1070s

The1070swas a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, 1079.

Events

1070

• Spring – KingSweyn IIjoins the English rebels, led byHereward(the Wake), and captures theIsle of Ely(located inThe Fens) inEast Anglia.Hereward sacksPeterborough Abbeyin support with Sweyn's Danes.
• Harrying of the North:KingWilliam I(the Conqueror) quells rebellions in the north ofEngland,following an invasion by Sweyn II. Widespreadfaminefollows the devastation wrought.
• April 11–Archbishop of CanterburyStigandis deposed.
• May 1– After 353 years of being exiled toLugodue to the muslim ocupation of the city ofBraga,theArchdiocese of Bragais restored by order ofFerdinand I of Leónunder Archbishop D. Pedro of Braga thanks to the advancing christian forces during theReconquista.
• June–Denmarksigns a treaty with England; Sweyn II and his forces leave the country.
• August 15– ThePavian-bornBenedictineLanfrancis appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in England.
• An invasion of England byMalcolm III of Scotlandis repelled.
• Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester,the firstMarcher Lord,invades Wales, capturing parts ofGwynedd.
• A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives theSeljuq Turksacross theEuphrates.
• Bergenis founded by KingOlaf III of Norway;it will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced byOsloin1314.
• Chinese ChancellorWang Anshistarts the Xining Reforms (which last until1085).
• Jews fromRoueninNormandysettle in England, at the invitation of King William I.
• TheTemple of Literature, Hanoi,is established inHanoi,capital ofVietnam.
• UyghurpoetYusuf Khass HajibofBalasagun,in theKara-Khanid Khanate,completes theKutadgu Bilig( "The Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune" ), and presents it to the prince ofKashgar.
• Song dynasty Chineseastronomer, engineer, and statesmanSu Songcompletes the compilation of theBen Cao Tu Jing,apharmaceuticaltreatise with related subjects ofbotany,zoology,mineralogy,andmetallurgy.
• Canterbury Cathedralin England is rebuilt, following a fire.
• The rebuilding ofYork Minsterin England begins.
• Construction ofRichmond CastleinNorth Yorkshire,England, byAlan Rufusbegins.
• Approximate date –Halsten Stenkilssonis deposed as king ofSweden,withHåkan the Redbecoming king inGötaland,andAnund Gårdskebeing chosen as king ofSvealand.

1071

By place

Byzantine Empire

• August 26–Battle of Manzikert:The Byzantine army (35,000 men) under EmperorRomanos IVmeets the Seljuk Turk forces of SultanAlp Arslan,near the town ofManzikert.Although the armies are initially evenly matched, as the Byzantines advance, the Seljuk Turks withdraw before them, launching hit-and-run attacks on the Byzantine flanks. While attempting to withdraw, the Byzantine army falls apart, either through treachery or confusion; the battle ends in a decisive defeat for theByzantine Empire.Romanos is captured (later released by Alp Arslan within a week), and much of the eliteVarangian Guardis destroyed (this will prove catastrophic for the Byzantine Empire).
• October 24– Romanos IV is deposed by CaesarJohn Doukasand his political advisorMichael Psellos(after his return toConstantinople).Michael VII(Doukas) is crowned co-emperor – and his motherEudokiais forced to retire to a monastery.

Europe

• February 22–Battle of Cassel:Robert I(the Frisian) defeats his sister-in-lawRichilde(widow ofBaldwin VI) and her nephewArnulf III,in a succession struggle for theCounty of Flanders.Robert is appointed count by KingPhilip I(the Amorous).
• April 15–Siege of Bari:The capital ofBari,the last Byzantine-controlled city in theCatepanate of Italy,is captured byItalo-Normanforces under DukeRobert Guiscardafter a 32-month siege.

England

• The English rebels underHereward(the Wake) andMorcar,Saxon formerearl of Northumbria,are forced to retreat to their stronghold on theIsle of Ely.They make a desperate stand against the Norman forces led by KingWilliam I(the Conqueror), but are defeated.
• Edwin,earl ofMercia,rebels against William I, but is betrayed and killed. His castle and lands atDudley(located in theWest Midlands) are given to William's Norman subjects.

Africa

• May –Zaynab an-NafzawiyyahmarriesYusuf ibn Tashfin,leader of theAlmoravids,and becomes his queen and co-regent.

1072

By place

Byzantine Empire

• June 29–Romanos IV(Diogenes), deposed emperor of theByzantine Empire,isblindedand sent intoexileto the island ofProti(in theSea of Marmara) at theMonastery of Transfiguration.A few days before his death, he receives a letter fromMichael Psellos(his political advisor), congratulating him on the loss of his eyes.

