)	,– comma (U + 002C) left ' – apostrophe (U+0027) right
„A“	U+201E (8222) U+201C (8220)	„ “	German double quotes (left and right)	"– neutral (vertical) double quotes (U+0022)

Some fonts, e.g.Verdana,were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.

Double quotes are standard for denoting speech inGerman.

Andreas fragte mich: „Hast du den Artikel ‚EU-Erweiterung‘ gelesen? “(Andreas asked me: "Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?" )

This style of quoting is also used inBulgarian,Czech,Danish,Estonian,Georgian,Icelandic,Latvian,Lithuanian,Russian,Serbo-Croatian,Slovak,Sloveneand inUkrainian.In Bulgarian, Icelandic, Estonian, Lithuanian, and Russian, single quotation marks are not used.

Sometimes, especially in novels, guillemets (angled quotation marks) are used in Germany and Austria (but pointing in the opposite direction compared toFrench):»A ›B‹?«

Andreas fragte mich: »Hast du den Artikel ›EU-Erweiterung‹ gelesen?«
Andreas asked me: "Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?"

InSwitzerland,theFrench-style angle quotation mark setsare also used forGermanprinted text: «A ‹B›?»

Andreas fragte mich: «Hast du den Artikel ‹EU-Erweiterung› gelesen?»
Andreas asked me: 'Have you read the "EU Expansion" article?'

Finnish and Swedish

InFinnishandSwedish,right quotes, called citation marks,”…”,are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote. Double right-pointing angular quotes,»…»,can also be used.

Alternatively, anen-dashfollowed by a (non-breaking) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see sectionQuotation dashbelow). A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
’A’	U+2019 (8217)	’	Secondary level quotation
”A”	U+201D (8221)	”	Primary level quotation
»A»	U+00BB (187)	»	Alternative primary level quotation
–A	U+2013 (8211)	–	Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech

French

Frenchuses angle quotation marks (guillemets,orduck-foot quotes), adding a 'quarter-em space'within the quotes. Many people now use anon-breaking spacebetween the quotation mark and the nearest word inside it,because the difference between a non-breaking space and afour-per-em spaceis virtually imperceptible, manycomputer fontsdo not include a quarter-em space, and the Unicode quarter-em space isbreakable.Even more commonly, many people just put a normal (breaking) space inside the quotation marksbecause the non-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard; furthermore, many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement. Using a breakable space of any kind often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is erroneously treated as an independent word.

« Voulez-vous un sandwich, Henri? »
“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”

On several French news sites such asLibération,Les ÉchosorLe Figaro,no space is used inside the quotation marks. This parallels their usage in other languages, e.g.Catalan,Polish,Portuguese,andUkrainian,and also matchesGerman,FrenchandItalianas they are written inSwitzerland:

«Dies ist ein Zitat.»(Swiss Standard German)

«To jest cytat.»(Polish)
«Це цитата.»(Ukrainian)

“This is a quote.”

Sample	Unicode(decimal)HTML		Description
	Quote	Space
«A»	U+00AB (171)« U+00BB (187)»	U+00A0 (160) 	French double angle quotes (left and right), legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, withnormal(four per em)no-break space(justifying, thus inappropriate)
« A »		U+202F (8239) 	French double angle quotes (left and right), correct spacing used by typographers, withnarrow(six per em) non-breaking spaces, represented on the web usingnarrow no-break space
«A»			French double angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French)
‹A›	U+2039 (8249)‹ U+203A (8250)›	U+00A0 (160) 	French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, legacy (approximative) spacing usual on the web, withnormal(four per em)no-break space(justifying, thus inappropriate)
‹ A ›		U+202F (8239) 	French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, correct spacing used by typographers, withnarrow(six per em) non-breaking spaces, represented on the web usingnarrow no-break space
‹A›			French single angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended in French)

Guillemets by theImprimerie nationaleinBulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies,No. 302, Mai 1934, showing thecomma-shaped symbols sitting on thebaseline

Initially, the French guillemet characters were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9) shape. They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets)onthe baseline (like lowercase letters), not raised above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging below it (like commas). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like((small parentheses)).The angle shape was introduced later to make them easier to distinguish from apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers.Unicodecurrently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, as they are considered to be form variants of guillemets, implemented in older French typography (such as theDidot fontdesign). With this older style there was also not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets; both often pointed to the right (as today's French closing guillemets do).

