1170s
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The1170swas a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and ended on December 31, 1179.
Events
1170
By place[edit]
Levant[edit]
- Winter – Egyptian forces led bySaladininvadedPalestineand besiegeDarumon theMediterraneancoast. Its defenses are weak, and though Saladin has no siege engines with him, the fall seems imminent. KingAmalric Iwithdraws hisTemplargarrison fromGaza,to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, where he captures the lower town (despite the stiff resistance ordered by LordMiles of Plancy), and massacres the inhabitants. However, the citadel is too strong for Saladin, and he is forced to retreat toEgypt.[1]
- Saladin sends an Egyptian squadron up theGulf of Aqaba,which captures the Crusader outpost ofAila,at the head of the Gulf.[2]
England[edit]
- June 14– KingHenry IIhad his 15-year-old sonHenry the Young King,crowned byRoger,Archbishop of York,asjunior kingand heir to the English throne. The coronation drivesPope Alexander IIIto allow the exiledThomas Becket(whose privilege asArchbishop of Canterburyto crown English monarchs has been infringed) to lay aninterdicton England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket.Sir William Marshalis appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King.
- July 22– Henry II and Thomas Becket meet nearFréteval,France,where they come to an agreement to end their differences. This results in Becket's partial restoration.
- November –Becket controversy:Thomas Becket excommunicates three bishops.[3]
- December 1–Becket controversy:Henry II sends word that his conflict with Thomas Becket is at an end, and his lands will be restored. Becket returns toEngland,landing atSandwich.
- December 29–Thomas Becketis assassinated by four knights (who believe themselves to be carrying out Henry II's wishes) inCanterbury Cathedral,after his refusal to be arrested for breaking his agreement with Henry II.[4]
- This is the earliest date for the making ofCheddar CheeseinSomerset(this is according to apipe rollof Henry II, who purchases 10,240 lb of Cheddar at afarthingper pound).
Ireland[edit]
- September 21–Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland:Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces seize the city ofDublin,forcingAscall mac Ragnaill,lastKing of Dublin,into exile.[5]
Africa[edit]
- Fesin theAlmohad Caliphate(modernMorocco) becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead fromConstantinople,capital of theByzantine Empire.[6]
Asia[edit]
- June 29–1170 Syria earthquake:One of the largestearthquakesto hitSyria.It forms part of a sequence of large earthquakes that propagate southwards along theDead Sea Transform,starting with the1138 Aleppo earthquakeand continuing with the1157 Hama,1170 and1202 Syriaevents.[7]
- The palace guards massacre the civil officials at the Korean court ofGoryeoand placeMyeongjongas new ruler on the throne of the Goryeo dynasty.
By topic[edit]
Folklore[edit]
- The Welsh princeMadoc(son of KingOwain ap GruffuddofGwynedd) sails toNorth America,in his ship theGwennan Gorn,and founds a colony.
Religion[edit]
- Peter Waldo,a French merchant ofLyon,starts the popular religious movement of the "Poor Men of Lyon", orWaldenses.[8]
1171
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- March 12– EmperorManuel I(Komnenos) orders the arrest of all Venetians in his empire, and seizes their ships and goods. In September, DogeVitale II Michielleads a Venetian fleet (120 ships) against the Byzantines, conquering the cities ofTrogirandDubrovnik.But the plague takes a heavy toll among the fleet's crewmen; half the ships have to be burned to keep them from falling into enemy hands. A plague also breaks out inVenice,when the remaining ships return.
Europe[edit]
- Autumn – KingAlfonso II(the Chaste) ofAragonconquers the cities ofCaspeandTeruel.He strengthens his southern frontier afterAlmohadforces under CaliphYusuf IravageCatalonia.
- The successors ofRobert Bordetleave Catalonia forMallorca,marking the end of the attempts to create aNormanprincipality inIberia.[9]
Britain[edit]
- July– KingHenry IIdecides to lead a military expedition toIrelandand summonsRichard de Clare(Strongbow) to join forces. In September, Richard travels toEnglandand promises his loyalty to Henry. He is grantedLeinsteras a fiefdom and is honored with the post of "royal constable in Ireland". The army is assembled atPembroke– severalsiege towersare shipped over, should Henry need to assault the Norman-held towns (or others such asCorkandLimerick).[10]
- October 17– Henry IIinvades Irelandand lands with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights, and 4,000 men and archers atWaterford.Henry commandeers merchant ships as part of his invasion.[11]He claims the ports ofDublin,Waterford, andWexford,and promises the Irish chieftains protection if they will acknowledge him as their overlord. Henry is recognized as "Lord of Ireland", traders are invited to Dublin where an English colony is set up.[11]
- Ascall mac Ragnaill(orTorcaill), lastNorse–Gaelicking of Dublin, is captured while trying to retake Dublin from the English forces under Richard de Clare, perhaps in company withSweyn Asleifsson,and is beheaded. Before the end of the year, Richard relinquishes possession of the city to Henry II, who converts it into an English royal town.
Levant[edit]
- March 10– KingAmalric IofJerusalemdeparts with a large staff forConstantinople.AtCallipolishe is met by his father-in-law,John Doukas Komnenos,military governor (doux) ofCyprus.Amalric enters the Byzantine capital and is welcomed by Manuel I. In June, a treaty is signed, Amalric recognizes Manuel's suzerainty over Jerusalem.[12]
Egypt[edit]
- September 13– CaliphAl-Adiddies of natural causes (or poisoning) after a 11-year reign.Saladinoverthrows theFatimid Caliphate,and takes over as governor (atabeg) ofEgypt– ruling in the name of EmirNur al-Din.
- September 25– Saladin leads an Egyptian army to take part in a joint attack on the Crusader castlesKerakandMontréal,south of theDead Sea.In November, Saladin withdraws his forces toCairoto suppress a coup.
Asia[edit]
- Yesugei(Baghatur), Mongol chieftain, arranges a marriage between his 9-year-old sonTemujin(Genghis Khan) and the daughter of the chief of a nearby clan,Börte.He is poisoned by theTatarswhile sharing a meal during the wedding.[13]
1172
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- April–May –Béla IIIreturns toHungary– where he is acclaimed king by the Hungariannobility,after the death (possibly poison) of his elder brotherStephen III,onMarch 4.
