Voiceless glottal fricative
(Redirected from/h/)
| Voiceless glottal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| h | |||
| h͈ | |||
| IPA Number | 146 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | h | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0068 | ||
| X-SAMPA | h | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| Voiceless glottal phonation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| h | |||
| Braille | | ||
| |||
Thevoiceless glottal fricative,sometimes calledvoiceless glottal transitionor theaspirate,[1][2]is a type of sound used in somespokenlanguagesthat patterns like africativeorapproximantconsonantphonologically,but often lacks the usualphoneticcharacteristics of a consonant. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨h⟩. However,[h]has been described as avoicelessphonationbecause in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:
[handɦ] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regardhandɦas segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies forh,suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.[3]
An effort undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 attempted to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, toapproximants.[4][5]The fricative may be represented with theextIPAdiacritic for strong articulation, ⟨h͈⟩.
TheShanghaineselanguage, among others, contrastsvoicedand voiceless glottal fricatives.[6]
Features
[edit]Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":
- In some languages, it has the constrictedmanner of articulationof africative.However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or anapproximant,with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians[who?]no longer consider[h]to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
- It may have aglottalplace of articulation.However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation[h],and[h]has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Fricative or transition
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | Shapsug | хыгь/khyg' | [həɡʲ] | 'now' | Corresponds to[x]in other dialects. |
| Albanian | hire | [ˈhiɾɛ][stress?] | 'the graces' | ||
| Aleut | hanix̂ | [ˈhaniχ] | 'lake' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[7] | هائل/haa'il | [ˈhaːʔɪl] | 'enormous' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Assyrian | Eastern | ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐhèmanūta | [heːmaːnuːta] | 'faith' | |
| Western | ܗܪܟܗharcë | [hεrcɪ] | 'here' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[8] | հայերեն/hayeren | 'Armenian language' | ||
| Asturian | South-central dialects | ḥuerza | [ˈhweɾθɐ] | 'force' | F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ] |
| Eastern dialects | ḥacer | [haˈθeɾ] | "to do" | F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ] | |
| All dialects | guaḥe ḥispiar |
[ˈgwahɪ] [hisˈpjaɾ] |
"kid" "to steal small quantities of something" |
Some words use ḥ in all dialects. | |
| Avar | гьа | [ha] | 'oath' | ||
| Azeri | hin | [hɪn] | 'chicken coop' | ||
| Basque | North-Eastern dialects[9] | hirur | [hiɾur] | 'three' | Can be voiced[ɦ]instead. |
| Bengali | হাওয়া/haoua | [hao̯a] | 'wind' | ||
| Berber | aherkus | [ahərkus] | 'shoe' | ||
| Cantabrian | muḥer | [muˈheɾ] | 'woman' | F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as[ħ,ʕ,ɦ,x,χ]. | |
| Catalan | ehem | [eˈhẽm] | 'ha!' | Found in loanwords and interjections. SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Chechen | хӏара/hara | [hɑrɐ] | 'this' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | Hải/hói | 'sea' | SeeCantonese phonology | |
| Taiwanese Mandarin | Hải/hǎi | [haɪ̯˨˩˦] | A velar fricative[x]forStandard Chinese.SeeStandard Chinese phonology | ||
| Danish[10] | hus | [ˈhuːˀs] | 'house' | Often voiced[ɦ]when between vowels.[10]SeeDanish phonology | |
| English | high | [haɪ̯] | 'high' | SeeEnglish phonologyandH-dropping | |
| Esperanto | hejmo | [ˈhejmo] | 'home' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Eastern Lombard | Val Camonica | Bresa | [ˈbrɛha] | 'Brescia' | Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties. |
| Estonian | hammas | [ˈhɑmˑɑs] | 'tooth' | SeeEstonian phonology | |
| Faroese | hon | [hoːn] | 'she' | ||
| Finnish | hammas | [ˈhɑmːɑs] | 'tooth' | SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French | Belgian | hotte | [hɔt] | 'pannier' | Found in the region ofLiège.SeeFrench phonology |
| Galician | Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects | gato | [ˈhätʊ] | 'cat' | Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as[ɦ,ʕ,x,χ,ʁ,ɡʰ].Seegheada. |
| Georgian[11] | ჰავა/hava | [hɑvɑ] | 'climate' | ||
| German[12] | Hass | [has] | 'hatred' | SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Greek | Cypriot[13] | μαχαζί/mahazi | [mahaˈzi] | 'shop' | Allophone of/x/before/a/. |
| Hawaiian[14] | haka | [ˈhɐkə] | 'shelf' | SeeHawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | הַר/har | [häʁ̞] | 'mountain' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | Standard[7] | हम/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' | SeeHindustani phonology |
| Hmong | hawm | [haɨ̰] | 'to honor' | ||
| Hungarian | helyes | [ˈhɛjɛʃ] | 'right' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Irish | shroich | [hɾˠɪç] | 'reached' | Appears as thelenitedform of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. SeeIrish phonology. | |
| Italian | Tuscan[15] | icapitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of/k/.[15]SeeItalian phonology |
| Japanese | すはだ/suhada | [sɨᵝhada] | 'bare skin' | SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Javanese | ꦩꦲ/Maha | [mɔhɔ] | The expert, Almighty one | ||
| Kabardian | тхылъхэ/ tkhyl "khė | [tχɪɬhɑ] | 'books' | ||
| Kazakh | шаһар / şahar | [ʃahɑr] | 'city' | ||
