1090s

The1090swas a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.

Events

1090

By place

Europe

• A thirdAlmoravidexpedition is launched inAl-Andalus,designed to finally subdue theTaifa's Kingdoms.The cities ofCórdoba,Seville,Granada,Málaga,AlmeríaandRondafall to the troops of SultanYusuf ibn Tashfin.
• KingStephen II of Croatiabecomes involved in an open conflict between factions of theCroatian nobility,who reassert their traditional rights in their own counties.

Seljuk Empire

• Hassan-i Sabbahfounds theNizari Ismaili stateafter taking control of theAlamut Castleand organising the military group called theOrder of Assassins.

Africa

• Béjaïa(or Bugia) becomes the capital of theHammadid dynastyin modern-dayAlgeria.It becomes an important port and centre of culture.

By topic

Arts and Culture

• Troubadoursbegin playing in westernAquitaine(PoitouandSaintonge) andGascony(approximate date).

Science and Technology

• Qin Guan,Chinese poetof theSong dynasty,writes theCan Shu(Book ofSericulture), which describes asilk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest knownmechanical belt drive.

1091

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring –Tzachas,a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in theIoniancoastal city ofSmyrna(modern-dayİzmir). He proclaims himself emperor (basileus), and concludes an alliance with thePechenegsinThrace.Tzachas uses his fleet to blockadeConstantinopleby sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.
• April 29–Battle of Levounion:EmperorAlexios I,supported by his allies, defeats 80,000 of Pechenegs (including women and children) at theEvros River,nearEnos(modernTurkey). TheCumansand Byzantine forces fall upon the enemy camp, slaughtering all in their path. The Pechenegs are butchered so savagely, that this people is almost wiped out.

Europe

• Spring – KingStephen II,the last member of theTrpimirović dynasty,dies without leaving an heir after a 2-year reign. War and unrest breaks out inCroatiaafterwards. KingLadislaus I of Hungary,on instigation of his sister, QueenHelena,intervenes in the conflict and occupies Croatia. He proclaims himself king, but is contested by the Croatian noblemanPetar Snačić.
• February–Norman conquest of Sicily:TheNormansconquerNotoand complete the 30-year-long conquest ofSicilyfrom the Moorish rulers. DukeRoger Borsa(a son ofRobert Guiscard) surrenders his share in the castles ofCalabria,and receives his inheritance ofPalermo.He grants charters to various towns and encouragesurban planninginApulia and Calabria.
• Summer – TheNorman invasion of Malta:A Norman fleet led by CountRoger I of Sicily( "Bosso" ) arrives inMalta.Roger disembarks his army, and besieges the island's capital Medina (modern-dayMdina). The inhabitants negotiate peace terms (by promising to pay an annualtribute) and swear an oath of loyalty to Roger. On the way back, the Normans sack the islandGozo.
• July– TheAbbadid dynastyruling inAl-Andalus(modernSpain) falls whenAlmoravidforces stormSeville.Confronted with this threat, EmirMuhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-AftasofBadajozobtains the support of KingAlfonso VI( "the Brave" ) ofCastile,in exchange for the Moorish positions on the riverTagus(Sintra,SantarémandLisbon).

Britain and France

• February 2– KingWilliam II of Englandinvades westernNormandywith a large army. His brothers,HenryandRobert Curthose,mobilize mercenary forces to resist him during a siege atMont-Saint-Michel.Under terms of theTreaty of Caen,estates on theCotentin Peninsulaof Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.
• July – KingMalcolm III of ScotlandinvadesEngland,reaching as far south asDurham.The Normans led by William II and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is forced to accept the terms of theTreaty of Abernethy(1072) and payshomageto William.
• Cardiff Castlein Wales is constructed byRobert Fitzhamon,Norman lord ofGloucester(approximate date).

By topic

Disasters

• October 17–London tornado:AT8 tornado(roughly equal to an F4 on theFujita scale) occurs inLondon.The woodenLondon Bridgeis demolished and the church ofSt. Mary-le-Bowis badly damaged.

Religion

• December –Athanasius VI bar Khamorobecomes (against his will) patriarch and head of theSyriac Orthodox ChurchinAntioch(until1129).

1092

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Summer – EmperorAlexios I Komnenosbribes one ofKilij Arslan's (sultan of theSultanate of Rum) officials to recoverSinope(the capital ofPaphlagonia), and neighbouring coastal regions. He uses the Byzantine fleet to defeat the Seljuk navy off the coast ofCiusinBithynia.

Europe

• January 14–Vratislaus II,the first king ofBohemia,dies after a 6½-year reign and is succeeded by his brotherConrad Iwho becomes duke and not king because Vratislaus was elevated to the royal dignity 'for life' byHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor(in1085). Conrad diesSeptember 6after a 8-month reign and is succeeded by his nephewBretislav II(the eldest son of Vratislaus).

Britain

• Summer – KingWilliam IIannexesCumbriafrom the Scottish Celtic kingdom ofStrathclyde,and buildsCarlisle Castle.
• May 11–Lincoln Cathedral,one of England's finestGothicbuildings, is consecrated.

Seljuk Empire

• November 19– SultanMalik-Shah Idies after a 20-year reign whilehunting.TheSeljuk Empirefalls into chaos: his brotherTutush Iand rival successors carve up their own independentsultanatesin theMiddle East.Malik-Shah is succeeded by his sonMahmud I,but he does not gain control of the empire.

China

• Su Song,a Chinese statesman andscientist,publishes hisXin Yi Xiang Fa Yao,a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomicalclocktower,built inKaifeng.It also includes a celestial atlas of fivestar maps.

By topic

Religion

• April 21– TheDiocese of Pisais elevated to the dignity of a metropolitanarchdiocesebyPope Urban II.
• May 21–Synod of Szabolcs:KingLadislaus I of Hungaryassembles a council of the prelates ofhis kingdomat the fortress ofSzabolcs.