Europe

• January 10– TheNormansunderRobert Guiscardand his brotherRoger I(Boso) conquerPalermo(after a one yearsiege). Roger receives the keys of the city, and Robert invests him with the title ofCount of Sicily.TheEmirate of Sicilyrules only the southern part of the island, withSyracuseas the capital (until1091).
• January–Battle of Golpejera:KingSancho II(the Strong) defeats the Castilian forces of his brotherAlfonso VI(the Brave) nearCarrión de los Condes.Alfonso is captured, but released into exile, where he seeks refuge in theTaifa of Toledo(under the protection of his vassal, EmirAl-Mamun).
• October 7– Alfonso VI becomes king ofLeónandCastile,following the assassination of Sancho II. He is bestowed with the title of "Emperor of Spain", and is forced byRodrigo Diaz de Vivar(El Cid), thestandard-bearerof Sancho, to take an oath denying any involvement in his brother's death.

Britain

• May 27– TheAccord of Winchesterestablishes the primacy of theArchbishop of Canterburyover theArchbishop of York,in theChurch of England.
• KingWilliam I(the Conqueror) invadesScotlandand receives the submission of KingMalcolm III.He agrees to sign theTreaty of Abernethy.

Seljuk Empire

• December 15– SultanAlp Arslan(Heroic Lion) dies after a 9-year reign (during his campaign inTransoxiana). He is succeeded by his 17-year-old sonMalik-Shah I,who is declared new ruler of theSeljuk Empire.Qavurt,a brother of Alp Arslan, claims the Seljuk throne for himself and occupies the capital ofIsfahan.

China

• Shen Kuo,Chinesepolymathicscientist and statesman, is appointed as the head official for theBureau of Astronomy– where he begins his work with the colleagueWei Puon accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night, for a continuum of five years.
• Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to superviseWang Anshi's program of surveying the building ofsiltdeposits in theBian Canal,outside the capital city ofKaifeng.Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as afertilizer.

By topic

Literature

• Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk,an informative book written byMahmud al-Kashgariabout theTurks,is presented to the ruler of theKara-Khanid Khanate.

1073

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – EmperorMichael VII(Doukas) sends a Byzantine army to deal with Seljuk raiding inCappadocia,supported with a mixed force of Norman and French mercenary heavy cavalry underRoussel de Bailleul.Roussel re-conquers some territory inGalatiaand declares it an independent Norman state. Michael, enraged, sends another army led by his uncle, CaesarJohn Doukasand the veteran GeneralNikephoros Botaneiatesto deal with the rising of the Norman threat inAsia minor.But the Byzantines are defeated and John is captured. Roussel marches with a force (3,000 men) acrossBithyniato theBosporusand sacksChrysopolis,nearConstantinople.

Europe

• May 25– KingSancho IVofNavarreandAhmad al-Muqtadir,Muslim ruler of theTaifa of Zaragoza,conclude an alliance by treaty.
• Ebles II of Roucyleads a French army inSpain,to support KingSancho VofAragonin his struggle against his Muslim neighbors.
• Sviatoslav IIandVsevolod Iunite the Kievan forces and expel their brotherIziaslav I.Sviatoslav II becomes Grand Prince ofKiev.
• October 14– TheJudicate of Arborea(one of the four independent kingdoms inSardinia) is recognised by PopeGregory VII.

Britain

• Edgar Ætheling,last male member of theHouse of Wessex,joins forces with KingMalcolm III of Scotlandand KingPhilip I(the Amorous) ofFrancein an attempt to take the English throne.

Asia

• Wang Anshi,Chinesechief chancellorof theSong Dynasty,creates a new bureau of the central government (called the Directorate of Weapons), which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control.
• June 15– EmperorGo-Sanjōdies after a 5-year reign and is succeeded by his 19-year-old sonShirakawaas the 72nd emperor ofJapan.

By topic

Religion

• PopeAlexander IIdies after a 11½-yearpontificateatRome.He is succeeded by Gregory VII as the 157thpopeof theCatholic Church.
• Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing theRif,an important work ofJewish law.
• John IX bar Shushanends his term asSyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

1074

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – Norman mercenaries, led byRoussel de Bailleul,proclaimJohn Doukasemperor of theByzantine Empire.His nephew, EmperorMichael VII(Doukas), forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftainSuleiman ibn Qutulmish,who is raiding in the eastern regions ofAnatolia.TheSeljuk Turksambush the Norman forces; Roussel and John are defeated and captured. But a ransom, raised by Roussel's wife, allows him to return toAmaseia.

Europe

• February 2–Treaty of Gerstungen:EmperorHenry IVis forced to restore the peace with DukeOtto of Nordheim(one of the Saxon leaders of theSaxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty inGerstungenCastle, on theRiver WerrainThuringia(modernGermany).
• February 7– Battle ofMontesarchio:PrincePandulf IV,co-ruler ofBenevento,is killed while fighting theNormansin southernItaly.
• March 14–Battle of Mogyoród:KingSolomonis defeated by his cousins, DukeGéza IandLadislaus I.He is dethroned and Géza becomes the new ruler ofHungary.
• October 21– The Belgium beer brandAffligemis founded.