- May 28– DogeVitale II Michiel,accused at a General Assembly at theDucal Palace,for the destruction of the Venetian fleet, is stabbed to death by an angry mob atVenice.
- Summer – The 14-year-old Richard (laterRichard I of England) is formally recognized as duke ofAquitaine.The ceremony takes place inPoitiers,at the Church ofSt. Hilary.[14]
- A Muslim rebellion is quelled atPradesinCatalonia;this event marks the end of the pacification of the lands recently conquered by CountRamon Berenguer IV(the Saint).[15]
Britain[edit]
- KingHenry IIandHumbert III(the Blessed), agree to wed their respective heirs,Johnand Alicia. The alliance never occurs because Henry's elder heir,Henry the Young King,becomes jealous over the castles in the realm which Henry has promised to the couple. He stages a rebellion which will take Henry two years to put down. By that time, Alicia has died.[16]
- April 17– Henry II receives homage from the Irish princes who includeDomnall Mór Ua Briain,king ofMunster.He grantsHugh de Lacythe lordship ofMeath(orMide) for providing the services of 50 knights.[17]
Egypt[edit]
- Summer – EmirNur al-Dinbegins a two year war against theDanishmends.He creates a buffer zone between the Syrian realm andEgypt.Meanwhile, he releases CountRaymond of Tripolifor the sum of 80,000 dinars.
- Winter – The Nubians are engaged in a series of skirmishes along the frontier inUpper Egypt.A force ofKurdishtroops underTuran-Shah,a brother ofSaladin,attack the Nubians. He installs a garrison inQasr Ibrim.[18]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- May –Compromise of Avranches:Alberto di Morrais sent by PopeAlexander IIIto theCouncil of Avranches,to investigate the murder ofThomas Becket.Henry II is cleared of any guilt in Becket's murder. He swears to go on a crusade and does penance at theCathedral of Avranches.He revokes two controversial clauses of theConstitutions of Clarendon.
- Autumn – TheSynod of Cashelends theCeltic Christian systemand brings them into alignment withLatin Christianity(the modernCatholic Church).
- According to the annals of theWorcester Priory,"nothing memorable" happens in this year.[19]
1173
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- January 5–Bolesław IV(the Curly), High Duke ofPoland,dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brotherMieszko III(the Old), and as duke ofSandomierzinLesser PolandbyCasimir II(the Just).
- KingCanute I(Knut Eriksson) extends his rule after the death of co-rulerKol– which includes alsoÖstergötland.He becomes the unopposed sole-ruler ofSweden.Canute is supported by EarlBirger Brosa.
- Abu Yaqub Yusuf,caliph of theAlmohad Caliphate,re-populates the western Andalusian city ofBeja.But it is rapidly abandoned, a sign of the quick demographic weakening of the Muslims in the peninsula.[20]
England[edit]
- Spring –Henry the Young Kingwithdraws to the French court, marking the beginning of theRevolt of 1173–74,in which former QueenEleanor of Aquitaineand her sons rebel against her ex-husband KingHenry II.
- October 17–Battle of Fornham:Rebel forces are defeated while fording theRiver Lark.Flemish mercenaries are driven into the nearby swamps by the English royalists under LordRichard de Luci(orLucy).[21]
Egypt[edit]
- Summer –Saladinleads an expeditionary army against theBedouintribes inOultrejordainto secure a route betweenEgyptandSyria.He raids the region atKerak Castle.[22]
- Pro-Fatimidrising inUpper Egyptled byKanz al-Dawla,governor ofAswan,is crushed by Saladin's brotherAl-Adil.
China[edit]
- The Qiandao era ends and the Chunxi era begins during the reign of EmperorXiao Zongof theSong Dynasty.
South India
- Sinhalese kingParakramabahu the Greatgains a decisive victory by invading theChola Empireas an ally of thePandyas,capturingTondiand Pasi regions.
By topic[edit]
Art and Leisure[edit]
- August 8– The construction of acampanile,which will become theLeaning Tower of Pisa,begins.
- Algebraic chess notationis first recorded.
Agriculture[edit]
- KingBéla IIIinvitesCistercianandPremonstratensianmonks toHungary.They introduce advancedagriculturalmethods in the realm (approximate date).
Religion[edit]
- February 21–Thomas Becketis canonized by PopeAlexander III.His tomb inCanterbury Cathedralbecomes a shrine and a popularpilgrimagedestination.[23]
- Peter Waldo,French spiritual leader, is converted toChristianityand founds theWaldensians.
- TheGreat Mosque of al-NuriinMosulis completed (approximate date).
1174
By place[edit]
Britain[edit]
- July 13–Battle of Alnwick:KingWilliam I(the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invadesEngland,to help fight in the baronial rebellion against KingHenry II.William attacksPrudhoe CastleinNorthumberland,but is unable to capture it. He is captured by LordRanulf de Glanvill,and brought back toNewcastle.[23]Henry occupies a part ofScotland,with its five strongest castles:Roxburgh,Berwick,Jedburgh,EdinburghandStirling.
- September 5–Canterbury Cathedralis severely damaged in a fire.[24]
- September 30– TheRevolt of 1173–1174:After a year and a half of rebellion, Henry II achieves peace agreements with his sonsHenry the Young King,Richard,GeoffreyandJohnatMontlouis,on the basis of the pre-warstatus quo.[25]Before he returns toNormandy,Henry orders the rebel castles in England andAquitaineto be destroyed.[26]
- October –Battle of Thurles:Gaelic-Irish forces under KingDomnall Mór Ua Briaindefeat an Anglo-Norman invasion atThurlesinIreland.The English expedition led by EarlRichard de Clare(Strongbow) is surprised while encamped in the area ofLognafolaand is forced to retreat toWaterford.[27]
- December 8– TheTreaty of Falaise:Captured by the English, William I is forced to sign a peace agreement. The treaty makes Scotland a feudal possession of England, William and his nobles swear allegiance to Henry II. He must hand over several castles to Henry in return for his freedom.[23]
Europe[edit]
- Summer – French forces under KingLouis VII,supported by Henry the Young King andPhilip of Alsace,encircleRouen.The city holds out against the war engines long enough for Henry II to arrive in the middle of August to stage a rescue. The besiegers are fearful that Henry will invadeFranceand the siege is lifted.