French quotation marks must be used withnon-breaking spaces,preferably narrow, if available, i.e. U+202Fnarrow no-break spacewhich is present in all up-to-date general-purpose fonts, but still missing in some computer fonts from the early years of Unicode due to the belated encoding of U+202F (1999) after the flaw of not giving U+2008punctuation spacenon-breakable property as was given to the related U+2007figure space.

Legacy support of narrow non-breakable spaces was done at rendering level only, without interoperability as provided by Unicode support. High-end renderers as found inDesktop Publishingsoftware should therefore be able to render this space using the same glyph as the breaking thin space U+2009, handling the non-breaking property internally in the text renderer/layout engine, because line-breaking properties are never defined in fonts themselves; such renderers should also be able to infer any width of space, and make them available as application controls, as is done with justifying/non-justifying.

In old-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at thebeginningof each line continuing a quotation; this right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line doesnotclose the current quotation. This convention was consistently used from the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks was rigidly maintained, even at a word hyphenation break. Since these continuation marks are obsolete in French, there is no support for automatic insertion of continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word-processors. Old-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e-mail:

« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient
» le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la crois-
» sance économique. »

Unlike English, French does not identify unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. Compare:

« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »
“This is a great day for Montrealers”,the minister maintained.“These investments will stimulate economic growth.”

For clarity, some newspapers put nested quoted material in italics:

«C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais,soutient le ministre.Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique.»

The French Imprimerie nationale (cf.Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale,presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002) does not use different quotation marks for nesting quotes:

« Son « explication » n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
"His 'explanation' is just a lie", the deputy protested.

In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:

Il répondit: « Ce n’est qu’un « gadget! ».
He answered: "It's only a 'gizmo'."

The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the use of guillemets. The French news siteL'Humanitéuses straight quotation marks along with angle ones.

English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:

« Son “explication” n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
"His 'explanation' is just a lie", the deputy protested.

But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics. Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:

« Sonexplicationn’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
Il répondit: « Ce n’est qu’ungadget!».

Further, running dialogue does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see sectionQuotation dashbelow.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just unspoken text such as "he said" (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last word of spoken text (rather than extending to the end of the paragraph) when the final part is not spoken.

« Je ne vous parle pas, monsieur, dit-il.

— Mais je vous parle, moi! » s’écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d’insolence et de bonnes manières, de convenance et de dédain.(Dumas,Les trois mousquetaires)

"I am not speaking to you, sir", he said.

"ButIam speaking to you! "cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.

Greek

Greekuses angled quotation marks (εισαγωγικά–isagogiká):

«Μιλάει σοβαρά;» ρώτησε την Μαρία.
«Ναι, σίγουρα», αποκρίθηκε.

and thequotation dash(παύλα–pávla):

― Μιλάει σοβαρά; ρώτησε την Μαρία.
― Ναι, σίγουρα, αποκρίθηκε.

which translate to:

"Is he serious?" he asked Maria.
"Yes, certainly," she replied.

A closing quotation mark,»,is added to the beginning of each new paragraph within a quotation.

« Η Βικιπαίδεια ή Wikipedia είναι ένα συλλογικό εγκυκλοπαιδικό
» εγχείρημα που έχει συσταθεί στο Διαδίκτυο, παγκόσμιο, πολύγλωσσο,
» που λειτουργεί με την αρχή του wiki. »

When quotations are nested, the nested parts use English-style quotation marks, double and then (if necessary) single:«… “…‘…’…”…».

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
«Α»	U+00AB (0171) U+00BB (0187)	« »	Greek first level double quotes (εισαγωγικά)
―Α	U+2014 (8212)	—	Greek direct quotation em-dash

Hungarian

According to current recommendation by theHungarian Academy of Sciencesthe main Hungarian quotation marks are comma-shaped double quotation marks set on the base-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe-height at the end of it for first level, („Quote”), reversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, and thus the following nested quotation pattern emerges:

• „Quote »inside« quote”

... and with third level:

• „Quote »inside ’inside of inside’ inside« quote”

In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified byuniform (unpaired)apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:

• die Biene’méh’

Aquotation dashis also used, and is predominant inbelletristicliterature.

• – Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
„A”	U+201E (8222) U+201D (8221)	„ ”	Hungarian first level double quotes (left and right)
»A«	U+00BB (0171) U+00AB (0187)	» «	Hungarian second level double quotes (left and right)
’A’	U+2019 (8217)	’	Hungarianunpairedquotes signifying "meaning of the preceding term"

Hebrew

In Israel, the original practice was to use modified German-style „low-high” quote marks though the American style "quote marks" was also common, especially in books; however, since the 1990s, American-style has become the standard. (Note that Hebrew is written from right to left.)

Norwegian

Norwegianuses angled quotation marks (Anførselstegn)

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
«Α»	U+00AB (0171) U+00BB (0187)	« »

Polish

According to currentPN-83/P-55366standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below),Typesetting rules for composing Polish text(Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:

1. „Quote ‚inside’ quote”
2. „Quote «inside» quote”
3. «Quote ‚inside’ quote»

There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of1⁄4firet(≈1⁄4em) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g.,„ and’”).

The above rules have not changed since at least the previousBN-76/7440-02standard from 1976 and are probably much older.

These rules on the use of guillemets conflict with the ones given by Polish dictionaries, including theWielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWNrecommended by thePolish Language Council.The PWN rules state:

In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.

In Polish printed books and publications, this dictionary-recommended style for guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles, but almost never for ordinary text in paragraphs.

Another style of quoting is to use anem-dashto open a quote; this is used almost exclusively for quoting dialogues rather than for single statements, and is virtually always the one used for that purpose in works of fiction.

Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.

— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.
— Głupi Osioł.
— Głupi...?
— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.
— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.

The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.
“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.
The blacksmith shrugged.
“Stupid Donkey,” he said. [original English version is "Bad Ass", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]
“Stupid—?”
“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.
The wizard considered this.
“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”

(— Terry Pratchett,Equal Rites)

Anen-dashis sometimes used in place of theem-dash,especially so in newspaper texts.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
‚A’	U+201A (8218) U+2019 (8217)	‚ ’	Polish single quotes (left and right)
„A”	U+201E (8222) U+201D (8221)	„ ”	Polish double quotes (left and right)
—A	U+2014 (8212)	—	Polish direct quotationem-dash
–A	U+2013 (8211)	–	Polish direct quotationen-dash

Portuguese

Neither thePortugueselanguage regulatornor theBrazilianprescribe a particular shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.

InPortugal,angular quotation marks(ex. «quote») are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, normally used by typographers, and are also the usual style in reference sources,as well as on some websites dedicated to the Portuguese language.

TheCódigo de Redaçãofor Portuguese-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks,«… “…‘…’…”…»:

E estava escrito«Alguém perguntou“Quem foi que gritou‘Meu Deus!’?”.»na folha de papel.
And it was written“Someone asked‘Who shouted“My God!”?’.”on the sheet of paper.

• inblack:main sentence which contains the quotations;
• ingreen:1st level quotation;
• inred:2nd level quotation;
• inblue:3rd level quotation;

The usage of curved quotation marks (ex.“quote”and‘quote’) is growing in Portugal,probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding difficulty (or even inability) to enter angular quotation marks on some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, calculators, etc.).

InBrazil,angular quotation marks are rare, and curved quotation marks (“quote”and‘quote’) are almost always used. An example of this can be seen in the difference between aPortuguese keyboard(which has a key for«and») and aBrazilian keyboard.

ThePortuguese-speaking African countriestend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.

Other usages of quotation marks (“quote„for double,‹quote›for single) are obsolete in Portuguese..

Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian

InBelarusian,Russian,andUkrainian,the angled quotation (Belarusian:«двукоссе»,Russian:«кавычки»,Ukrainian:«лапки») marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks.

Example in Russian:

Пушкин писал Дельвигу: «Жду „Цыганов “и тотчас тисну».