Africa

• Spring –Badr al-Jamalibecomes ChiefWazir(Grand Vizier) and effectively military dictator of theFatimid Caliphateunder CaliphAl-Mustansir BillahinEgypt.

China

• EmperorShen Zongof theSong Dynastyestablishes a Marine Office and a Goods Control Bureau north-west ofShanghai,allowing for the loading and unloading of freight.

By topic

Religion

• PopeGregory VIItemporarily excommunicates the Norman noblemanRobert Guiscard.

1075

By place

Africa

• TheKingdom of Mapungubweis established, in modern-daySouth Africa.

Byzantine Empire

• The future Emperor Alexios Komnenos captures the Norman rebelRoussel de BailleulinAmaseia.Roussel had established a principality in easternAnatoliain 1073 after rebelling against EmperorMichael VII Doukas,basing his power on his western mercenaries and local support in exchange for protection against invading Turkmen.

Europe

• June 9– FirstBattle of Langensalza:EmperorHenry IVdefeats the Saxon nobles on theRiver UnstrutnearLangensalzainThuringia(modernGermany). He subjugatesSaxony,and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northernItaly.
• Anund Gårdskeis deposed as king ofSvealand(also calledSweden proper). KingHåkan the RedofGötalandproclaims himself ruler of allSweden.

England

• Revolt of the Earls:The EarlsRalph de Gael,Roger de BreteuilandWaltheof,begin a revolt against KingWilliam I(the Conqueror) in the last serious act of resistance to theNorman Conquest.
• Roger de Breteuil is brought before theGreat Council.He is deprived of his lands and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. Ralph de Gael and Waltheof are charged as co-conspirators.
• August 25–Council of London:ArchbishopLanfrancinstigates the movement of English bishoprics. One of these is the bishopric ofSherborneandWiltonwhich is moved toOld Sarum.

Asia

• Summer –Shen Kuo,Chinesepolymathscientist and statesman, solves a border dispute with theLiao Dynastyby dredging up old diplomatic records. He refutes EmperorDao Zong's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern-dayPingquan), reestablishing the rightful borders of theSong Dynasty.
• Vietnamese forces under GeneralLý Thường KiệtdefendVietnamagainst a Chinese invasion.
• The Liao Dynasty version of the BuddhistTripiṭakais completed (approximate date).

By topic

Religion

• February – PopeGregory VIIholds a council in theLateran PalaceatRome.He publishes a decree against laymeninvestiture(an act which will later cause theInvestiture Controversy).
• April – TheDictatus papae(a compilation of 27 statements of powers) are included in the registry of Gregory VII, in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
• December 8– Gregory VII writes a letter of reprimand to Henry IV. He accuses him of breaching his word and continued support of excommunicated councilors.
• December 25– Gregory VII is kidnapped in the church duringChristmasnight in Rome and briefly imprisoned by the Roman noblemanCencio I Frangipane.

1076

By place

Europe

• January 24–Synod of Worms:EmperorHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor,holds a synod inWorms(modernGermany). The assembly declaresPope Gregory VIIdeposed, and the bishops abandon theirallegianceto him.
• February 22– Gregory VII pronounces a sentence of excommunication against Henry IV atRome.He is excluded from theCatholic Church,and all the bishops named by Henry are excommunicated.
• Summer –Dirk V,count ofHolland,re-conquersWest Frisia(modernNetherlands) from theArchdiocese of Utrecht.He besieges BishopConradat the castle ofIJsselmonde,taking him prisoner.
• October 8–Demetrius Zvonimiris crowned as king ofCroatiainSolin(nearSplit), in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known later as theHollow Church) by a representative of Gregory VII.
• December 13–Norman conquest of southern Italy:Italo-Norman forces underRobert Guiscard de HautevilleandRichard I of Capua,conquer the fortress city ofSalernoafter a shortsiege.
• December 26–Bolesław II the Bold(or "the Generous" ) is crowned asKing of PolandbyArchbishop BogumiłinGniezno Cathedral.Bolesław supports Gregory VII in his conflict against Henry IV.

England

• May 31–Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria,a participant in theRevolt of the Earlsagainst KingWilliam the Conqueror,is beheaded nearWinchester.
• Approximate date – TheTrial of Penenden Heathis held, with an important ruling regarding land rights subsequent to theNorman Conquest.
• November 1– A frost begins that lasts until April1077.

Africa

• Koumbi Saleh,an important mercantile and political center of theGhana Empire(modernMauritania), is besieged by theAlmoravids(approximate date).

Asia

• Vikramaditya VIdeposes his older brotherSomeshvara IIto become king of theWestern Chalukya Empire(modernIndia).