1093

By place

Europe

• April 13–The Grand Prince of KievVsevolod I Yaroslavichdies, after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded bySviatopolk II,who is acknowledged by other princes as the senior son ofIziaslav I,and ascends the Kievan throne as ruler of theKievan Rus'.His cousinVladimir II,prince ofChernigov,becomes a bitter rival.
• May 26–Battle of the Stugna River:The nomadicCumansdefeat a Kievan joint force led by the princes of Kievan Rus' at theStuhna Riverin the valley nearTrepol.Rostislav Vsevolodovich,prince ofPereyaslavl,drowns while fleeing the battle.
• September 22– KingOlaf III of Norway( "the Peaceful" ) dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonMagnus Barefootwho is proclaimed ruler ofNorwayat theBorgarting(or theThing), an assembly oflawspeakers,in the region ofViken.

Britain

• March 6–Anselm,ItalianBenedictineabbot andtheologian,becomes archbishop ofCanterburyin England, succeedingLanfranc.The post of archbishop has been left vacant since1089by KingWilliam II of England– so he can collect the church's income for himself.
• November 13–Battle of Alnwick:KingMalcolm III of ScotlandinvadesNorthumberland,but is killed by English forces under EarlRobert de Mowbraywhile besiegingAlnwick Castle.He is succeeded by his brotherDonald III( "the Fair" ) as ruler ofScotland.
• TheNormansunder LordRobert Fitzhamoncontinue their occupation of southernWaleswithPembroke Castlebeing constructed byArnulf de Montgomery.

By topic

Religion

• April 8– Monks move into the newWinchester Cathedralin England, constructed by the Norman bishopWalkelin.
• August 11– Construction ofDurham Cathedralin England begins, replacing the Saxon 'White Church'.

1094

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – EmperorAlexios I Komnenossends a Byzantine expeditionary force under GeneralTatikiostoNicaea,in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival ofBarkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat.Abu'l-Qasim,Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.

Europe

• May–El Cid(Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest ofValenciainAl-Andalus(modernSpain) and begins his rule (in the name of KingAlfonso VI) there. TheAlmoravidcampaign to regain the city fails.
• May–June–Duncan,son of the late KingMalcolm III of Scotland,gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncleDonald III( "the Fair" ) for theKingdom of Scotland.Duncan is crowned king atScone.
• July 28–William Bertranddies, and his margravial title ofProvenceis inherited byRaymond IV( "Saint-Gilles" ), who becomes count ofToulouse(until1105).
• November 12– Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in theScottish Lowlands,re-taking the Scottish throne.

Fatimid Egypt

• After the death ofCaliphal-Mustansir Billah,his son-in-law andvizierAl-Afdaldeclaresal-Musta'li,a younger son of al-Mustansir, in acoup d'étatas new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir,Nizar,flees toAlexandria.

Eastern Islamic world

Gold dinarofal-Muqtadimint at Baghdad

• February 3– Caliph ofBaghdadal-Muqtadidies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).
• October– Seljuk sultanMahmud Idies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brotherBarkiyaruq(one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of theSeljuk Empire.

By topic

Religion

• May 15– TheCathedral of St. AgathainCatania(Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbotAnsger.
• October 8– DogeVitale Falieroconsecrates the newBasilica of San MarcoinVenice.
• KingLadislaus I of Hungaryfounds a diocese (alongside the bishop'ssee) inZagreb.
• Al-Musta'libecomes the nineteenthimamofMusta'li Ismailism

1095

By place

Byzantine Empire

• March – EmperorAlexios I Komnenossend envoys toPope Urban IIat theCouncil of Piacenzaand appeals to the Christian states ofWestern Europefor military aid against theSeljuk Turks.Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal theGreat Schismof 40 years earlier, and to reunite theCatholic Churchunderpapal primacyby helping the Eastern churches.
• Summer – The nomadicCumanscross theRiver Danubeand invadeThrace,to support the pretenderConstantine Diogenes(son of the late EmperorRomanos IV). The Cumans occupy the province ofParistrion(located in the Lower Danube). Emperor Alexios I places Byzantine detachments to guard the passes over theBalkan Mountains,but they are bypassed.

Europe

• TheSecond County of Portugalis established by CountHenry of Burgundy.TheAlmoravidsstart pushing back the forces of KingAlfonso VI( "the Brave" ) to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest ofLisbon,which had been given away toCastilein1091.
• July –Coloman( "the Learned" ) begins to establish himself as ruler ofHungary,following the death of his uncle, KingLadislaus I(until1116).
• August 18–Olaf I of Denmark( "Hunger" ) dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brotherEric I( "the Good" ) as king ofDenmark.

England

• January – After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in theRiver Tyne,Robert de Mowbray,earl ofNorthumberland,is called for by KingWilliam II of Englandto explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besiegesBamburgh Castle;de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.

Fatimid Empire

• The rebellion ofNizaris squashed byal-Afdal.Nizar isimmuredand his death results in aschismofIsmaili Shia.While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph,Al-Musta'li,the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites underHasan-i Sabbahbreak away in the newly formedNizari Ismaili state.

By topic

Religion

• November 18– TheCouncil of Clermontbegins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending theFirst Crusadeto theHoly Land.
• November 27– Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont;Peter the Hermitbegins to preach throughoutFrance.
• November 28– Urban II appoints BishopAdhemar of Le Puyand CountRaymond IV of Toulouse( "Saint-Gilles" ), to lead the First Crusade.
• TheIsmaili Shiasplit into theMusta'liandNizaribranch.
• Valence Cathedralis consecrated inValence(approximate date).

