1190s
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The1190swas a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.
Events
1190
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa) marches towardsConstantinople,on the way to theHoly Land.EmperorIsaac II(Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they captureAdrianople.A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through toPalestina.[1]
- Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing theBalkan Mountains,Isaac marches westward to besiegeTarnovo,the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches theDanube Riverin order to block the way ofCumanreinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led byIvan Asen I,emperor (Tsar) ofBulgaria.After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat toStara Zagora.
- Battle of Tryavna:Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, nearTryavna.In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, hisVarangian Guardhas to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. TheBulgarianscapture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of theHoly Cross.
Third Crusade
[edit]- March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople toGallipoliat theDardanellesto embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross intoAsia Minor.OnApril 25,he enters territory of the SeljukSultanate of Rumunder the rule of SultanKilij Arslan II.Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. OnMay 7,a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at theBattle of Philomelion,by 2,000 Crusaders.[2]
- March 25–Conrad of Montferratsails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) fromTyre.As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour ofAcre,an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, theAyyubidfleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven tocannibalism.[3]
- April – After a long siege Muslim forces underSaladincaptureBeaufort CastlefromReginald of Sidonwho has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned atDamascus– the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.[4]
- May 5–Siege of Acre:A Crusader force under KingGuy of Lusignanattacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders withGreek fire,a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease andfamine,among the soldiers.[5]
- May 18–Battle of Iconium:German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son,Frederick VI,takes Iconium (modern-dayKonya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.[6]
- June 10– Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) theGöksu Rivernear Selucia (modern-daySilifke) inArmenian Cilicia.The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel ofvinegar.Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reachesAntioch,onJune 21.[7]
- September 24– A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted withmangonels,is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.[8]
- November 24– The 18-year-oldIsabella I,half-sister ofSibylla, Queen of Jerusalem,marries Conrad of Montferrat atAcremaking himde factoking ofJerusalem(asConrad I). He has the support of her motherMaria Comnenaand stepfatherBalian of Ibelin,as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in theCrusader States.
- TheTeutonic Orderis founded at Acre by German knights ofLübeckandBremen.The Order is formed to aid Christians on theirpilgrimagesto the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).
Europe
[edit]- July 4– KingRichard I(the Lion Heart) andPhilip II(Augustus), meet atVézelayand agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across theMediterranean,taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) viaMarseilleand Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) viaGenoa.Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others fromShorehamandSouthampton.[9]
- September– Richard I arrives inSicilyat the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sisterJoan of England,queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurperTancred of Lecce.He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late KingWilliam II(the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, onSeptember 28.[10]
- October 4– Richard I capturesMessina,after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.[11]
- KingHenry VI,eldest son of Frederick I, grantsHenry I(the Brave) the title ofDuke of Brabant.Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with CountBaldwin V,duke ofHainaut.
- December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
- Siege of Silves– theAlmohadcaliph,Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur,fails to reconquerSilves, Portugal.[12]
England
[edit]- Londonadopts theCross of St. George,the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet ofGenoa,and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
- March 16– A massacre and mass-suicideof the Jews inYork,results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews inClifford's Tower.
By topic
[edit]Art and Science
[edit]- On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy(ar.Kitab fasl al-maqal), byAverroes,is first published.
- Speculum Virginum,a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).
Education
[edit]- Emo of Friesland,a Frisian scholar andabbot,commences his study at what will become theUniversity of Oxford.
Religion
[edit]- Cartmel Prioryis founded byWilliam Marshal,1stEarl of Pembroke,inEngland.
- KingStefan Nemanjafounds theStudenica MonasteryinSerbia.