- October 29– EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege ofAlessandriain northernItaly.He is opposed by theLombard League(now joined byVenice,SicilyandConstantinople).[28]
Levant[edit]
- May 15–Nur al-Din,Seljuk ruler (atabeg) ofSyria,dies atDamascusafter a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old sonAs-Salih Ismail al-Malik.Meanwhile,Saladindeclares himself hisregentand vassal.
- July 11– KingAmalric Idies ofdysenteryafter an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old sonBaldwin IV(the Leper), who becomes ruler ofJerusalem.CountRaymond of Tripoliis appointed as his regent.
- November 23– Saladin arrives at Damascus and spends the night at his father's old house, until the gates of theCitadel of Damascus,are opened to him, after a brief siege by his brotherTughtakin ibn Ayyub.[29]
Egypt[edit]
- July 25– The Sicilian fleet (some 250 ships) under AdmiralTancredlaunches a failed attack againstAlexandria.But he is deprived of support and forced to sail away after a seven-day blockade onAugust 1.[30]
- Saladin sends his brotherTuran-Shahwith an army and supporting fleet to conquerYemen.This to consolidate Muslim control over theRed Seawhile protecting thepilgrimageroute fromEgypttoMecca.[31]
Asia[edit]
- Kilij Arslan II,Seljuk ruler of theSultanate of Rum,rounds off his conquest of theDanishmend TurksinEastern Anatolia.He allies with the Zangid rulers againstMosul.[32]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- April 7– PopeAlexander IIIconsecratesRichard of Doveras archbishop ofCanterburyatAnagni.Richard returns toEnglandbearing hispalliumwhich he has received directly from the pope.[33]
- July 7– Henry II doespenanceatCanterburyfor the murder ofThomas Becket(see1170), even though indirect. He is whipped by the monks as punishment.
1175
By place[edit]
Britain[edit]
- KingHenry IIbegins living openly with his mistressRosamund Clifford,raising suspicions about their relationship and alienating Henry's wife, QueenEleanor of Aquitaine.[34]
- Eleanor of Aquitaine is held under house arrest atOld Sarum CastleinWiltshire.She is kept in comfort there – fine clothes for her are dispatched regularly fromLondon.[35]
- Treaty of Windsor:High KingRuaidrí Ua Conchobair(orRoderic O'Conner) relinquishes his title and agrees to submit to Henry II as vassal ofConnachtinIreland.
- Winter – TheMassacre of Abergavennyends with several Welsh noblemen dead, at the orders of LordWilliam de Braose.
Europe[edit]
- Under the admirals of the clanBanuMardanish, anAlmohadfleet suffers a large defeat at the hand of thePortuguese,as they are trying to re-conquerLisbon.[36]
- Vordingborg Castleis completed by KingValdemar I(the Great) ofDenmarkas a defensive fortress.
- TheUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliainItalyis founded.
Levant[edit]
- May 22– A group of Isma'iliAssassinsgains access intoSaladin's camp and attempts to kill him during the siege ofAleppo.But his bodyguard saves his life, the others are slain while trying to escape.[37]
Asia[edit]
- The Chinese court establishes several government-paper moneyfactories in the cities ofChengdu,HangzhouandHuizhou.In Hangzhou alone a daily workforce of more than 1,000 men is employed.[38]
- TheNamayan Kingdomformed by a confederation ofbarangays,reaches its peak onLuzon(modernPhilippines).[39]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- The High Academy of theBosnian Churchin Moštre (modern-dayVisoko), is first mentioned in theVatican archives.
- CountRaymond of TripoliappointsWilliam IIaschancellor of Jerusalemand is elected as archbishop ofTyre.
1176
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Summer – EmperorManuel I(Komnenos) assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force, and marches towardsIconium,the Seljuk capital. Meanwhile, hordes ofSeljuk Turksdestroy crops and poison water supplies, to make Manuel's march more difficult, and harass the Byzantine army, in order to force it into theMeanderValley.Kilij Arslan II,ruler of theSultanate of Rum,hears of the expedition, and sends envoys to ask for peace.[40]
- September 17–Battle of Myriokephalon:The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine forces led by Manuel I, who are ambushed when moving through a narrow mountain pass nearLake Beyşehir.The Byzantines are dispersed and surrounded. They suffer heavy casualties and their siege equipment is destroyed. Manuel flees in panic and is forced to sign a peace treaty with Kilij Arslan II.[41]
Europe[edit]
- May 29–Battle of Legnano:The Imperial army (some 5,500 men) led by EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa) is defeated by forces of theLombard League,leading to thepactum Anagnium(theAgreement of Anagni).
Britain[edit]
- Spring –Assize of Northampton:KingHenry IIestablishes the rules for the administration of criminal justice that he has set out in1166atClarendon.
- Winter –An international bardic festivalatCardigan CastleinWales.The first recordedeisteddfod.
Egypt[edit]
- Al-Adil I,Ayyubid governor ofEgypt,suppresses a revolt by the ChristianCoptsin the city ofQift,hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees near the city.
Levant[edit]
- Spring –Saladindefeats the Zangid forces beforeDamascusand marriesNur al-Din's widowAsimat.OnJune 24he accepts a truce and is recognized as the sovereign overSyria.[42]
- Summer – Saladin ends his siege of theIsmaili( "Assassins") fortress ofMasyaf,which is commanded byRashid al-Din Sinan.
- Autumn –William of Montferrat(Longsword) marries the 16-year-old PrincessSibylla,sister of KingBaldwin IV(the Leper).[43]
- Raynald of Châtillonis released and ransomed from prison inAleppo,together withJoscelin III,the titular count ofEdessa.
Asia[edit]
- Unkei,a Japanese sculptor, completes hisDainichi Nyorai (Enjō-ji)statue, now aNational Treasure of Japan.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Autumn – Frederick I makes peace with PopeAlexander IIIand recognizes his legitimacy as pope of theCatholic Church.[44]
- Sens CathedralinBurgundyinstalls anhorologe,presumed to be an early form of clock.