| Khmer | ហឹរ/hœ̆r ចាស់/chăs |
[hər] [cah] |
'spicy' 'old' |
SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean | 허리/heori | [hʌɾi] | 'waist' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Lakota | ho | [ho] | 'voice' | ||
| Lao | ຫ້າ/haa | [haː˧˩] | 'five' | ||
| Leonese | guaje | [ˈwahe̞] | 'boy' | ||
| Lezgian | гьек/hek | [hek] | 'glue' | ||
| Luxembourgish[16] | hei | [hɑ̝ɪ̯] | 'here' | SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | hari | [hari] | 'day' | ||
| Mutsun | hučekniš | [hut͡ʃɛkniʃ] | 'dog' | ||
| Navajo | hastiin | [hàsd̥ìːn] | 'mister' | ||
| Norwegian | hatt | [hɑtː] | 'hat' | SeeNorwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | هو/ho | [ho] | 'yes' | ||
| Persian | هفت/haft | [hæft] | 'seven' | SeePersian phonology | |
| Pirahã | hi | [hì] | 'he' | ||
| Portuguese | ManyBraziliandialects[17] | marreta | [maˈhetɐ] | 'sledgehammer' | Allophone of/ʁ/.[h,ɦ]are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. SeePortuguese phonology. |
| Most dialects | Honda | [ˈhõ̞dɐ] | 'Honda' | ||
| Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) | arte | [ˈahtʃ] | 'art' | ||
| ColloquialBrazilian[18][19] | chuvisco | [ɕuˈvihku] | 'drizzle' | Corresponds to either/s/or/ʃ/(depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
| Quechua | Standard | hatun | [hatuŋ] | 'big' | The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of/h/,but the young changed the pronunciation to/x/. |
| Romanian | hăț | [həts] | 'bridle' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | ro-sheòl | [ɾɔˈhɔːɫ] | 'topsail'[20] | Lenited form of /t/, /s/, seeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[21] | hmelj | [hmê̞ʎ̟] | 'hops' | Allophone of/x/when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[21]SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology |
| Spanish[22] | Andalusian,Canarian,andExtremaduranSpanish | higo | [ˈhiɣo̞] | 'fig' | Corresponds toOld Spanish/h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects. |
| Many dialects | obispo | [o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞] | 'bishop' | Allophone of/s/at the end of a syllable. SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Some dialects | jaca | [ˈhaka] | 'pony' | Corresponds to/x/in other dialects. | |
| Swedish | hatt | [ˈhatː] | 'hat' | SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Sylheti | ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh | [hamux] | 'snail' | ||
| Tagalog | tahimik | [tɐˈhimɪk] | 'quiet' | SeeTagalog phonology | |
| Tatar | һава/hawa | [hawa] | 'air' | SeeTatar phonology | |
| Telugu | అంతఃపురం | [ant̪ahpuram] | 'Women's quarters'/ 'Harem' | SeeVisarga | |
| Thai | ห้า/haa | [haː˥˩] | 'five' | ||
| Turkish | halı | [häˈɫɯ] | 'carpet' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | дуаха | [dwaha] | 'prayer' | SeeUbykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian | кігті | [ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i] | 'claws' | Sometimes when[ɦ]is devoiced. SeeUkrainian phonology. | |
| Urdu | Standard[7] | ہم/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' | SeeHindi-Urdu phonology |
| Vietnamese[23] | hiểu | [hjew˧˩˧] | 'understand' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | haul | [ˈhaɨl] | 'sun' | SeeWelsh orthography | |
| West Frisian | hoeke | [ˈhukə] | 'corner' | ||
| Yi | ꉐ/hxa | [ha˧] | 'hundred' | ||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Smyth (1920,§16:description of stops andh)
- ^Wright & Wright (1925,§7h: initialh)
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
- ^Ladefoged (1990),p. 24–25.
- ^Garellek et al. (2021).
- ^Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
- ^abcThelwall (1990:38)
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
- ^abGrønnum (2005:125)
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^Kohler (1999:86–87)
- ^Arvaniti (1999:175)
- ^Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^abHall (1944:75)
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
- ^(in Portuguese)Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's PortugueseArchived2013-07-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^(in Portuguese)Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and ParatyArchived2017-12-15 at theWayback Machine
- ^"ro-sheòl".www.faclair.com.Retrieved1 April2021.
- ^abLandau et al. (1999:68)
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
[edit]- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999),"Cypriot Greek"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29(2): 173–178,doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X,S2CID163926812
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(2): 227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN87-500-3865-6
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".Italica.21(2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82.doi:10.2307/475860.JSTOR475860.
- Hualde, José Ignacio;Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003),A grammar of Basque,Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,ISBN3-11-017683-1
- Kohler, Klaus (1999), "German",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,ISBN0-521-63751-1
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN0-521-65236-7
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,21(2): 91–93,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448,S2CID145231104
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(2): 255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920).A Greek Grammar for Colleges.American Book Company.Retrieved1 January2014– viaCCEL.
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20(2): 37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID243640727
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925).Old English Grammar(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