1096

By place

First Crusade

• Spring –Peter the Hermitbegins his preaching of theFirst Crusade,traveling fromBerry(in centralFrance) acrossChampagne,and down theMeuseValley toCologne(modernGermany). He gathers thePeople's Crusade(some 40,000 supporters), which departs aboutApril 20.Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles andknights,but alsolaborers,tradesmenand peasants (among them are formerbrigandsand criminals).
• May– The People's Crusade, under Peter the Hermit, arrives atSopron.Coloman, King of Hungary( "the Learned" ) gives them permission to pass throughHungary,and to use the markets. Peter and his followers (some 20,000 men and women) travel fromBudapestsouthwards supported by knights, while lumbering wagons carry stores and a chest of money that he has collected for the journey.
• May– TheRhineland massacres:Members of the People's Crusade led by CountEmichodestroy most of the Jewish communities along theRhinein a series of largepogromsinFranceand Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert toChristianity.Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.
• May 8– French members of the People's Crusade led byWalter Sans Avoirenter Hungary, without incident they arrive atSemlin,and cross theSavainto Byzantine territory atBelgrade.Meanwhile, Walter demands food but he is refused entry, and the crusaders are forced to pillage the countryside. Eventually Walter is allowed to carry on toNiš,where he is provided with food.
• May 18–26– TheWorms massacre:Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho besiegeWormsin theRhinelandbefore killing at least 800 Jews, despite the intervention of BishopAdalbert II.He tries to hide some of them in the bishop's palace, others chose to remain outside its walls. One of the victims isMinna of Worms,an influential Jew among the Christian nobility.
• May 27– Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho massacre at least 1,000 Jews inMainz.ArchbishopRuthardtries to hide some of them in the cellars ofMainz Cathedralbut the crusaders learn of this – and murder most of the Jews. Men, women, and children of all ages are slaughtered indiscriminately.
• May 30– Members of the People's Crusade led by the priest Folkmar fromSaxonypersecute Jews inPrague,despite the opposition of the local Catholic hierarchy. Local citizens try to hide them in their own houses. Later the Jews manage to escape to safety in neighboring villages, but are slaughtered by the hundreds.
• June – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho set out up theMaintowards Hungary. Some followers break off from Emicho's army at Mainz and travel toMetz– where many Jews are persecuted and murdered. They proceed down the Rhine, massacring the Jews atNeuss,Wevelinghofen,andXanten.
• June – The People's Crusade under Emicho are refused entry to Hungary on orders of Coloman, who sends troops to defend the bridge atWieselburg.Emicho decides to build an alternative bridge and crosses theDanube.He besieges the fortress of Wieselburg, but is defeated and routed by the Hungarian army.
• June –Siege of Semlin:The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit arrives at Semlin. Hearing rumors of an attack from the Hungarian count Guz of Semlin on the rearguard, Geoffrey Burel assaults the castle, captures it by surprise, and defeats the Hungarian army. He plunders its supplies, herds and horses.
• June 26– The People's Crusade (some 30,000 men) led by Peter the Hermit crosses the Sava (stealing boats from the local fishermen) but are attacked byPechenegsand Hungarian forces. The citizens of Belgrade flee and the crusaders pillage and burn the city. Peter travels for seven days, and arrives atNiš.
• July – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit is defeated by the Byzantine army (mostly Hungarian and Bulgar mercenaries) in battle near Niš. The crusader supply train of some 2,000 wagons and Peter's treasury chest is captured by the Byzantines. About a quarter of the People's Crusade is lost.
• July 12– The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit reachesSofia,where they meet envoys fromConstantinoplewith orders to keep them supplied along the road. AtPhilippopolisthe Greeks are so deeply moved by the suffering of Peter and his followers that the locals give them money, food and horses.
• August 1– ThePeople's Crusadeled by Peter the Hermit arrives atConstantinople.He is received by EmperorAlexios I Komnenos,who gives him financial support. The crusaders commit endless thefts in the suburbs. Peter combines his forces with Walter Sans Avoir and camps outside Constantinople.
• August 2–6– The People's Crusade reorganize their forces and gather supplies. Alexios I advises Peter the Hermit to wait for reinforcements but he ignores the advice. The People's army (some 30,000 men) is transported across theBosporus– by the Byzantine fleet toCivetot(modernTurkey).
• August –Hugh( "the Great" ), count ofVermandois(a brother of KingPhilip I), departs to join the First Crusade. He travels with asmall armyvia theAlpstoRome.While sailing theAdriatic SeafromBaritoDyrrachiumhis fleet is reduced by shipwreck. Hugh's own ship is stranded on the shore nearEpirus.
• August –Godfrey of Bouillon,duke ofLower Lorraine,accompanied by his younger brotherBaldwin,sets off to join the First Crusade (called byPope Urban II) at the head of an army of some 40,000 men. He pledges hisallegianceto EmperorHenry IVwho issues an order not to harm Jewish communities.
• September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led byGeoffrey Burelraid aroundNicaea(the capital of the RumSeljuk Turks), plundering livestock and villages in the suburbs. They commit atrocities against local Christian peasants. Children are tortured and dismembered by the crusaders.
• September – German forces (5,000 infantry and 200 knights) led by Rainald of Breis raid the region of Nicaea. They advance eastward and assault the Seljuk garrison in the castle ofXerigordos.They manage to capture; and, find it well stocked with provisions. The Greek Christians inside are spared.
• September 29–Siege of Xerigordos:SultanKilij Arslan Isends a Seljuk expeditionary force to assault and recapture the castle of Xerigordos. They cut off the water supply, and Rainald of Breis is forced to surrender. Many of the crusaders are killed but others convert toIslamand become slaves.
• October –Robert Curthose,duke ofNormandy(a brother of KingWilliam II of England), sets off to join the First Crusade. He assembles his army atPontarlierand travels throughItalyto Rome. To raise money for the Crusade Robertmortgagesthe Norman duchy to William, for the sum of 10,000 pennies.
• October –Raymond IV( "Saint-Gilles" ), count ofToulouse,sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wifeElviraand BishopAdhemar of Le Puy,viaProvencethrough theBalkanroute (along the coast ofCroatia). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march toThessaloniki.
• October –Bohemond I,Italo-Norman prince ofTaranto(the son of DukeRobert Guiscard), departs to join the First Crusade. He crosses the Adriatic Sea fromBrindisiwith his army (some 4,000 men), and arrives inVorë.While traveling, Bohemond gives strict orders not to plunder Byzantine villages.
• October 21–Battle of Civetot:The Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslan I defeat the People's army (20,000 men) near Nicaea. The crusaders are slaughtered, and the camp at Civetot is captured. Only children are spared and sent into slavery. Around 3,000 manage to escape back to Constantinople.
• December – The last of the four planned Crusader armies arrives at Constantinople, bringing the total numbers to 60,000 infantry and knights. Curiously there isn't a single king among the Crusaders' leaders. At this time Philip I, William II, and Henry IV are all underexcommunicationby Urban II.
• December 25– Godfrey of Bouillon is appointed the primary leader of the First Crusade, making it a largely French war in practice and causing the inhabitants of theHoly Landto refer to Europeans generally as "Franks". Godfrey and the other leaders agree to take an oath of loyalty to Alexios I.