By topic

Literature

• Anselm of Aosta,an ItalianBenedictineabbot, completes hisMonologionat the request of his fellow monks.

Religion

• Demetrius Zvonimir donates the Benedictine monastery ofSt. GregoryinVranato Gregory VII.

1077

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Fall –Nikephoros Bryennios(the Elder), governor (doux) of theTheme of Dyrrhachiumin the westernBalkans,andNikephoros Botaneiates,a general (strategos) of theTheme of Anatolics(modernTurkey), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. EmperorMichael VII(Doukas) offers Bryennios the title ofcaesar(co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towardsConstantinople.

Europe

• January 25–Walk to Canossa:EmperorHenry IVtravels to theCastle of CanossanearReggio Emilia(NorthernItaly), to visit PopeGregory VII.He waits (with his wifeBertha of Savoyand sonConrad) at the gates for three days, for absolution of hisexcommunication.Gregory lifts the sentence, imposing on Henry a vow to comply with certain conditions (seeInvestiture Controversy).
• KingAlfonso VI(the Brave) reaches an agreement with his cousinSancho Ramírez,who is elected as king ofNavarre.Alfonso annexes the territories ofÁlava,part ofGipuzkoaandLa Bureba,he is crowned and adopts the title ofImperator totius Hispaniae( "Emperor of allSpain").
• March 14– German nobles opposing king Henry IV elected anantiking,Rudolf of Rheinfelden,despite king Henry having been absolved.
• April 3– Henry IV grants the County ofFriuli(with ducal status) toSigaerd of Beilstein,patriarch ofAquileia.He creates the firstParliament,representing thecommunesas well thenobilityandclergy.
• Hugh I,duke ofBurgundy,supports Sancho Ramírez (orSancho V) in his conquest of the Castle ofMuñonesfrom EmirAhmad al-Muqtadir,who rules theTaifa of Zaragoza.
• KingMihailo Iis given the title "King of the Slavs"by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom ofDuklja(modernMontenegro).

England

• Robert II(Curthose) instigates his first insurrection against his father, KingWilliam I(the Conqueror), inNormandy.
• The first recordedtrial by combatis held between Wulfstan and Walter.
• August 14– A fire destroys much ofLondon.

Seljuk Empire

• Suleiman ibn Qutulmish,a cousin of late SultanAlp Arslan,consolidates his leadership over theOghuz Turksand founds theSultanate of Rum(modernTurkey).
• Anushtegin Gharchaibecomes governor (shihna) ofKhwarezmand avassalof theSeljuk Empire(until1097).

Africa

• TheAlmoravidscomplete the conquest of theGhana Empire,and reach Spain (approximate date).

By topic

Arts

• TheBayeux Tapestry(embroidery) is completed, probably inEngland,possibly to unveil at the dedication ofBayeux Cathedralthis year.

Religion

• September 1– PopeGregory VIIappointsLandulfas bishop ofPisa.He makes him permanent legate of the Holy See inCorsica.
• Paul of Caenis installed asabbotofSt. Albansin England. He commences the building ofSt. Albans Abbey Church.
• PopeChristodolosends his reign as leader of theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria(modernEgypt).

1078

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring –Nikephoros Botaneiates,a Byzantine general (strategos) of theTheme of the Anatolics,revolts against EmperorMichael VII(Doukas). With the support of theSeljuk Turkswho provide him with troops, Nikephoros marches uponNicaea(modernTurkey). He defeats the imperial army and proclaims himself emperor.
• March 24– Nikephoros Botaneiates entersConstantinoplein triumph and is crowned by PatriarchCosmas Ias emperor Nikephoros III of theByzantine Empire.Michael VII resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into theMonastery of Stoudios.
• Battle of Kalavrye:The imperial forces of GeneralAlexios Komnenosare victorious over the rebellious army (12,000 men) underNikephoros Bryennios(the Elder), governor (doux) of theTheme of Dyrrhachium.Bryennios is captured and later blinded.
• Philaretos Brachamiosabandons his claim to the Byzantine throne, on being appointed governor ofAntioch,a foundation of the laterArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia.

Europe

• August 7–Battle of Mellrichstadt:EmperorHenry IVdefeats the German anti-kingRudolf of Rheinfelden,duke ofSwabia,nearMellrichstadt(modernGermany).
• October 3– Grand PrinceIziaslav Idies, and is succeeded byVsevolod I,who unites the principalities –Kiev,ChernigovandPereyaslavl– inKievan Rus'.

England

• TheWhite Towerof theTower of Londonis begun, under the direction ofGundulf(orGundulph), bishop ofRochester(approximate date).

Africa

• TheAlmoravidemir,Yusuf ibn Tashfin,besiegesCeuta.Since the city can receive help from the sea, thesiegewill last until1083.

China

• By this year, theiron industryin theSong Dynastyis producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) ofironproduct per year.