(Pushkinwrote to Delvig: "Waiting for 'Gypsies', and publish at once. ")

Example in Ukrainian:

«І, звісно, не обійтись без користування словником. Один мій знайомий поет і літературознавець якось жартуючи сказав: “Я волію читати словники, ніж поеми. У словнику ті самі слова, що і в поемі, але подані в систематизованому порядку”. Це сказано жартома, але “читати словники” — не така вже дивовижна і дивацька річ, як може здатися».

( "And, of course, you can't avoid using a dictionary. One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: 'I prefer to read dictionaries than poems. The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way'. It's a joke, but 'reading dictionaries' is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem." )

Spanish

Spanishuses angled quotation marks (comillas latinasorangulares), with no space between the quotation mark and the quoted material.

«Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español».
"This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish."

When quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:

«Antonio me dijo: “Vaya ‘cacharro’ que se ha comprado Julián” ».
"Antonio told me, 'What a piece of" junk "Julián has purchased for himself'".

The use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish;theEl Paísstyle guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them.Hispanic Americansoften use them, owing to influence from the United States.

Chinese, Japanese and Korean

Corner brackets are well-suited forChinese,Japanese,andKoreanlanguages, because they accommodatevertical and horizontal writingequally well. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. Usage differs when writing horizontally:

• InJapan,corner brackets are used.
• InSouth Korea,corner brackets and English-style quotes are used.
• InNorth Korea,angle quotes are used.
• Inmainland China,English-style quotes (full width “” ) are official and prevalent; corner brackets are rare today. The Unicode code points used are the English quotes (rendered as fullwidth by the font), not the fullwidth forms.
• InTaiwan,Hong KongandMacau,wheretraditional charactersare used, corner brackets are prevalent, although English-style quotes are also used.
• In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are placed around titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets. With some exceptions, this usage parallels the usage of italics in English:

“Nhĩ khán quá 《 tam quốc diễn nghĩa 》 mạ?” Tha vấn ngã.

"Have you readRomance of the Three Kingdoms?",he asked me.

When corner brackets are being used for quotations, quote-within-quote segments are marked with white corner brackets.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	Description	Usage
“Văn tự”	U+300C (12300) U+300D (12301)	Corner brackets Chinese:Đan dẫn hào(dān yǐn hào) Japanese:Câu quát hồ(kagikakko) Korean:낫표(natpyo)	Japanese Korean Traditional Chinese
﹁Văn tự﹂	U+FE41 (65089) U+FE42 (65090) (non-normative)		For vertical writing: Japanese Korean Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese
『Văn tự』	U+300E (12302) U+300F (12303)	White corner brackets Chinese: Song dẫn hào (shuāng yǐn hào) Japanese:Nhị trọng câu quát hồ(nijū kagikakko) Korean: 겹낫표 (gyeomnatpyo)	Japanese Korean (book titles) Traditional Chinese
﹃Văn tự﹄	U+FE43 (65091), U+FE44 (65092) (non-normative)		For vertical writing: Japanese Korean Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese
“한”	U+201C (8220) U+201D (8221)	Double quotation marks Korean: 큰따옴표 (keunttaompyo) Chinese: Song dẫn hào (shuāng yǐn hào)	Korean (South Korea) Traditional Chinese (acceptable but less common, happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from mainland China) Simplified Chinese
‘한’	U+2018 (8216) U+2019 (8217)	Single quotation marks Korean: 작은따옴표 (jageunttaompyo) Chinese: Đan dẫn hào (dān yǐn hào)	Korean (South Korea) Chinese (for quote-within-quote segments)
《한》	U+300A (12298) U+300B (12299)	Double angle brackets Korean: 겹화살괄호 (gyeophwasalgwalho) Chinese: Thư danh hào (shū míng hào)	Korean (book titles) Chinese(used for titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc. )
〈한〉	U+3008 (12296) U+3009 (12297)	Single angle brackets Korean: 홑화살괄호 (hothwasalgwalho) Chinese: Thư danh hào (shū míng hào)	Korean (book sub-titles) Chinese(for book titles within book titles.)

Quotation dash

See also:Dash § Horizontal bar

Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash, as in lines from James Joyce'sUlysses:

― O saints above! Miss Douce said, sighed above her jumping rose. I wished I hadn't laughed so much. I feel all wet.
― O Miss Douce! Miss Kennedy protested. You horrid thing!