- TheCarthusiansare approved as a religious order.[45]
1177
January–December[edit]
- January–Eystein Meyla,leader of theBirkebeinerinNorway,is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, KingSverre I,ofNorway) becomes the new leader.[46]
- January 13–Leopold VbecomesDuke of Austria.[47]
- March–Treaty of Venice:Frederick I BarbarossaacknowledgesAlexander IIIasPope,after a diplomatic mediation byVenetiandogeSebastiano Ziani.[48][49]
- March 16– The Spanish Award is signed and witnessed by, among others,Robert III de StutevilleandJohn of Greenford[50][51]
- August 1– The Holy Roman Empire renounces any claims on the territory ofRome.[52]
- September 27–Pope Alexander IIIsends a letter toPrester John,believing he is real.[53][54]
- November 25–Battle of Montgisard:Baldwin IV of JerusalemandRaynald of ChatillondefeatSaladin.[55]
Date unknown[edit]
- During the third year of theAngenera inJapan,a fire devastatesKyoto.[56]
- During the winter, theEstoniansattackPskov.[57]
- Casimir IIoverthrows his brotherMieszko III the Old,to becomeHigh Duke of Poland.[58]
- TheChamsack the Khmer capital ofAngkor.The date is disputed.[59][60]
- Moscowis burned down byGleb I, prince of Ryazan,and its inhabitants are killed.[61]
- A civil war breaks out in theRepublic of Florence,between the Uberti Family and their consular opponent.[62][63]
- Puigcerdàis founded byAlfonso II of Aragon.[64]
- Byland Abbeyis established on its final site inYorkshire,England, by theCistercians.[65]
- Abbas Benedictusbecomes abbot ofPeterboroughin England.[66]
- Roger de Moulinsbecomes Grand Master of theKnights Hospitaller.[67]
- possible date–Richard FitzNealbegins to write his treatiseDialogus de Scaccario( "Dialogue concerning theExchequer") inEngland.[68]
1178
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- June 30– EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa) is crownedKing of BurgundyatArles.He will repeat the ceremony in1186.Returning toGermany,he begins proceedings againstHenry III(the Lion), duke ofSaxony,who has been charged by Saxon noblemen with breaking the king's peace.
- July 17–Saracenpirates, from theBalearic Islands,raid theCistercianmonastery of Saint Honoraton theLérins Islands,and the city ofToulon,killing an estimated 300 and taking captives. The surviving captives are freed from theBalearic Islandsin1185.[69]
- KingGeorge IIIdefeats a nobles' revolt and proclaims his 18-year-old daughterTamar(the Great) as co-ruler ofGeorgia.
- Orio Mastropierois elected by theCouncil of Fortyas doge ofVenice,following the retirement ofSebastiano Ziani.
- Portuguese forces under KingAfonso I(the Conqueror) capture the city ofBejafrom theAlmohads.[70]
By topic[edit]
Art and Science[edit]
- TheLeaning Tower of Pisabegins to lean, as the third level is completed (approximate date).
Religion[edit]
- Summer – AntipopeCallixtus IIIsubmits to PopeAlexander IIIafter having reigned for 10 years with support from Frederick I.
- June 18– Five monks fromCanterburysee what is possibly theGiordano Bruno craterbeing formed.
1179
By place[edit]
Levant[edit]
- April 10– A Crusader army led by KingBaldwin IV(the Leper) is ambushed by Muslim forces in a narrow valley in the forest ofBanyas.Baldwin is only able to extricate his forces owing to the heroism ofHumphrey II,lord ofToron,who holds up the Muslims with his bodyguard till Baldwin and his army escape. Humphrey suffers mortal wounds and dies onApril 22.[71]He is succeeded by his 13-year-old grandsonHumphrey IV.
- June 10–Battle of Marj Ayyun:A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) led by Baldwin IV is defeated by Muslim forces underSaladinnear theLitani River(modernLebanon). TheKnights Templarjoin the battle, but they are driven back in confusion. Baldwin narrowly escapes being captured in the route. Amongst Saladin's prisoners areOdo de St. Amand,Grand Master of the Templars, and LordBaldwin of Ibelin.[72]
- August 30–Siege of Jacob's Ford:Muslim forces led by Saladin conquer and destroy the unfinished Castle of Chastellet atJacob's Ford,killing 80 knights and taking 700 civilians captive.[73]
Europe[edit]
- June 18–Battle of Kalvskinnet:Norwegian forces led by KingSverre Sigurdssondefeat and kill EarlErling Skakke,outsideNidarosinNorway.The battle changes the tide of the civil wars.
- June 24–Henry the Lion,duke ofSaxony,is put under the ban of the empire when he refuses to appear before EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa) to answer charges of misgovernment.[74]
- Summer –Afonso I(the Conqueror) is recognized asKing of Portugalby PopeAlexander III– bringingPortugalthe protection of theCatholic Churchagainst theLeonesemonarchy.
- Mieszko III(the Old), duke ofPoland,travels toGermanyand ask Frederick I to offer help in his restoration of the Polish throne. But Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver.
- November 1– The 14-year-oldPhilip IIis crowned atRheimsby ArchbishopWilliam of the White Hands.He becomes joint ruler ofFrance,together with his father KingLouis VII.
- KingWilliam I(the Lion) establishes two castles at theBeauly Firthand theCromarty Firthin northernScotland.On his return, the city ofAberdeenis chartered by Wiliam.[75]
England[edit]
- Summer –Richard de Luci(orLucy), High Sheriff ofEssex,resigns his judicial office. He entersLesnes Abbey(nearLondon) that he founded inKent,as penance for his part in the events leading to the murder ofThomas Becket(see1170). Richard dies there onJuly 14.
Africa[edit]
- September 17– A large offensive, by theAlmohadarmy led byYusuf Iin southernPortugal,aims at the reconquest of theAlentejo.[76]Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attackLisbon,but is repelled by the Portuguese, near theCape Espichel.[76]The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour ofCeuta,and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.
Asia[edit]
- Taira no Kiyomori,Japanese military leader, confines the former EmperorGo-Shirakawato his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children.
Mesoamerica[edit]
- TheMayacityChichen Itzais sacked and burned byHunac Ceel,ruler ofMayapan(approximate date).
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- March –Third Council of the Lateran:The Council condemnsWaldensiansandCatharsasheretics.It further institutes a reformation of clerical life and regulates that in order to prevent futureschisms,the pope must receive2⁄3of the cardinals' votes to be elected.