By topic

Religion

• July 11– The RomanesquetympanumofSantiago de Compostela CathedralinGalicia(modernSpain) is constructed.
• Anselmis elected abbot ofBec Abbey,inNormandy.
• A church council in Poitiers deposes Bishop Sylvester of Rennes who hadbought his officein 1076. This leads also to the flight ofRobert of Arbrisselto Paris where he begins his studies.

1079

By place

Europe

• April 11–Stanislaus of Szczepanów,bishop ofKraków,is executed on orders by KingBolesław II the Generous.The way in which his sentence is carried out causes a revolt among the Polish nobles. Bolesław is forced to flee, to take refuge at the court of KingLadislaus I of Hungary.He is succeeded by his brotherWładysław I,as ruler ofPoland.
• Battle of Cabra:Moorish forces, aided by Castilian knights underEl Cid(Rodrigo Diaz), defeat and rout the invading army of EmirAbdallah ibn BulugginofGranada,near the town ofCabra(modernSpain).
• EmperorHenry IVappointsFrederick Ias duke ofSwabiaatHohenstaufen Castle.Henry's 7-year-old daughterAgnes of Waiblingenis betrothed to Frederick who founds theHohenstaufen Dynasty.
• Upon the death ofHåkan the Red,Halsten Stenkilssonreturns as king ofSweden,jointly with his brotherInge the Elder(approximate date).

England

• KingWilliam the Conquerorestablishes theNew ForestinSouthern England.He proclaims it as aroyal forest,using it forhunting,mainly ofdeer.

Seljuk Empire

• TheSeljuk Turksunder SultanSuleiman ibn Qutulmishreach and occupy the western coast ofAsia Minor,an area known since theArchaic Period(c. 800–c. 500 BC) asIonia(modernTurkey).

By topic

Astronomy

• Omar Khayyam,Persianmathematicianandastronomer,calculates a 33 year calendar consisting of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in hisTreatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra,produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date).

Religion

• Constance,queen ofCastileandLeón,founds amonasteryinBurgos(approximate date).

Significant people

• Omar Khayyam
• William the Conqueror
• Al-Qa'im
• Alp ArslanSeljuk sultan
• Malik-Shah ISeljuk sultan

Births

1070

• Allucio of Campugliano,Italian diplomat (d.1134)
• Bertrade de Montfort,queen ofFrance(d.1117)
• Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad,Al-Andalus poet
• Coloman(the Learned), king ofHungary(d.1116)
• Eupraxia of Kiev,Holy Roman Empress (d.1109)
• Gertrude of Flanders,duchess ofLorraine(d. 1117)
• Giso IV,count ofGudensberg(approximate date)
• Gualfardo of Verona,Italian trader andhermit(d.1127)
• Guerric of Igny,Frenchabbot(approximate date)
• Henry I(the Elder), Germannobleman(d.1103)
• Hugues de Payens,Frenchknight(approximate date)
• John Komnenos,Byzantine aristocrat and official
• Lothair Udo III,margrave of theNordmark(d.1106)
• Meinhard I,German nobleman (approximate date)
• Otto(the Rich), German nobleman (approximate date)
• Ralph of Pont-Echanfray,Norman knight (d.1120)
• Ramiro Sánchez,Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
• Ranulf le Meschin,3rd Earl ofChester(d.1129)
• Rostislav Vsevolodovich,Kievan prince (d.1093)
• Sancho Nunes de Barbosa,Portuguese nobleman (d.1130)
• Tescelin le Roux,Burgundian knight (approximate date)
• Thurstan,archbishop ofYork(approximate date)
• William de Corbeil,archbishop ofCanterbury(d.1136)
• William of Champeaux,French philosopher (d.1121)

1071

• October 22–William IX(the Troubador), duke ofAquitaine(d.1127)
• Ibn al-Qalanisi,Arab politician and chronicler (d.1160)

1072

• Agnes of Aquitaine,queen ofAragonandNavarre(d.1097)
• Agnes of Waiblingen,daughter ofHenry IV(or1073)
• Welf II(orWelfhard), duke ofBavaria(d.1120)
• Wulfhilde of Saxony,Germannoblewoman(d.1126)

1073

• Agnes of Waiblingen,daughter ofHenry IV(or1072)
• Alfonso I(the Battler), king ofAragon(approximate date)
• Al-Tighnari,Moorishbotanistand physician (d.1118)
• Anastatius IV,pope of theCatholic Church(d.1154)
• David IV(the Builder), king ofGeorgia(d.1125)
• Leopold III(the Good), margrave ofAustria(d.1136)
• Magnus III(Barefoot), king ofNorway(d.1103)
• Meng,empress of theSong Dynasty(d.1131)
• Philippa,French noblewoman (approximate date)
• Shaykh Tabarsi,PersianShiascholar (d.1153)
• Thomas of Marle,lord ofCoucy(d.1130)
• Zbigniew,duke ofPoland(approximate date)
• Lady Six Monkey,queen of the Mixtec city State of Huachino and queen of Jaltepec (d.1100)