Europe

• KingAlfonso VI( "the Brave" ) ofCastilearranges to marry his daughterTheresatoHenry of Burgundy(House of Burgundy). Theresa'sdowryincludes theCounty of Portugal,given to Henry withPortoas the capital.
• Reconquista:KingPeter IofAragonconquersHuescafrom the Moors of theTaifa of Zaragoza.He expands his domains to the south, conquering land fromAl Andalus(modernSpain). The capital is moved fromJacato Huesca.

Asia

• Phayao,a modern-day province ofThailand,is founded as a city-state kingdom.

By topic

Religion

• February –Robert of Arbrisselfounds a monastery atLa Roë.
• The first documented teaching at theUniversity of OxfordinEnglandoccurs.
• Norwich Schoolis founded in England as an episcopalgrammar school.
• InIreland,theDiocese of Waterfordis established.

1097

By place

First Crusade

• Spring – The Crusaders underGodfrey of Bouillonattack the Byzantine imperial palace atBlachernae.Norman forces led byBohemond Ijoin the Crusaders – he is not welcome inConstantinoplebecause his father,Robert Guiscard,has invadedIllyria(territory belonging to theByzantine Empire), and captured the cities ofDyrrhachiumandCorfu(see1084).
• May 14–Siege of Nicaea:The Crusaders begin their campaign with the siege ofNicaea(the capital of theSultanate of Rum), assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which are well-defended with 200 towers. Towards the end, an advance party of theSeljuk Turksis defeated by troops ofRaymond IV, Count of Toulouse( "Saint-Gilles" ) andRobert II.
• June 19– The Seljuk Turks surrender Nicaea to the Crusaders after a month siege. The Byzantines occupy the city; their commanderManuel Boutoumitesis named by EmperorAlexios I Komnenosasdouxof Nicaea. In the consternation the Crusaders are not allowed to plunder the city and are forced (again) to pledge their allegiance to Alexios.
• July 1–Battle of Dorylaeum:The Crusaders defeat a Seljuk army led byKilij Arslan I,ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, who wants revenge for the capture of Nicaea. During the battle many Crusaders are killed but the Seljuk Turks are forced to flee and abandon their tents and treasure after being surprised by the arrival of a second Crusader army.
• October 21–Siege of Antioch:The Crusaders arrive outside the city and begin the siege. They can not impose a complete blockade on Antioch. The Seljuk garrison comes out of the city to harass Crusader siege-lines and intercept supply convoys (supported by a Genoese fleet of 12 galleys) fromSaint SymeonandAlexandretta(modernTurkey).
• December 31– Battle of Harenc: The Crusaders under the command of Bohemond I and Robert II defeat Seljuk forces fromAleppo,which try to relieve besieged Antioch.

Europe

• April/May –Battle of Gvozd Mountain:In an attempt to win the crown of theKingdom of Croatia,the Hungarian army crosses theDrava Riverand invades Croatia. KingPeter IIof Croatia moves his residency atKninCastle to defend his kingdom. The two armies meet each other near Gvozd Mountain (modern-dayMala Kapela). After a fierce battle Peter, the last Croatian king, is defeated and killed by the Hungarians.
• Summer – Almoravid forces launch a new campaign inAl-Andalus(modernSpain). SultanYusuf ibn Tashfin,leader of theAlmoravid Empire,is honored with the title ofAmir al Muslimin( "Commander of the Muslims" ).
• August 15–Battle of Consuegra:The Castilian and Leonese army (30,000 men) of KingAlfonso VI(' "the Brave" ) is defeated by Almoravid forces (10,000 men) near the Castle ofConsuegra.

Scotland

• KingDonald III of Scotland( "the Fair" ) is deposed by his nephewEdgar(who is supported by KingWilliam II of England) after a 4-year reign. Edgar (nicknamedProbus,"the Valliant" ) becomes ruler ofScotlanduntil1107.

England

• William II orders the construction ofWestminster HallnearWestminster AbbeyinLondon.The hall is designed to holdbanquets,ceremonies and coronations that take place in the Abbey nearby.

By topic

Religion

• October –Anselm,archbishop ofCanterbury,goes intoexile.Conflicts between him and William II result in Anselm leavingEnglandand heading forRome.William confiscates Anselm's land.