- September 17–Hildegard of Bingen,Germanabbessandpolymath,dies atRupertsberg.Having founded two monasteries, she has also written theological, botanical, and medicinal texts.
- Westminster Schoolis founded byBenedictinemonks ofWestminster Abbey(by papal command) inEngland.
- A synod of thirty-three Armenian bishops inHromkladiscusses the conditions for union with theByzantine Churchand sends a profession of faith to emperorManuel I Komnenoswho dies before receiving it.[77]
- TheDrigung Kagyuschool ofKagyuBuddhismis founded (approximate date).
Significant people[edit]
- Saladinalso known as Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub
- Al-Mustadicaliph of Baghdad
- Pope Alexander III
Births
1170
- April 5–Isabella of Hainault,queen ofFrance(d.1190)
- May 9–Valdemar II(the Conqueror), king ofDenmark(d.1241)
- August 8–Dominic,founder of theDominican Order(d.1221)
- October 8–Vladimir III Igorevich,Kievan prince (d.1211)
- Agnes I,countess ofNevers,AuxerreandTonnerre(d.1192)
- Al-Dakhwar,Ayyubid physician and medical officer (d.1230)
- Amaury I,Frenchnobleman(House of Craon) (d.1226)
- Asukai Masatsune,Japanesewakapoet and writer (d. 1221)
- Azzo VI of Este(orAzzolino), Italian nobleman (d.1212)
- Bahauddin Zakariya,Ghurid scholar and poet (d.1262)
- Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt,French nobleman (d.1246)
- Ermengarde de Beaumont,queen ofScotland(d.1233)
- Eustace the Monk,French mercenary and pirate (d.1217)
- Franca Visalta,Italian nun andabbess(approximate date)
- Gebhard I of Plain(orPleyen), German bishop (d.1232)
- Giovanni Colonna(the Younger), Italian cardinal (d.1245)
- Henry Borwin II(orBurwy), German nobleman (d. 1226)
- Hubert de Burgh,EnglishChief Justiciar(approximate date)
- John of Brienne(orJohn I), king ofJerusalem(d.1237)
- Leonardo of Pisa,Italian mathematician (approximate date)
- Lope Díaz II,Castilian nobleman (House of Haro) (d.1236)
- Maelgwn ap Rhys,Welsh prince ofDeheubarth(d. 1230)
- Matilda of Boulogne,duchess ofBrabant(approximate date)
- Minamoto no Ienaga,Japanese nobleman and poet (d.1234)
- Muqali(orMukhhulai), Mongol military leader (d.1223)
- Pons d'Ortaffa,Catalan nobleman andtroubadour(d. 1246)
- Ranulf de Blondeville,English nobleman andregent(d. 1232)
- Richard de Percy,English nobleman (approximate date)
- Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada,Navarrese bishop (d.1247)
- Roger de Lacy,English nobleman and crusader (d. 1211)
- Saer de Quincy,1stEarl of Winchester(approximate date)
- Sophia of Wittelsbach,German noblewoman (d.1238)
- Theoderich II von Wied,German archbishop (d.1242)
- Walther von der Vogelweide,German lyrical poet (d. 1230)
- Xiang Zong,Chinese emperor ofWestern Xia(d. 1211)
- Zhao Rukuo,Chinese historian and politician (d.1231)
1171
- August 15–Alfonso IX,king ofLeónandGalicia(d.1230)
- Agnes of France(orAnna), Byzantine empress (d.1220)
- Al-Aziz Uthman,Egyptian ruler and son ofSaladin(d.1198)
- Matilda of Chester(orMaud), Englishnoblewoman(d.1233)
- Minamoto no Michitomo,Japanese nobleman (d.1227)
- Muhammad Aufi,Persian historian andphilologist(d.1242)
- Saionji Kintsune,Japanese nobleman and poet (d.1244)
- Stephen de Segrave,EnglishChief Justiciar(d.1241)
1172
- July 12–Matsudono Moroie,Japanesenobleman(d.1238)
- Al-Qifti,Egyptian historian and biographer (d.1248)
- Az-Zahir Ghazi,Ayyubid ruler ofAleppo(d.1216)
- Baldwin I,emperor of theLatin Empire(d.1205)
- Conrad II,duke ofSwabiaandRothenburg(d.1196)
- Isabel de Clare,countess ofPembroke(d.1220)
- Isabella I,queen andregentofJerusalem(d. 1205)
- Louis I of Blois,French nobleman (d. 1205)
1173
- May 21–Shinran,founder ofShin Buddhism(d.1263)
- October 31–Kujō Ninshi,Japanese empress (d.1239)
- December 23–Louis I,duke ofBavaria(d.1231)
- Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi,ArabSunnischolar (d.1145)
- Frederick I,count ofBerg-Altena(approximate date)
- Isabella,countess ofGloucester(approximate date)
- Kamal al-Din Isfahani,Persian poet and writer (d.1237)
- Kolbeinn Tumason,Icelandic chieftain (d.1208)
- Llywelyn the Great,king ofGwynedd(d.1240)
- Louis IV(the Young), Frenchnobleman(d.1226)
- Rostislav II,Grand Prince ofKiev(d.1214)
- Tankei,JapaneseBuddhistsculptor (d.1256)
- Walter Devereux,Norman nobleman (d.1197)
1174
- Edmund of Abingdon,English archbishop (d.1240)
- Emeric,king ofHungaryandCroatia(d.1204)
- Gerard of Villamagna,Italianhermit(d.1242)
- Hedwig of Silesia,duchess ofGreater Poland(d.1243)
- Ingeborg of Denmark,queen ofFrance(d.1237)
- Liu Songnian,Chinese landscape painter (d.1224)
- Robert de Gresle,English landowner (d.1230)
- Sava(the Enlightener), Serbian prince (d.1236)
1175
- February 4–Nadaungmya,king ofBurma(d.1235)
- Al-Zahir,caliph of theAbbasid Caliphate(d.1226)
- Emo of Friesland,Frisian scholar andabbot(d.1237)
- Frederick I(the Catholic), duke ofAustria(d.1198)
- Henry Audley(orAldithel), Englishnobleman(d.1246)
- Herman II,German nobleman (House of Lippe) (d.1229)
- Hōjō Tokifusa,Japanese nobleman and monk (d.1240)
- Margaret of Hungary,Byzantine empress (d.1223)
- Michael Scot,Scottish mathematician and scholar (d.1232)
- Otto IV,Holy Roman Emperor (House of Welf) (d.1218)
- Philip I(the Noble), margrave ofNamur(d.1212)
- Raymond of Penyafort,Spanish Dominican friar (d.1275)
- Robert Grosseteste,English statesman (d.1253)
- Roger III,king ofSicily(House of Hauteville) (d.1193)
- Śārṅgadeva,Indianmusicologistand writer (d.1247)
- Subutai,Mongol general and strategist (d.1248)
- Theodore I(Laskaris), emperor ofNicaea(d.1221)
- Yolanda,empress of theLatin Empire(d.1219)
1176
- October 15–Leopold VI,Germannobleman(d.1230)
- Agnes of Hohenstaufen,German noblewoman (d.1204)
- Al-Mu'azzam Isa,Ayyubid ruler ofDamascus(d.1227)