1191
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- April 10– KingRichard I(the Lionheart) leavesMessinaforPalestina,but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage toRhodes,where he stays for ten days (fromApril 22toMay 1), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sisterJoan of Englandand his new fiancée,Berengaria of Navarre,is anchored on the south coast ofCyprus,along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner byIsaac Komnenos,the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.[13]: 37
- May 8– Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port ofLimassolon Cyprus. He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure. Isaac refuses, Richard embarks his forces, and takes Limassol. The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac, show themselves friendly to the English invaders. Various leading Crusaders of theHoly Landarrive in Limassol, onMay 11.Among them are KingGuy of LusignanofJerusalem,Bohemond III of Antioch,Humphrey IV of Toron,andLeo I of Armenia.They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival,Conrad of Montferrat.[13]: 38–39
- May 12– Richard I marries the 19-year-old Berengaria of Navarre, daughter of KingSancho VI(the Wise), in the Chapel ofSt. Georgeat Limassol. On the same day, she is crowned Queen ofEngland,byJohn,bishop ofÉvreuxin the presence of the archbishop ofBordeauxand many other clergy. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge inKyrenia Castle,Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria. By the end of May, Richard, with his ships, sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast.[14]
- June 1– A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village ofTremithus.Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield toKantara.Richard captures Isaac's banner and hunts down the remnants of his army. AtNicosiaRichard becomes ill; Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard's forces, marches onKyreniaand captures it, taking the empress and her child prisoner. Isaac is taken before Richard (in chains of silver) and accepts an unconditional surrender. Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles, and appointsRichard de Camvilleas governor of Cyprus, jointly withRobert of Thornham.[13]: 39–40
- Autumn – EmperorIsaac II(Angelos) leads a punitive expedition against Grand PrinceStefan Nemanja.The Serbians are defeated atSouth Moravaand retreat into the mountains. The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan's court inKuršumlija.Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty. The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests, east of theVelika Morava,and recognize Byzantine rule. Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince ofSerbia.
Third Crusade
[edit]- February 13– Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines aroundAcre.Though the Crusaders seal the breach,Saladinis able to replenish the garrison, by sending reinforcements. For the defenders, this is a temporary respite – and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together.Taqi al-Din,Saladin's nephew and one of his most effective commanders, fails to rejoin the siege. He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeasternTurkey.Later in the spring, Taqi al-Din brings his forces to support the double-siege at Acre.[15]: 47
- April 20– KingPhilip II(Augustus) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousinConrad of Montferratat Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, onMay 30.One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.[13]: 41
- June 8– Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre. Upon reaching the city, he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp. Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill (calledArnaldia) and is confined to his tent. Nevertheless, he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin. After having been refused a personal meeting, Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin's camp as a sign of goodwill. Finally, Saladin accepts a three-day truce and allows his younger brother,Al-Adil,to negotiate with Richard.[13]: 40–41
- June 25– The Crusader armies (now totaling some 25,000 men) who are deployed around Acre, implement a unified strategy of assault-based siege. Teams of sappers and, increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone-throwing catapults, brought by Philip II and Richard I, are used to hammer Acre's walls continuously with giant, accurately loosed stones. By late June, the assault is beginning to undermine the walls, which are tottering. Because of troop shortages and disease, the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls.[13]: 42
- July 3– The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches. After only the first day of these all-out attacks to seize the city, Saladin's governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved. Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls – but the assault is repulsed. Meanwhile, Richard I, still unable to walk due to illness, is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using hiscrossbow.[16]
- July 12–Siege of Acre:The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II, which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin's consent, and by the time that he learned of this intention, the city has already capitulated. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of theKingdom of Jerusalem,and of the Crusader leaders Philip II, Richard I, andLeopold V of Austria,on the city's walls and towers. The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100,000 Christian casualties.[13]: 43
- July 31– Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs toTyreand returns toFrance.He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command ofHugh III,duke ofBurgundy.Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in theLevant.Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother,John of England,to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, QueenEleanor of Aquitaine,foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.[13]: 44–45