1098

By place

First Crusade

• February 9–Battle of the Lake of Antioch:The Crusaders underBohemond Idefeat a Seljuk relief force (some 12,000 men) led by SultanFakhr al-Mulk RadwanofAleppo.Bohemond gathers 700 knights, and marches in the night to ambush the Seljuk Turks at theLake of Antioch(modernTurkey). After several successful cavalry charges the Crusaders rout the Seljuk army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.
• March 10–Baldwin of BoulogneentersEdessa,and is welcomed as liberator by the Armenian clergy. The local population massacres the Seljuk garrison and officials – or forces them to flee. Baldwin is acknowledged as their ruler (ordoux). He assumes the title of count and establishes the firstcrusader state.Baldwin marriesArda of Armenia,daughter of LordThoros of Marash,and consolidates his conquered territory.
• June 3–Siege of Antioch:The Crusaders under Bohemond I captureAntiochafter a 8-month siege. He established secret contact withFirouz,an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates thePrincipality of Antioch.
• June 5–Battle of Antioch:EmirKerbogha,ruler (atabeg) ofMosul,arrives at Antioch with a Seljuk army (35,000 men) to relieve the city. He lays siege to the Crusaders who have just captured the city themselves (although they do not have full control of it). A Byzantine relief force led by EmperorAlexios I Komnenosturns back after CountStephen of Bloisconvinces them that the situation in Antioch is hopeless.
• June 28– Following theHoly Lancediscovery byPeter Bartholomewin Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises hisbannerabove the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year.
• July 14– Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to theRepublic of Genoa.This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in theLevant.
• August 1–Adhemar of Le Puy(or Aimar), French bishop and nominal leader of theFirst Crusade,dies during anepidemic(probablytyphus). With this,Rome's direct control over the Crusade effectively ends.
• August – Fatimid forces under CaliphAl-Musta'lirecaptureJerusalemand occupyPalestine.The Crusaders threaten the borders of theFatimid Caliphatewhich already has lost theEmirate of Sicily(see1091).
• December 12–Siege of Ma'arra:The Crusaders capture the city ofMa'arraafter a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespreadcannibalism.

Britain

• June or July –Battle of Anglesey Sound:A Norwegian fleet led by KingMagnus Barefootreverses an Anglo-Norman invasion ofNorth Wales.Magnus conquers theOrkney Islands,theHebridesand theIsle of Man.
• KingEdgarofScotlandsigns a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong toNorway.AtDunfermline Abbey,Edgar seeks support fromAnselm of Canterbury.

By topic

Religion

• March 21–Cîteaux Abbey,located inSaint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux,is founded byRobert of Molesme,founder of theCistercian Order.
• October – TheCouncil of Baripresided by PopeUrban IIdiscusses relations between theWesternand theEastern Church.

1099

By place

First Crusade

• January 16– The Crusaders, underRaymond IV,count ofToulouse(Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leaveAntioch,and head south towardsJerusalem.They are joined by forces ofTancred(a nephew ofBohemond I) andRobert II,duke ofNormandy.Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir ofShaizar(modernSyria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across theOrontes River(between Shaizar andHama).
• January 22– The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reachMasyaf,where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town ofRafaniyah,that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into theBuqaia Valley,and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the futureKrak des Chevalierscastle).
• February– The Crusaders underGodfrey of Bouillonset out from Antioch toLatakia.They are joined by forces of Bohemond I andRobert II,count ofFlanders.On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port ofJabala.After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.
• February 14– The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town ofAkkar– whose garrison is loyal toJalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan,emir ofTripoli(modernLebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.
• February 17– Raymond IV sends a small part of his army underRaymond Piletto attack the port ofTortosaon the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.
• May– The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns ofBatrounandByblos.On May 19 they cross theDog Rivernorth ofBeirutinto Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to theagriculturalarea. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.
• May 20– The Fatimid governor ofSidonrefuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on toTyre– Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force underBaldwin of Le Bourg(supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.
• May 26– The Crusaders march toHaifaand along the coast underMount CarmeltoCaesarea(modernIsrael), where they rest for four days in order to celebrateWhitsun(Whit Sunday).
• June 2–6– The Crusaders occupyArsufand turn inland towardsRamlah,where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberatesBethlehem.
• June 7–Siege of Jerusalem:The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City.Iftikhar al-Dawlaoffers a peace agreement but this is refused.
• June 13– The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at theDamascus Gate.
• June 17– A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led byGuglielmo Embriaco(loaded with military materials) enters the port ofJaffa;all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.
• July 8– The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In aprocessionthey walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.
• July 13– The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.
• July 15
  • The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
  • Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in theTower of Davidwith a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.
• July 22– TheKingdom of Jerusalemis established in theMiddle East.Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the titleAdvocatus Sancti Sepulchri.
• August 10– The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble atYibna(Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa toAscalon.
• August 12–Battle of Ascalon:The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. VizierAl-Afdalis forced to retreat toEgypt.
• November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin apilgrimageto Jerusalem. They are accompanied byBaldwin of Boulogne,brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.
• December 21– The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later,Daimbert,archbishop ofPisa,is installed as theLatin Patriarch of Jerusalem.

By topic

Natural events

• November 11– Great floods around theNorth SeaandEnglish Channel.

Religion

• The commune inEmiliafounds theModena Cathedral,dedicated to the patron saintGeminianus.The Italian sculptorWiligelmocreatesreliefswithGenesisscenes.
• July 29–Pope Urban II(Urbanus) dies after a 9-yearpontificateatRome.He is succeeded byPaschal IIas the 160thpopeof theCatholic Church.