- Anna Komnene Angelina,Nicene empress (d.1212)
- Fujiwara no Nobuzane,Japanese painter (d.1265)
- Hachijō-in Takakura,Japanesewakapoet (d.1248)
- Henry de Bohun,1stEarl of Hereford(d.1220)
- Hugh de Lacy,1stEarl of Ulster(approximate date)
- Maud le Vavasour,English noblewoman (d.1225)
- Theresa of Portugal,queen ofLeón(d.1250)
- William Longespée,3rdEarl of Salisbury(d.1226)
1177
- February/March–Philip of Swabia,rival ofOtto IV, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1208)[78][79]
- August–Baldwin V,King of Jerusalem(d.1186)[80]
- Marie of Oignies,French beguin (d.1213)[81]
- Sylvester Gozzolini,Italian founder of theSylvestrines(d.1267)[82]
1178
- October 27–Zhen Dexiu,Chinese politician (d.1235)
- December 22–Antoku,emperor ofJapan(d.1185)[83]
- Alam al-Din al-Hanafi,Ayyubid mathematician (d.1251)
- Al-Faqih al-Muqaddam,Arab religious leader (d.1232)
- Armand de Périgord,French Grand Master (d.1244)
- Hugh I,Sardinian ruler (Judge of Arborea) (d.1211)
- Matteo Rosso Orsini,Italian politician (d.1246)
- Peter II(the Catholic), king ofAragon(d.1213)
- Roland of Cremona,French theologian (d.1259)
- Thomas I(orTommaso), count ofSavoy(d.1233)
- Wei Liaoweng,Chinese politician and philosopher (d.1237)
- Wuzhun Shifan,Chinesecalligrapherand painter (d.1249)
1179
- April 4–Fariduddin Ganjshakar,Indian preacher (d.1266)
- May 13–Theobald III,count ofChampagne(d.1201)
- May 17–Ogasawara Nagatsune,Japanese warrior (d.1247)
- Constance of Aragon,Holy Roman Empress (d.1222)
- Donatus of Ripacandida,Italian monk and saint (d.1198)
- John of Ibelin,constable and lord ofBeirut(d.1236)
- Konoe Iezane,Japanesenoblemanand monk (d.1243)
- Serapion of Algiers,English priest and martyr (d.1240)
- Snorri Sturluson,Icelandic historian and poet (d.1241)
- William IV(Talvas), Norman nobleman (d.1221)
- Yaqut al-Hamawi,Arab geographer and writer (d.1229)
Deaths
1170
- January 22–Wang Chongyang,Chinese philosopher (b.1113)
- April 23–Minamoto no Tametomo,Japanesesamurai(b.1139)
- May 6–Lope Díaz I de Haro,Castilian nobleman (b.1105)
- May 21–Godric of Finchale,Englishhermitand merchant
- July 25–Reginald II of Bar(orRenaud), French nobleman
- August 19–Mstislav II Izyaslavich,Grand Prince ofKiev
- September 6–Qutb al-Din Mawdud,Zangid ruler ofMosul
- September 14–Heilika of Lengenfeld,German countess
- November 18–Albert I(the Bear), German nobleman
- November 20–Gerung of Meissen,German bishop
- December 20–Al-Mustanjid,Abbasid caliph (b.1124)
- December 29–Thomas Becket,English archbishop
- Abu Hamid al-Gharnati,Andalusian traveller (b.1080)
- Aindileas Ua Chlúmháin,Irish chief poet and writer
- Christina Björnsdotter,queen ofSweden(b.1120)
- Eliezer ben Nathan,Germanrabbiand poet (b.1090)
- Gerlach of Valkenburg,Dutch hermit (b.1100)
- Gonçalo Mendes da Maia,Portuguese knight
- Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd,king ofGwynedd
- Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli,Arab-Sicilian politician (b.1104)
- Joseph Kimhi,Spanish rabbi and poet (b. 1105)
- Owain ap Gruffudd,king of Gwynedd (b. 1100)
- Robert Fitzharding,English nobleman (b.1095)
- Ruben II(orRoupen), Armenian prince (b.1165)
- Zishou Miaozong,ChineseZenmaster (b. 1095)
1171
- February 20–Conan IV(the Young), duke ofBrittany(b.1138)
- March 29–Achard of Saint Victor,Norman bishop (b.1100)
- April 3–Philip of Milly,French nobleman and knight (b.1120)
- May 1–Diarmaid mac Murchadha,king ofLeinster(b.1110)
- June 9–Jacob ben Meir Tam,French Jewishrabbi(b. 1100)
- August 8–Henry of Blois,bishop ofWinchester(b.1096)
- September 13–Al-Adid,last Fatimid caliph (b.1151)[84]
- November 8–Baldwin IV,count ofHainaut(b.1108)
- December 27–Petrus Ua Mórda,bishop ofClonfert
- Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali,Zirid ruler (b.1109)
- Ascall mac Ragnaill(orTorcaill), king ofDublin
- Gleb of Kiev(Yuryevich), Grand Prince ofKiev
- Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd,Welsh nobleman
- Narathu,ruler of thePagan Kingdom(b.1118)
- Vladimir III Mstislavich,Grand Prince of Kiev
- William de Courcy,Norman nobleman and knight
- Yesugei(Baghatur), Mongol chieftain (b.1134)
1172
- March 4–Stephen III,king ofHungary(b.1147)
- March 7–Il-Arslan,Khwarezm ruler (shah)
- May 28–Vitale II Michiel,doge ofVenice
- October 14–Ludwig II,German nobleman (b.1128)
- December 23–Ugo Ventimiglia,Italian cardinal
- Douce II,countess ofProvence(b.1162)
- Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd,king ofGwynedd
- Hugh of Fouilloy,Frenchpriorand writer
- Ibn Qalaqis,Fatimid poet and writer (b.1137)
- Robert FitzEdith,English nobleman (b.1093)
- Robert FitzRanulph,Englishhigh sheriff
- William III,French nobleman (b. 1093)
- William VII,French nobleman b.1131)
- Henry, Prince of Capua,Sicilian prince (b.1160)
1173
- January 5–Bolesław IV(the Curly), duke ofPoland
- February 10–Muiredach Ua Cobthaig,Irish bishop
- March 10–Richard of Saint Victor,Scottish theologian
- May 25–Euphrosyne of Polotsk,Belarusian granddaughter
- August 9–Najm ad-Din Ayyub,father ofSaladin
- August 13–Nerses IV,Catholicos of Armenia(b.1102)
- October 15–Petronilla,queen ofAragon(b.1136)
- November 7–Uijong,Korean rulerGoryeo(b.1127)
- Benjamin of Tudela,Spanish Jewish traveler (b.1130)
- Benoît de Sainte-Maure,French poet and writer
- Fujiwara no Ikushi,Japanese empress (b.1146)
- Hemachandra,Indian poet andpolymath(b.1088)
- Kol of Sweden,Swedish ruler ofÖstergötland
- Narasimha I,Indian ruler of theHoysala Empire
- Raimbaut d'Aurenga,Frenchtroubadour(b.1147)
- Rajaraja II,Indian ruler of theChola Dynasty
- Reginald Fitzurse,English nobleman (b.1145)
- Roger de Clare,2ndEarl of Hertford(b.1116)
- Vladimir III,Grand Prince of Kiev (b.1132)