This style is particularly common in Bulgarian, French, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Vietnamese.James Joycealways insisted on this style, although his publishers did not always respect his preference.Alan Patonused this style inCry, the Beloved Country(and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work).Charles Frazierused this style for his novelCold Mountainas well. Details for individual languages are given above.

The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks. For example, in French, a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech, with a dash to indicate each change in speaker and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation.

Dashes are also used in many modernEnglishnovels,especially those written innonstandard dialects.Some examples include:

• James Joyce's prose
• William Gaddis' prose
• TrainspottingbyIrvine Welsh
• M/FbyAnthony Burgess
• The Book of DavebyWill Self,which alternates between standard English chapters, with standard quotation marks, and dialect chapters, with quotation dashes
• A Scanner DarklybyPhilip K. Dick(not written in dialect)
• The Ægypt SequencebyJohn Crowley,in extracts from the fictional writings of the character Fellowes Kraft, ahistorical novelist.According to another character, Kraft used dashes to indicate imaginary dialogue that was not documented in the original sources.
• The VanbyRoddy Doyle
• You Shall Know Our VelocitybyDave Eggers,in which spoken dialogues are written with the typical English quotation marks, but dialogues imagined by the main character (which feature prominently) are written with quotation dashes
• A Winter in the HillsbyJohn Wainin which conversations in English are indicated by ordinary quotation marks and in Welsh by quotation dashes

In Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, Lithuanian and Hungarian, a reporting clause in the middle of a quotation is marked by a dash on each side of it. The initial quotation dash is followed by a single space, and any other quotation dashes in the same paragraph have a single space on each side. A Russian example:

― Ай, ай, ай! ― вскрикнул Левин. ― Я ведь, кажется, уже лет девять не говел. Я и не подумал.

― Хорош! ― смеясь, сказал Степан Аркадьевич, ― а меня же называешь нигилистом! Однако ведь это нельзя. Тебе надо говеть.

"Oh dear!" exclaimed Levin. "I think it is nine years since I went to communion! I haven't thought about it."
"You are a good one!" remarked Oblonsky, laughing. "And you call me a Nihilist! But it won't do, you know; you must confess and receive the sacrament."

(— fromLeo Tolstoy’sAnna Karenina,Louise and Aylmer Maude translation)

A Hungarian example:

– Nem hagyják magukat, mozgásban maradnak – mondta Ron. – Ahogy mi is.

"Well, they keep on the move, don't they?" said Ron. "Like us."

(— From J. K. Rowling'sHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallowsand its Hungarian translation by Tóth Tamás Boldizsár)

InFinnish,on the other hand, the beginning of a reporting clause is marked only by the punctuation already existing in the sentence, or (if there was none) by adding a comma. When a quote continues after the reporting clause, the clause ends with a comma, and the continuation begins with another dash:

– Et sinä ole paljon minkään näköinen, sanoi Korkala melkein surullisesti, – mutta ei auta.

"You don't seem to be anything special," said Korkala almost sadly, "but there's no help to it."

– Frakki, älähti Huikari. – Missä on frakki?
– Räätälissä, sanoi Joonas rauhallisesti.

"Tailcoat", yelped Huikari. "Where is the tailcoat?"

"At the tailor's", said Joonas calmly.

TheUnicodestandard introduced a separate characterU+2015―HORIZONTAL BARto be used as a quotation dash. It may be the same length as an em-dash, which is often used instead. Some software will allow a line break after an ordinary em-dash, but prevent it after a quotation dash. Both are displayed in the following table.

Samples	Unicode(decimal)	HTML	Description
―A	U+2015 (8213)	―	Quotation dash, also known ashorizontal bar
—A	U+2014 (8212)	—	Em-dash,an alternative to the quotation dash
–A	U+2013 (8211)	–	En-dash,used instead of em-dash for quotation dash in some languages (e.g. Swedish)

Electronic documents

Differenttypefaces,character encodingsandcomputer languagesuse various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks.

Typewriters and early computers

'Ambidextrous' or 'straight' quotation marks' "were introduced ontypewritersto minimise the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited bycomputer keyboardsandcharacter sets.TheASCIIcharacter set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, contains the straight versions only (U+0027'APOSTROPHEandU+0022"QUOTATION MARK).