Significant people

• Nizam al-Mulk
• Pope Urban II
• Al-Muqtadicaliph of Baghdad
• Malik-Shah ISeljuk sultan

Births

1090

• January 17–Qin Hui,Chinese chancellor (d.1155)
• unknown dates
  • Frederick II(the One-Eyed), Germannobleman(d.1147)
• Fujiwara no Atsuyori(orDōin), Japanesewakapoet (d.1179)
• probable
  • Agnes I,GermanabbessofQuedlinburg(approximate date)
  • Alaungsithu,Burmese king of thePagan Dynasty(d.1167)
  • Arnold of Brescia,Italiancanon regular(approximate date)
  • Bernard of Clairvaux,Frenchabbotand theologian (d.1153)
  • Chen Yuyi,Chinese politician of theSong Dynasty(d.1138)
  • Eliezer ben Nathan,Germanrabbiand liturgical poet (d.1170)
  • Eric II(the Memorable), king ofDenmark(approximate date)
  • Fujiwara no Akisuke,Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1155)
  • Juliane de Fontevrault,illegitimate daughter of KingHenry I of England
  • Conrad I,German nobleman and rector ofBurgundy(d.1152)
  • Niklot(orNyklot), Obotrite prince and tribal chief (d.1160)
  • Robert FitzRoy,1st Earl of Gloucester
  • Theobald II(the Great), French nobleman
  • Theobald of Bec,archbishop ofCanterbury
  • William de Mohun,1st Earl of Somerset

1091

• September 18–Andronikos Komnenos,Byzantine prince and general
• December 22–Jutta von Sponheim,Germanabbess(d.1136)
• Hongzhi Zhengjue,ChineseChanBuddhistmonk and writer (d.1157)
• Matilda of Rethel,Frenchnoblewomanand sovereign (d.1151)
• Tiantong Zongjue,ChineseBuddhistmonk and patriarch (d.1162)

1092

• Adélaide de Maurienne,queen consort ofFrance(d.1154)
• Al-Mustarshid,caliph of theAbbasid Caliphate(d.1135)
• Fulk V( "the Younger" ), Count of Anjou and king ofJerusalem(d.1143)
• Magnús Einarsson,Icelandic bishop ofSkálholt(d.1148)
• Peter the Venerable,French monk andabbot(d.1156)
• Sachen Kunga Nyingpo,TibetanBuddhistleader (d.1158)
• Sybilla of Normandy,queen consort ofScotland(d.1122)
• Wartislaw I(or Warcisław), duke ofPomerania(approximate date)
• Zhang Jiucheng,Chinese politician (d.1159)

1093

• January 16–Isaac Komnenos,Byzantine co-ruler
• Ahmad Yasawi,Turkic poet andSufi(d.1166)
• Baldwin VII,count ofFlanders(d.1119)
• Conrad III,king ofItalyandGermany(d.1152)
• Demetrius I,king ofGeorgia(approximate date)
• Gerhoh of Reichersberg,German theologian (d.1169)
• Grigor III,ArmeniancatholicosofCilicia(d. 1166)
• Robert fitzEdith,English feudal lord (d.1172)
• Sancho Alfónsez,Spanishnobleman(d.1108)
• Simon of Hauteville,count ofSicily(d.1105)
• Simon of Vermandois,French bishop (d.1148)
• William III,count ofPonthieu(approximate date)

1094

• January 14–Eudokia Komnene,Byzantine princess (d.1129)
• Abd al-Mu'min,Almohad caliph (approximate date)
• Ibn Zuhr(or Avenzoar), Moorishphysician(d.1162)
• Malachy,Irish archbishop and saint (d.1148)
• Richard d'Avranches,2ndEarl of Chester(d.1120)
• Yelü Dashi,founder of theQara Khitai(d.1143)

1095

• July 4–Usama ibn Munqidh,Arabian diplomat and poet (d.1188)
• December 22–Roger II,king ofSicily(d.1154)
• Amadeus III,count ofSavoyandMaurienne(d.1148)
• Fujiwara no Taishi,Japanese empress (d.1156)
• Geoffrey of Monmouth,English historian (d.1155)
• Hériman of Tournai,Frenchchronicler(d.1147)
• Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk,Englishnoblemanand advisor (d.1177)
• Hugh Candidus,English monk and historian (d.1160)
• Kōgyō-Daishi,JapaneseBuddhistpriest (d.1143)
• Robert Fitzharding,English nobleman (d.1170)
• Ulvhild Håkansdotter,twice Swedish queen consort and once Danish queen consort (d. 1148)
• Victor IV(Octavian), antipope ofRome(d.1164)
• William II,duke ofApulia and Calabria(d.1127)
• William of Malmesbury,English historian (d. 1143)
• Zishou Miaozong,ChineseZenmaster (d. 1170)

1096

• January 15–Theodora Komnene,Byzantine princess
• March 12–Canute Lavard,duke ofSchleswig(d.1131)
• April 9–Al-Muqtafi,caliph of theAbbasid Caliphate(d.1160)
• December 31–Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah,Fatimid caliph (d.1130)
• Ermengol VI( "el de Castilla" ), count ofUrgell(d.1154)
• Galdino della Sala(or Galdinus), Archbishop ofMilan(d.1176)
• Henry of Blois,bishop ofWinchester(approximate date)
• Hugh of Saint Victor,German scholar and theologian (d.1141)
• Iziaslav II Mstislavich,Grand Prince ofKiev(d. 1154)
• Minamoto no Tameyoshi,Japanesenobleman(d.1156)
• Peter Lombard,French bishop and theologian (d. 1160)
• Stephen of Blois,king ofEngland(approximate date)
• Taira no Tadamori,Japanese nobleman (d.1153)
• Wang Ximeng,Chineselandscape painter(d.1119)
• William VI,count ofAuvergneandVelay(d.1136)

1097

• March 15–Fujiwara no Tadamichi,Japanesenobleman(d.1164)
• November 5–André de Montbard,French nobleman (d.1156)
• Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi,Persian scholar andSufi(d.1168)
• Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi,Persianpolymathand official (d.1169)
• Cecile of France,French princess and countess ofTripoli(d.1145)
• Conrad I( "the Great" ), margrave ofMeissen(approximate date) (d.1157)
• Muhammad Buzurg Ummid,Persian ruler ofAlamut(d.1162)
• Zhang Jun,Chinese general andgrand chancellor(d. 1164)