1174
- January 18–Vladislaus II,duke ofBohemia(b.1110)
- May 15–Nur al-Din,Seljuk ruler ofSyria(b.1118)
- June 28–Andrei Bogolyubsky,prince ofVladimir
- July 11–Amalric I,king ofJerusalem(b.1136)
- September 17–Pietro di Miso,Italian cardinal
- September 22–Uhtred,Lord of Galloway
- Ananda Thuriya,Burmese minister and poet
- Arnau Mir(orArnal), count ofPallars Jussà
- Enguerrand(orIngram), bishop ofGlasgow
- Everard des Barres,French Grand Master
- Gilla Mo Chaidbeo,Irish monk andabbot
- Miles of Plancy(orMilo), Frenchnobleman
- Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba,ruler ofNishapur
- Peter II of Tarentaise,French bishop (b.1102)
- Shin Panthagu,Burmese monk (b.1083)
- Walter of Mortagne,French philosopher
- Walter of Saint Omer,prince ofGalilee
- William de Chesney,English nobleman
- William de Turbeville,English bishop
1175
- January 12–Yi Ui-bang,Korean military leader (b.1121)
- January 24–Ibn Asakir,Syrian historian andmystic(b.1105)
- March 5–Frederick of Hallum,Frisian priest and abbot
- May 15–Mleh I,prince ofArmenia( "Lord of the Mountains" )
- May 25–Ishoyahb V,patriarch of theChurch of the East
- July 1–Reginald de Dunstanville,English nobleman (b.1110)
- July 27–Ponce de Minerva,French nobleman and general
- October 19–Andrew of Saint Victor,English abbot and scholar
- November 13–Henry of France,archbishop ofReims(b.1121)
- Ibn Saad al-Khair al-Balancy,Arab Andalusian linguist and poet (b.1116)
- Clementia of Zähringen,duchess ofBavariaandSaxony
- Maria Torribia(orla Cabeza), Spanish laywoman andhermit
- Nicholas Hagiotheodorites,Byzantine scholar and official
1176
- April 18–Galdino della Sala,Italian archbishop (b.1096)
- April 20–Richard de Clare,English nobleman (b.1130)
- May 8–David FitzGerald,bishop ofSt. Davids(b.1106)
- May 13–Matthias I,duke ofLorraine(b.1119)
- July 20–Yoshika,Japanese empress (b.1141)
- August 23–Rokujō,emperor ofJapan(b.1164)
- September 1–Maurice FitzGerald,English nobleman
- September 17
- Baldwin of Antioch,French nobleman
- John Kantakouzenos,Byzantine general
- October 12–William d'Aubigny,English politician (b.1109)
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad Sajawandi,Persian chronicler
- Chekawa Yeshe Dorje,TibetanBuddhistmonk (b.1102)
- Constance of France,French princess (approximate date)
- Fujiwara no Teishi,Japanese noblewoman (b.1131)
- Jaksa Gryfita,Polish nobleman andknight(b.1120)
- John Doukas(Komnenos), Byzantine governor (b.1128)
- Klængur Þorsteinsson,bishop ofSkálholt(b.1102)
- Margrethe of Roskilde,Danish noblewoman and saint
- Michael Aspietes,Byzantine nobleman and general
- Rosamund Clifford(the Fair), mistress ofHenry II
- Sancha Ponce de Cabrera,Spanish noblewoman
- Volodar Glebovich,prince ofMinsk(approximate date)
1177
- January 13–Henry II, Duke of Austria(b.1107)[85]
- January–Eystein Meyla,leader of theBirkebeinerinNorway.(b.1157)[46]
- June–William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon,father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early1140s)[86][87]
- probable–Hugh Bigod,1stEarl of Norfolk(b.1095)[88]
1178
- February 17–Evermode of Ratzeburg,German bishop
- May 27–Godfrey van Rhenen,bishop ofUtrecht
- December 30–Pribislav,prince ofMecklenburg
- Áedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh,king ofIar Connacht
- Ada de Warenne,Scottishnoblewoman(b.1120)
- Amadeus I,Swiss nobleman (House of Geneva)
- Anthelm of Belley,Frenchpriorand bishop (b.1107)
- Frowin of Engelberg(the Blessed), Swissabbot
- Fujiwara no Narichika,Japanese nobleman (b.1138)
- Kristin Sigurdsdatter,Norwegian princess (b.1125)
- Nashwan al-Himyari,Arab theologian and writer
- Petrus Comestor,French theologian and writer
- Philippa of Antioch,princess ofAntioch(b.1148)
- Richard the Chaplain,bishop ofCell Rigmonaid
- Walter de Bidun,English bishop and chancellor
- William of Lucca,Italian theologian and writer
1179
- February 25–Adelelm,EnglishLord High Treasurer
- April 22–Humphrey II,constable and lord ofToron(b.1117)[89]
- June 18–Erling Skakke,Norwegian nobleman (b.1115)
- July 14–Richard de Luci,Norman High Sheriff (b.1089)
- July 27–Mudzaffar Shah I,ruler of theKedah Sultanate
- August 9–Roger of Worcester,English bishop (b.1118)
- August 20–William le Gros(la Gras), English nobleman
- September 2–Taira no Shigemori,Japanese nobleman (b.1138)
- September 17–Hildegard of Bingen,German abbess (b.1098)
- October 9–Odo de St. Amand,French Grand Master (b.1110)
- October 18–Chŏng Chung-bu,Korean military leader (b.1106)
- December 25–Roger de Bailleul,French monk andabbot
- Fujiwara no Atsuyori(orDōin), Japanesewakapoet (b.1090)
- Guihomar IV(orGuidomar), Breton nobleman (b.1130)
- Reginald de Warenne(orRainald), Norman nobleman
- Urraca of Castile(Alfonso), queen ofNavarre(b.1133)
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- ^Estonian Theological Society in Exile (April 1956). "Charisteria Iohanni Kõpp octogenario oblata. 304 pp. Stockholm, 1954. $5.00. (Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile, No. 7.) (May be obtained from the Bookstore, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, Maywood, Ill.)".Theology Today.13(1): 129.doi:10.1177/004057365601300124.ISSN0040-5736.S2CID220990258.
- ^A'Beckett, William (1836).A Universal Biography: Including Scriptural, Classical and Mytological Memoirs, Together with Accounts of Many Eminent Living Characters: the Whole Newly Compiled and Composed from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources.London: Isaac, Tuckey, and Company. pp.686.
1177 Casimir II poland.
- ^Arrowood, Janet (2008).Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.Edison, NH, Quebec and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 82.ISBN9781588435200.