Many systems, such as thepersonal computersof the 1980s and early 1990s, actually drew these ASCII quotes like closing quotes on-screen and in printouts, so text wouldappearlike this (approximately):

″Good morning, Dave,″ said HAL.
′Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.

These same systems often drew thebacktick(the free standing characterU+0060`GRAVE ACCENT) as an 'open quote' glyph (usually a mirror image so it still sloped in the direction of a grave accent). Using this character as the opening quote gave atypographic approximationof curved single quotes. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which wouldlookapproximately like the following:

``Good morning, Dave,′′ said HAL.
`Good morning, Dave,′ said HAL.

The typesetting applicationTeXuses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks.

``Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.

`Good morning, Dave,' said HAL.

TheUnicodestandard addedcodepointsfor slanted or curved quotes (U+201C“LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKandU+201D”RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK,described further below), shown here for comparison:

“Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
‘Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.

The Unicode mapping forPostScript Standard Encodingpreserves the typographic approximation convention by mapping its equivalent of ASCII grave and single-quote to the Unicode curly quotation mark characters.

Keyboard layouts

On most keyboards, typographical quotation marks are absent.

When typewriter keyboards were designed, curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to limit the number of characters (and keys) required, straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise. (In countries that use angled quotation marks, those were not implemented on typewriters either.)

Early computer keyboards copied layouts that had been established by typewriter keyboards. Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:

• IBM character setsgenerally do not include curved quotation mark characters, therefore, keys for those marks are absent from most IBM computer keyboards.
• Microsoft followed the example of IBM in its character set and keyboard design. Curved quotation marks were implemented later inWindows character sets,but most Microsoft computer keyboardsdo not have a dedicated key for the curved quotation mark characters. On keyboards with theAlt Grkey or both theAltkey and thenumeric keypad,they are accessible through a series of keystrokes that involve these keys.Also, techniques usingtheir Unicode code pointsare available; seeUnicode input.
• Macintosh character setshave always had curved quotation marks available. Nevertheless, these are mostly only accessible through a series of keystrokes involving the⌥ Optkey.

In languages that use the curved“...”quotation marks, they are availablein:

• none

In languages that use angular«...»quotation marks, they are availablein:

• Macintosh Arabic keyboard;
• Armenian keyboard
• Canadian keyboard
• FrenchBÉPOkeyboard
• Greek keyboard
• Khmer keyboard
• Latvian ergonomic keyboard
• Pashto keyboard
• Persian keyboard
• Portuguese keyboard
• Syriac keyboard
• Uyghur keyboard

In languages that use the corner bracket“...”quotation marks, they are availablein:

• Japanese keyboard

In languages that use the angle bracket《...》they are available in:

• Mongolian keyboard
• New Tai Lue keyboard

In languages that use the curved„... “quotation marks, they are availablein:

• Bulgarian keyboard
• Georgian keyboard
• Macedonian keyboard

In languages that use the curved„...”quotation marks, they are availablein:

• Romanian Standard SR 13392:2004 keyboard

In languages that use the curved”...”quotation marks, they are availablein:

• none

Curved quotes within and across applications

Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.

The term "smart quotes",“…”,is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be "smart" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones,word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). BeforeUnicodewas widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8-bit encoding the software and underlyingoperating systemwas using. The character sets forWindowsandMacintoshused two different pairs of values for curved quotes, whileISO 8859-1(historically the default character set for theUnixesand olderLinuxsystems) hasnocurved quotes, making cross-platform and -application compatibility difficult.

Performance by these "smart quotes" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word andOpenOffice.org) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).

The curvedapostropheis the same character as the closing single quote."Smart quotes" features wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89) intoopeningsingle quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show'Til Death.) The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles,in which single quotes are the standard primary.

Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including theclipboardif applicable) are Unicode-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.

There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely usedmarkup languagesHTML,XML,andSGML.If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as the generic replacement character�or "mojibake"(gibberish). HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes:‘(left single),’(right single or apostrophe),‚(low 9 single),“(left double),”(right double), and„(low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use“and”,and to represent single curly quotes use‘and’.Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).

InWindowsfile and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is areserved character.The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted.