1098

• Amadeus I,Swissnobleman(House of Geneva) (d.1178)
• Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani,Persian philosopher and poet (d.1131)
• Hedwig of Gudensberg,German countess andregent(d.1148)
• Hildegard of Bingen,GermanBenedictineabbess(d.1179)
• John of the Grating,French bishop and saint (d.1163)
• Pons,French nobleman (House of Toulouse) (d.1137)
• Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton,Anglo-Norman nobleman (d.1153)
• Wibald,Germanabbotand councillor (d.1158)

1099

• Olav Magnusson,king ofNorway(d.1115)
• Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester,Anglo-Normannobleman(d.1153)
• Raymond of Poitiers,prince ofAntioch(d.1149)
• Thierry of Alsace,count ofFlanders(d.1168)
• William X, Duke of Aquitaine( "the Saint" ), French nobleman (d.1137)
• Yuri Dolgorukiy,Grand Prince ofKiev(d.1157)

Deaths

1090

• March 22–García II,king ofGalicia and Portugal(b.1042)
• April 16–Sikelgaita,Lombard duchess ofApulia(b.1040)
• May 3–Adelaide of Rheinfelden,queen consort ofHungary
• May 12–Liutold of Eppenstein,German nobleman
• May 18–Berthold of Rheinfelden,German nobleman
• June 26–Jaromír,Bohemian prince and bishop
• July 3–Egbert II(or Ekbert), German nobleman
• August 11–Fujiwara no Atsuie,Japanese nobleman (b.1033)
• August 13–Constance of Normandy,duchess ofBrittany
• unknown dates
  • Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun,Moorish poet and writer
  • Fayun Faxiu,ChineseChan Buddhistmonk (b.1027)
  • Richard fitz Gilbert,Norman nobleman (b. c.10350
  • Guo Xi,Chineselandscapepainter
  • StIsaiah of Rostov,Kievanmissionaryand bishop
  • Raynald I,FrenchBenedictineabbot (b.1059)
  • William of Poitiers,French priest and chronicler (b. c.1020)
• probable
  • Osbern of Canterbury,Englishhagiographer

1091

• March 26–Wallada bint al-Mustakfi,Andalusian femalepoet(b.994)
• June 17–Dirk V,count ofFriesland(west of theVlie) (b.1052)
• June 29–Frederick of Montbéliard,margrave ofTurin
• July 5–William of Hirsau,Germanabbotand music theorist
• August 8–Altmann of Passau,German bishop and saint
• August 25–Sisnando Davides,Mozarab military leader
• December 19
  • Adelaide of Susa,margravine of Turin
  • Fujiwara no Tadaie,Japanese statesman (b.1033)
• Fu Yaoyu,Chinese government official and politician (b.1024)
• Helena of Hungary,queen consort ofCroatia(approximate date)
• Jordan I(or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince ofCapua
• Mac meic Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh,Irish king ofIar Connacht
• Robert D'Oyly,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
• Stephen II(or Stjepan), king of Croatia (approximate date)
• Wolfhelm of Brauweiler,GermanBenedictineabbot
• Artuk Bey(Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg), Seljuk general and governor

1092

• January 14–Vratislaus II,duke and king ofBohemia
• May 7–Remigius de Fécamp,bishop ofLincoln
• September 6–Conrad I,duke ofBohemia
• October 14–Nizam al-Mulk,Seljuk vizier (b.1018)
• November 19–Malik-Shah I,Seljuk sultan (b.1055)
• Abu'l-Qasim,Seljuk general and governor
• Bermudo Ovéquiz(or "Vermudo" ), Spanishnobleman
• Bogumił,archbishop ofGniezno(approximate date)
• Ermengol IV(or Armengol), count ofUrgell(b.1056)
• Helibo,Chinese nobleman and chieftain (b.1039)
• Jordan of Hauteville,Italo-Norman nobleman
• Richard de Montfort,French nobleman

1093

• February 1–Abul Hasan Hankari,Abbasid scholar (b.1018)
• April –Rhys ap Tewdwr,Welsh king ofDeheubarth,killed in battle (b.997)
• April 13–Vsevolod I Yaroslavich,Grand Prince ofKiev(b.1030)
• May 26–Rostislav Vsevolodovich,prince ofPereyaslavl
• June 21– Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi,Abbasidprince, son ofal-MuqtadiandMah-i Mulk
• July 10–Ulrich of Zell,GermanCluniacreformer (b.1029)
• August 4–Alan Rufus,Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)
• August 24– Geoffrey Boterel, Breton nobleman, eldest brother ofAlan Rufus
• August 29–Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy,French nobleman andabbot(b.1057)
• September 22–Olaf III"the Peaceful", king ofNorway
• October 13–Robert I, Count of Flanders
• November 13–Malcolm III,king ofScotland(b.1031)
• November 16–Margaret,queen consort of Scotland (b.1045)
• Bertrand II,count ofProvence(approximate date)
• Constance of Burgundy,queen consort ofCastileandLeón(b.1046)
• Gao,Chinese empress (Song dynasty) (b.1032)
• Iestyn ap Gwrgant,Welsh king ofMorgannwg(b.1014)
• Kaoruko,Japanese empress consort (b.1029)
• Odo V(or Eudes), count ofTroyesandMeaux
• Tzachas,Seljuk general andusurper,killed
• Wang Shen,Chinese painter and poet