1074

• February 12–Conrad II,king ofGermany(d.1101)
• September 16–Al-Musta'li,Fatimid caliph (d. 1101)
• Abu Mansur Mauhub al-Jawaliqi,Arabphilologist(d.1144)
• Edgar(the Valliant), king ofScotland(d.1107)
• Hugh I,count ofChampagne(approximate date)
• Ibn al-Tilmidh,Syriac physician and poet (d.1165)
• Maud,queen of Scotland (approximate date)

1075

• March 18–Al-Zamakhshari,Persian philosopher (d.1144)
• April 16–Orderic Vitalis,EnglishBenedictinechronicler
• June 5–Tianzuo(Yanning), last emperor of theLiao dynasty
• November 25–Taizong,emperor of theJin dynasty(d.1135)
• Adelaide del Vasto,countess andregentofSicily(d.1118)
• Bertha,queen ofAragonandNavarre(approximate date)
• Conrad I,archbishop ofSalzburg(approximate date)
• Frederick I,archbishop ofCologne(approximate date)
• Gerald de Windsor,Englishnobleman(approximate date) (d. 1135)
• Kim Bu-sik,Korean statesman and general (d.1151)
• Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat,French noblewoman (d. 1135)
• Henry IX"the Black", duke ofBavaria(d.1126)
• Jaya Pala,Indian king ofKamarupa(d.1100)
• Jinadattasuri,IndianJainpoet and writer (d.1154)
• Lothair III(or II) of Supplinburg, Holy Roman Emperor (d.1137)
• Nicholas the Pilgrim,Italian shepherd and saint (d.1094)
• Norbert of Xanten,archbishop ofMagdeburg(d.1134)
• Raymond Pilet d'Alès,French nobleman (d.1120)
• Soběslav I(Sobeslaus), duke ofBohemia(d.1140)
• Svatopluk"the Lion" of Olomouc, duke ofBohemia(d.1109)
• Tancred,Italo-Norman leader of theFirst Crusade(d.1112)

1076

• June 1–Mstislav I(the Great), Grand Prince ofKiev(d.1132)
• Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi,Moorish scholar and judge (d.1148)
• Fujiwara no Sadazane,Japanesecalligrapher(d.1120)
• Hualani,Hawaiian queen andregent(approximate date)
• Urban(orGwrgan), bishop ofLlandaff(d.1134)

1077

• January 7–Zhe Zong,emperor of theSong Dynasty(d.1100)
• Alexios Komnenos,Byzantine aristocrat and governor
• Joseph ibn Migash,Spanish scholar andrabbi(d.1141)
• Ye Mengde,Chinese scholar, minister andpoet(d.1148)

1078

• March 17–Abdul Qadir Gilani,Persian preacher (d.1166)
• Alexander I(the Fierce), king ofScotland(d.1124)
• Al-Mustazhir,Abbasid caliph inBaghdad(d.1118)
• Constance of France,princess ofAntioch(d.1125)
• Ermengol V,count ofUrgell(Catalonia) (d.1102)
• Fujiwara no Tadazane,Japanesenobleman(d.1162)
• Ibn Quzman,Moorish poet and writer (d.1160)
• Reishi,Japanese empress consort (d.1144)

1079

• February 11–Yejong,king ofGoryeo(d.1122)
• April –Urraca,queen regnant ofLeón,CastileandGalicia(d.1126)
• August 8–Horikawa,emperor ofJapan(d.1107)
• Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī,Fatimid scholar and writer (d.1180)
• Berardo dei Marsi,Italian cardinal and bishop (d.1130)
• Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard,Frenchnoblewoman(d.1151)
• Gampopa,TibetanBuddhistmonk and teacher (d.1153)
• Kilij Arslan I,sultan of theSultanate of Rum(d. 1107)
• Liu,Chinese empress of theSong dynasty(d.1113)
• Peter Abelard,Frenchscholasticphilosopher (d.1142)
• Zheng,Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d.1131)
• Approximate date –Diepold III,margrave ofVohburg

Deaths

1070

• March 6–Ulric I(or Oldaric), margrave ofCarniola
• April 14–Gerard(the Great), duke of Lorraine
• June 12–Guido of Acqui(or Wido), Italian bishop
• July 6
  • Godelieve,Flemish saint (approximate date)
  • Said al-Andalusi,Taghlib Arab astronomer (b.1029)
• July 17–Baldwin VI(the Good), count ofFlanders
• Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani,Persian physician and chronicler
• Athirajendra Chola,Indian ruler of theChola Empire
• Áurea of San Millán,Spanishanchorite(b.1043)
• Bisantius Guirdeliku,Italian nobleman (patrikios)
• Filarete of Calabria,Sicilian monk and saint
• Hārūn ibn Malik al-Turk,Turkic military leader
• Theobald of Dorat,French monk and saint (b.990)
• Vigrahapala III,Indian ruler of thePala Empire