Usenet and email

The style of quoting known asUsenet quotinguses thegreater-than sign,>prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote. This convention was later standardized inRFC3676,and was adopted subsequently by many email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages (inplain textmode).

Unicode code point table

In Unicode, 30 characters are markedQuotation Mark=Yesbycharacter property.They all have general category "Punctuation", and a subcategory Open, Close, Initial, Final or Other (Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, Po). Several other Unicode characters with quotation mark semantics lack the character property.

Quotation marks in Unicode(Character property"Quotation_Mark" =Yes)
Character	Comments
U+0022"QUOTATION MARK(", ")	Typewriter ( "programmer's" ) quote, ambidextrous. Also known as "double quote".
U+0027'APOSTROPHE(')	Typewriter ( "programmer's" ) straight single quote, ambidextrous
U+00AB«LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK(«)	Double angle quote (chevron,guillemet,duck-foot quote), left
U+00BB»RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK(»)	Double angle quote, right
U+2018‘LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK(‘, ‘)	Single curved quote, left. Also known asinvertedcommaorturned comma
U+2019’RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK(’, ’, ’)	Single curved quote, right
U+201A‚SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK(‚, ‚)	Low single curved quote, left
U+201B‛SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK	also calledsingle reversed comma,quotation mark
U+201C“LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK(“, “)	Double curved quote, left
U+201D”RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK(”, ”, ”)	Double curved quote, right
U+201E„DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK(„, „)	Low double curved quote, left
U+201F‟DOUBLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK	also calleddouble reversed comma,quotation mark
U+2039‹SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK(‹)	Single angle quote, left
U+203A›SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK(›)	Single angle quote, right
U+2E42⹂DOUBLE LOW-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK	also calleddouble low reversed comma,quotation mark
Quotation marks inMiscellaneous Technical
U+231C⌜TOP LEFT CORNER(⌜, ⌜)	jointly, these are also calledQuine corners,indicatingquasi-quotationorGödel numerals
U+231D⌝TOP RIGHT CORNER(⌝, ⌝)
Quotation marks indingbats
U+275B❛HEAVY SINGLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+275C❜HEAVY SINGLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+275D❝HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+275E❞HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+1F676🙶SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+1F677🙷SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
U+1F678🙸SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT	Quotation Mark=No
Quotation marks inBraille Patterns
U+2826⠦BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-236	Braille double closing quotation mark;Quotation Mark=No
U+2834⠴BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-356	Braille double opening quotation mark;Quotation Mark=No
Quotation marks inChinese, Japanese, and Korean(CJK)
U+300C“LEFT CORNER BRACKET	CJK
U+300D”RIGHT CORNER BRACKET	CJK
U+300E『LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET	CJK
U+300F』RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET	CJK
U+301D〝REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK	CJK
U+301E〞DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK	CJK
U+301F〟LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK	CJK
Alternate encodings
U+FE41﹁PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET	CJK Compatibility Form(vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U+300C
U+FE42﹂PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT CORNER BRACKET	CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U+300D
U+FE43﹃PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET	CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U+300E
U+FE44﹄PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET	CJK Compatibility Form (vertical form to be used in horizontal texts), preferred use: U+300F
U+FF02"FULLWIDTH QUOTATION MARK	Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms,fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U+0022
U+FF07＇FULLWIDTH APOSTROPHE	Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, fullwidth form corresponds with narrow U+0027
U+FF62｢HALFWIDTH LEFT CORNER BRACKET	Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U+300C
U+FF63｣HALFWIDTH RIGHT CORNER BRACKET	Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, halfwidth form corresponds with wide U+300D

External links

• "Curling Quotes in HTML, SGML, and XML",David A Wheeler (2017)
• "ASCII and Unicode quotation marks"by Markus Kuhn (1999) – includes detailed discussion of the ASCII 'backquote' problem
• The Gallery of "Misused" Quotation Marks
• "Commonly confused characters",Greg's References Pages,Greg Baker (2016)
• "Smart Quotes",David Dunham (2006)
• "How to type “smart quotes” (U+201C, U+201D) ",on Unix/Linux, atStack Exchange
• Index of quotation-marks-related materialat theEnglishGrammarwebsite
• "Œuvrez les guillemets"(in French),Pauline Morfouace (2002) – French quotation mark typography