- ^Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011).The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art.Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 400.ISBN9789971694593.
- ^Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005).Russian Identities: A Historical Survey.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 35.ISBN9780195156508.
- ^Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865).A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531.Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 60–61.
- ^Clarke, Michelle T. (2018).Machiavelli's Florentine Republic.Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.ISBN9781107125506.
- ^Dubin, Marc (2004).The Rough Guide to the Pyrenees.London, New York: Rough Guides. p. 221.ISBN9781843531968.
- ^Rickman, Thomas; Parker, John Henry (1862).An attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture, from the Conquest to the Reformation. Preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings(6th ed.). Oxford and London: John Henry & James Parker. pp.172.
1177 Byland Abbey.
- ^Parker, John Henry (1846).A Companion to the Fourth Edition of A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture: Containing 400 Additional Examples, a Chronological Table and a General Index.Oxford and London: John Henry Parker. p. 65.
- ^Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012)."3. Reaching Maturity: 1177 - 1206".The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, C.1070-1309.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.ISBN9780230290839.
- ^Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen; Battles, Ford Lewis (1975).Magna Carta Latina: The Privilege of Singing, Articulating, and Reading a Language and of Keeping it Alive.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Pickwick Press. p. 230.ISBN9780915138074.
- ^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux.Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents.Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^Picard C. (1997).La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. 78.
- ^Steven Runciman(1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 342.ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
- ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,pp. 342–343.ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
- ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 343.ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
- ^William, Hywell (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^Matheson, Alister Farquhar (2014).Scotland's Northwest Frontier: A Forgotten British Borderland,p. 19. Troubador Publishing Ltd.ISBN978-1-78306-442-7.
- ^abPicard C. (1997).La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p.77.
- ^Hamilton, B. (1999). "Aimery of Limoges and the Unity of Churches". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Teule, Herman G. B. (eds.).East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II: Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997.Peeters Publishers. p. 5.ISBN978-90-429-0786-7.Retrieved26 February2024.
- ^Newton, Michael (2014).Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia.Vol. I: A - P. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 420.ISBN9781610692861.
- ^Coatsworth, Elizabeth; Owen-Crocker, Gale (2018).Clothing the Past: Surviving Garments from Early Medieval to Early Modern Western Europe.Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91.ISBN9789004352162.
- ^Jones, Barry (2017).Dictionary of World Biography(Fourth ed.). Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 51.ISBN9781760461263.
- ^Emmerson, Richard Kenneth (2006).Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia.New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 452.ISBN9780415973854.
- ^Currier, Charles Warren (1898).History of Religious Orders: a Compendious and Popular Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Principal Monastic, Canonical, Military, Mendicant, and Clerical Orders and Congregations of the Eastern and Western Churches, Together With a Brief History of the Catholic Church in Relation to Religious Orders.New York: Murphy & McCarthy. pp.146.
1177 Sylvester Gozzolini.
- ^"Antoku | emperor of Japan".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved15 March2021.
- ^Wiet, G.(1960)."al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh".InGibb, H. A. R.;Kramers, J. H.;Lévi-Provençal, E.;Schacht, J.;Lewis, B.&Pellat, Ch.(eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume I: A–B.Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 196–197.OCLC495469456.
- ^Driver, Stephanie (2010).World and Its Peoples.Vol. Europe 7: Central Europe. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 884.ISBN9780761478942.
- ^Hamilton, Bernard (2005).The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–118.ISBN9780521017473.
- ^Tyerman, Christopher(2006).God's War: A New History of the Crusades.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp.360.ISBN9780674023871.
1177 William of Montferrat.
- ^Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris; Courthope, William John (1857).The Historic Peerage of England: Exhibiting, Under Alphabetical Arrangement, the Origin, Descent, and Present State of Every Title of Peerage Which Has Existed in This Country Since the Conquest; Being a New Edition of the "Synopsis of the Peerage of England".London: John Murray. pp.350.
1177 Hugh Bigod.
- ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 342.ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
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