1071

• January 26–Adelaide of Eilenburg,Germannoblewoman
• February 17–Frozza Orseolo,German noblewoman (b.1015)
• February 22(killed at theBattle of Cassel):
  • Arnulf III,count ofFlanders(House of Flanders)
  • William FitzOsbern,1stEarl of Hereford
• April 17–Manuel Komnenos,Byzantine aristocrat
• May 24–Wulfhild of Norway,duchess ofSaxony(b.1020)
• August 22–Lambert II Suła,archbishop ofKraków
• September 5–Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi,Arab scholar (b.1002)
• October 16–Almodis de la Marche,French nobleman
• December 2–Ibn 'Abd al-Barr,Moorish judge (b.978)
• Domenico I Contarini,doge ofVenice
• Durand de Bredons,Frenchabbotand bishop
• Edwin(orĒadwine), earl ofMercia
• Eleanor of Normandy,countess of Flanders (b.1010)
• Fujiwara no Yorimichi,Japanese nobleman (b.992)
• Geoffrey of Hauteville,Norman military leader
• Guido da Velate(orGuy), archbishop ofMilan
• Henry II,count ofLeuven(House of Reginar)
• Ibn Zaydún,Andalusian poet and writer (b.1003)
• Isabella of Urgell,queen consort ofAragon
• Robert Crispin,Norman mercenary leader
• William Malet,Norman nobleman (approximate date)

1072

• February 1–Lý Thánh Tông,Vietnamese emperor (b.1023)
• February 7–Diarmait mac Máel na mBó,king ofLeinster
• February 22
  • Peter Damian,cardinal-bishop ofOstia(or 1073)
  • Stigand,archbishop ofCanterbury
• March 16–Adalbert,archbishop ofHamburg
• March 28–Ordulf(orOtto), duke ofSaxony
• August 19–Hawise,duchess ofBrittany
• September 22–Ouyang Xiu,Chinese historian andpoet(b.1007)
• October 7–Sancho II,king ofCastileandLeón
• October 15–Æthelric,bishop ofDurham
• November 13–Adalbero III,German nobleman
• November 24–Bagrat IV,king ofGeorgia(b.1018)
• December 15–Alp Arslan,sultan of theSeljuk Empire(b.1029)
• Al-Qushayri,PersianSufischolar and theologian (or 1073)
• Honorius II,antipope of theCatholic Church
• Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin,Welsh prince
• Otloh of Sankt Emmeram,German monk (approximate date)
• Qatran Tabrizi,Persian poet and writer (b.1009)
• Romanos IV,emperor of theByzantine Empire
• Serlo II of Hauteville(orSarlo), Norman nobleman

1073

• April 21–Alexander II,pope of the Catholic Church
• June 15–Go-Sanjō,emperor ofJapan(b.1032)
• July 12–John Gualbert,Italian monk andabbot
• December 20–Dominic of Silos,Spanish abbot (b.1000)
• Al-Qushayri,PersianSufischolar and theologian (or 1072)
• Anthony of Kiev,Russianmonkand saint (b.983)
• Badis ibn Habus,Berber king of theTaifa of Granada
• Barisone I of Torres,Sardinian ruler (judge) ofArborea
• Peter Damian,cardinal-bishop ofOstia(or 1072)
• Zhou Dunyi,Chinesephilosopherand cosmologist (b.1017)

1074

• February 7–Pandulf IV,Lombard prince
• April 25–Herman I,margrave ofBaden
• May 6–Dúnán(orDonat), bishop ofDublin
• October 25–Shōshi,empress ofJapan(b.988)
• Ibn al-Wafid,Andalusianpharmacologist
• Joseph Tarchaneiotes,Byzantine general
• Peter Krešimir IV,king ofCroatia(or1075)
• Ralph IV(orRaoul), Frenchnobleman
• Wugunai,Chinese chieftain (b.1021)
• Yang Wenguang,Chinese general