1094

• January 10–Al-Mustansir Billah,Fatimid caliph (b.1029)
• February 3
  • Al-Muqtadi,Abbasid caliph (b.1056)
  • Teishi,Japanese empress (b.1013)
• June 2–Nicholas the Pilgrim,Italian shepherd (b.1075)
• June 4–Sancho V,king ofAragonandPamplona
• July 28–William Bertrand,margrave ofProvence
• October 14
  • Bertha of Holland,French queen consort
  • Fujiwara no Nobunaga,Japanesenobleman(b.1022)
• October–Mahmud I,sultan of theSeljuk Empire
• November 12–Duncan II,king ofScotland
• Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau,Buyid nobleman
• Al-Bakri,Moorish historian and geographer
• Aq Sunqur al-Hajib,Seljuk sultan ofAleppo
• Badr al-Jamali,Fatimidvizierand statesman
• Isaac Albalia,Andalusian Jewishastronomer(b.1035)
• Jonathan I,Italo-Norman count ofCarinola
• Michael of Avranches,Italian bishop
• Roger de Beaumont,Norman nobleman
• Roger de Montgomery,Norman nobleman
• Terken Khatun,Seljuk empress andregent
• William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester,Norman nobleman
• Wulfnoth Godwinson,English nobleman

1095

• January 20–Wulfstan,bishop ofWorcester
• March 5–Judith of Flanders,duchess ofBavaria
• June 18–Sophia of Hungary,duchess ofSaxony
• June 26–Robert the Lotharingian,bishop ofHereford
• July 29–Ladislaus I,king ofHungary
• August 18–Olaf I( "Hunger" ), king ofDenmark
• October 12–Leopold II,margrave ofAustria(b.1050)
• November 22–Donngus Ua hAingliu,Irish bishop
• Agapetus of Pechersk,Kievan monk and doctor
• Al-Humaydī,Andalusian scholar and writer (b.1029)
• Ali ibn Faramurz,Kakuyid emir ofYazdandAbarkuh
• Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad,Abbadid emir ofSeville(b.1040)
• Gerald of Sauve-Majeure,FrenchBenedictineabbot
• Godred Crovan,Norse-Gaelic king ofDublin
• Henry of Laach,German count palatine of theRhine
• Nizar ibn al-Mustansir,Fatimid prince (b. September 261045)
• Robert,2ndEarl of Cornwall(approximate date)
• Ruben I(or Rupen), prince ofArmenia(b.1025)
• Shen Kuo,Chinesepolymathscientist and engineer (b.1031)
• Tutush I,Seljuk emir ofDamascusandAleppo
• Vitale Faliero(or Falier de' Doni), doge ofVenice
• William I,count ofCerdanyaandBerga

1096

• January 2–William de St-Calais,Norman bishop and chief councilor
• January 11–Adelaide II,German princess andabbess(b.1045)
• May–Worms massacre:
  • Kalonymus ben Meshullam,French Jewish martyr
  • Minna of Worms,German-Jewish female moneylender and martyr
• October 21–Walter Sans Avoir,French leader of theFirst Crusade
• November 11–Werner I,German nobleman (House of Habsburg)
• December 23–Hugh I of Le Puiset,French nobleman
• Eudokia Makrembolitissa,Byzantine empress andregent
• Fariburz I,Persian ruler ofShirvan(House of Shirvanshah)
• Gao Shengtai,Chinese ruler of theDazhong Kingdom
• Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou( "the Bearded" ), French nobleman (b.1040)
• Henry III,count ofLuxembourg(House of Luxembourg)
• Ralph de Gael,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
• Sarakhsi,Persianscholar,jurist and writer (approximate date)
• Stephen II,German nobleman (House of Sponheim)

1097

• June 6–Agnes of Aquitaine,queen consort ofAragonandNavarre
• June 16–Wen Yanbo,Chinese grand chancellor (b.1006)
• August 15–Diego Rodríguez,Castilian nobleman
• August 20–Albert Azzo II,margrave ofMilanandLiguria
• November 6–Heonjong,Korean king ofGoryeo(b.1084)
• Baldwin Chauderon,French nobleman and crusader
• Florine of Burgundy,French noblewoman and crusader (b.1083)
• Herman of Hauteville,Norman nobleman and crusader
• Marpa Lotsawa,TibetanBuddhistteacher (b.1012)
• Minamoto no Tsunenobu,Japanese nobleman (b.1016)
• Muhya bint Al-Tayyani,Andalusian female poet
• Odo of Bayeux,Norman nobleman and bishop
• Peter II,king ofCroatia(seeBattle of Gvozd Mountain)
• Sweyn the Crusader,Danish nobleman and crusader

1098

• January 3–Walkelin,Norman bishop ofWinchester
• February 22–Hugh de Grandmesnil,Normansheriff(b.1032)
• July 31–Hugh of Montgomery,2ndEarl of Shrewsbury
• August 1–Adhemar of Le Puy,French bishop (b.1045)
• Alan the Black,Norman nobleman and lord ofRichmond
• Baldwin II,count ofHainaut(House of Flanders) (b.1056)
• Ephraim of the Caves,Kievan bishop ofPereiaslav
• Raymond IV(Raimundus), count ofPallars Jussà
• Robert de Say(Fitz-Picot), Norman nobleman
• Vinayaditya,Indian king of theHoysala Empire
• Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin(or Galon II de Beaumont), viscount and constable of France (b.1060)
• Yaghi Siyan,Seljuk governor ofAntioch(b.1011)

1099

• April 14–Conrad,bishop ofUtrecht
• April 20–Peter Bartholomew,French soldier andmystic
• July 8–Lawrence,Croatian monk and archbishop
• July 10–El Cid(Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight
• July 18–Fujiwara no Moromichi,Japanese nobleman (b.1062)
• July 29–Urban II,pope of theCatholic Church(b.1035)
• August 21–Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres,French nobleman
• December 3–Osmund,Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop ofSalisbury,canonized (b.1065)
• Ermengarde de Carcassonne,French noblewoman
• Donald III( "the Fair" ), king ofScotland(b.1032)
• Qutb Shah,PersianSufiand religious leader
• Rhygyfarch,Welsh bishop ofSt. David's(b.1057)
• Walter of Pontoise,Frenchabbot(approximate date)