1075

• March 29–Ottokar I(orOtakar), German nobleman
• April 2–Al-Qa'im,Abbasid caliph inBaghdad(b.1001)
• April 15–Erlembald Cotta,Italian military leader
• May 21–Richeza(orAdelaide), Hungarian queen
• June 9–Gebhard of Supplinburg,German nobleman
• June 10–Ernest(the Brave), margrave ofAustria(b.1027)
• June 23–Theodwin,prince-bishop ofLiège
• August 2–John VIII,patriarch ofConstantinople
• August 27–Minamoto no Yoriyoshi,Japanese nobleman (b.988)
• November 6–Fujiwara no Norimichi,Japanese nobleman (b.996)
• December 4–Anno II,archbishop ofCologne
• December 13–Xiao Guanyin,Chinese empress (b.1040)
• December 18–Edith of Wessex,English queen
• Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī,Persian mathematician
• Al-Mamun,Andalusian emir of theTaifa of Toledo
• Amhalgaidh mac Cathal,king ofMaigh Seóla
• Anne of Kiev(orAgnes), French queen and regent
• Dedi I(orDedo), margrave of theSaxon Ostmark
• Domnall mac Murchada,king ofLeinsterandDublin
• Frederick II,German nobleman and overlord (b.1005)
• Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill,king of Dublin
• Gundekar II(orGunzo), bishop ofEichstätt(b.1019)
• Ibn Butlan,ArabNestorian Christianphysician (b.1038)
• Ibn Hayyan,Moorish historian and writer (b.987)
• John Xiphilinus,Byzantine historian (approximate date)
• Peter Krešimir IV(the Great), king ofCroatia(or1074)
• Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud,Mirdasid emir ofAleppo
• Siward(orSigweard), bishop ofRochester

1076

• March 18–Ermengarde of Anjou,duchess ofBurgundy
• March 21–Robert I(the Old), duke of Burgundy (b.1011)
• April 18–Beatrice of Bar,French duchess and regent
• April 28–Sweyn II(Estridsson), king ofDenmark
• May 8–Nasr ibn Mahmud,Mirdasid emir ofAleppo
• May 26–Ramon Berenguer I,count ofBarcelona(b.1023)
• May 31–Waltheof,earl ofNorthumbria(executed)
• June 4–Sancho IV,king ofPamplona(orNavarre)
• July 15–Arnost(orArnošt), bishop ofRochester
• Godfrey IV(the Hunchback), duke ofLower Lorraine
• Ramihrdus of Cambrai,French priest andmartyr(or1077)
• William Busac,Englishnobleman(jure uxoris) (b.1020)

1077

• April 11–Anawrahta,founder of thePagan Empire(b.1014)
• April 25–Géza I(Magnus), king ofHungary
• October 14–Andronikos Doukas,Byzantinenobleman
• November 27–Landulf VI,prince ofBenevento
• December 14–Agnes of Poitou,Holy Roman Empress
• December 21–Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi,Persian historian (b.995)
• December 27–Sviatoslav II,Grand Prince ofKiev(b.1027)
• date unknown
  • Eleanor of Normandy,countess ofFlanders(b.1010)
  • Minamoto no Takakuni,Japanese nobleman (b.1004)
  • Roussel de Bailleul,Norman warrior and military leader
  • Shao Yong,Chinese philosopher andcosmologist(b.1011)
  • Zhang Zai,Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b.1020)

1078

• February 20–Herman,bishop ofSalisbury
• May 30–Gleb Svyatoslavich,Kievan prince
• August 9–Peter I,Italian nobleman
• August 26–Herluin,founder ofBec Abbey
• October 3
  • Boris Vyacheslavich,prince ofChernigov
  • Iziaslav I,Grand Prince ofKiev(b.1024)
• November 6–Berthold II,duke ofCarinthia
• November 11–Udo,archbishop ofTrier
• Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani,Persian scholar
• Andreas(orAndrew), archbishop ofBari
• Atsiz ibn Uvaq,Turkish emir ofDamascus(or1079)
• Immilla of Turin,Italian noblewoman
• Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi,Fatimid scholar (b.1000)
• Nikephoritzes,Byzantine governor
• Rhys ab Owain,king ofDeheubarth
• Richard I(Drengot), prince ofCapua
• Tunka Manin,ruler of theGhana Empire(b.1010)
• Zeng Gongliang,Chinese scholar and writer (b.998)
• Zhang Xian,Chinesepoetand writer (b.990)

1079

• January 8–Adela of France,countess ofFlanders(b.1009)
• February 22–John of Fécamp,Italian-Norman abbot
• April 11–Stanislaus of Szczepanów,Polish bishop (b.1030)
• August 2–Roman Svyatoslavich,Kievan prince
• August 5–Hezilo(or Hettilo), bishop ofHildesheim
• November 16–Cao,empress of the Song dynasty (b.1016)
• Adelaide of Savoy,duchess ofSwabia(approximate date)
• Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh,king ofIar Connacht
• Al-Jayyānī,Arab scholar andmathematician(b.989)
• Atsiz ibn Uvaq,Turkish emir ofDamascus(or1078)
• Cellach húa Rúanada,Irishchief ollamand poet
• Håkan the Red,king ofSweden(approximate date)
• Íñigo López,Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
• John of Avranches,French archbishop and writer
• Odo of Rennes,duke andregentofBrittany(b.999)
• Roger d'Ivry(or Perceval), Norman nobleman
• Wen Tong,Chinesepainterand calligrapher (b.1019)