- August 20–Massacre of Ayyadieh:Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located onMount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In theAyyubid Sultanate,Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.[13]: 45–46
- August 22– Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his sonAl-Afdalorders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem andAscalonwith 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp nearHaifa– which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.[13]: 46
- August 25–26– Richard I leads a fast-moving advance-guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress nearMerlebefore Saladin arrives. He then hurries back to support the rearguard, to regain contact with the Crusader forces. Richard reorganizes his marching column. The eliteTemplarandHospitallerknights hold the van and rearguard, while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well-armoured infantry, whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks.[15]: 52
- August 30– Richard I advances in three divisions towardsCaesarea,with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of theZarqa River,despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.[15]: 59
- September 2– Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland, where he is separated from his supply ships. Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry, by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry. During this brief but indecisive engagement, Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt – though his armour absorbs much of the blow. By the end of the day, only 25 miles fromJaffa,Richard allows his men to rest (while recovering from his wounds) and re-assembles his forces.[15]: 66
- September 5– Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al-Adil under a flag of truce. Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest ofArsuf.But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina. Al-Adil at once breaks off the negotiations. Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods, and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed. The Crusaders pitch their tents in the "Rochetaille" and rest for the night.[15]: 66
- September 7–Battle of Arsuf:Richard I fights a pitched battle – while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack. However, the Hospitaller knights led byGarnier de Nablusbreak formation and launch a charge. Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack. The Muslim forces flee in panic, but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp, and even to lead a counter-charge. By evening, Richard has defeated the Muslim forces, and Saladin retreats in good order toRamallah.[13]: 47–49
- September 9–10– Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications, which Saladin has destroyed by hisscorched-earthpolicy. Mid-September, a large number of French nobles begin to resist – such as Hugh III. They argue about the refortification of Jaffa, instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina.[17]
- October 29– Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, theThird Crusadedegenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.[18]
- December – Richard I and his Crusader forces occupyLatrun,while the advance-guard takesBayt Nuba.He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks – due to winter conditions, and for being cut off if he presses on. Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III. OnDecember 25,Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem.[15]: 85
Europe
[edit]- April 15–Henry VI,son of the late EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa), is crowned as Emperor of theHoly Roman Empire,together with his wifeConstanceby PopeCelestine III,on Easter Monday atRome.Henry marches south and begins a campaign inApulia.He besiegesNaples,but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces underMargaritus of Brindisi,who come to support the city's defense.Tusculumis destroyed by the rebel army of theCommune of Rome,onApril 17.[19]
- August – Margaritus of Brindisi defeats the Pisan fleet during the siege of Naples, and nearly destroys the late-arriving Genoese contingent. He keeps the harbour approaches open for supplies and reinforcements.
- PrinceYury Bogolyubskyleads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian nobleman against his ex-wife, QueenTamara(the Great), but her forces win a two pitched battle atTmogviandErusheti.Yury is captured, and Tamara allows him to withdraw toConstantinople.[20]
- Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns toGermany.Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit toTancred of Lecce,king or usurper ofSicily.The populace ofSalernoturn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, andMargaritus of Brindisidelivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned atCastel dell'Ovoat Naples.
- The counties ofFlandersandHainaut(modernBelgium) are united under CountBaldwin VIII.Flanders, a feudal fiefdom of France, becomes an important, wealthy independent state ofWestern Europe.[21]
- Siege of Silves– Almohad forces under CaliphAbu Yusuf Yaqub al-MansurreconquerSilvesinPortugal.[12]In the same campaign, the Almohads take alsoAlcácer do Sal,whilePalmelaandAlmadaare sacked.[22]
- Berthold V,duke ofZähringen,founds the city ofBern(modernSwitzerland).
- KingCanute VIleads a Danish Crusade toFinland.[23]
England
[edit]- Spring –William de Longchamp,ChiefJusticiarandregent,besiegesLincoln Castleaccusing the castellanGerard de Canvilleof corruption. In response, Prince John capturesNottinghamandTickhillcastles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sendsWalter de Coutances,archbishop ofRouen,with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.[24]
- April – John and William de Longchamp meet atWinchesterto discuss their differences. Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators. At the end of the meeting, both John and William agree to follow the recommendations. William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers. In return, John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles.
- September –Geoffrey,illegitimate son of the late KingHenry IIand half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly atDover.He has been consecrated as the new archbishop ofYorkwhile inTours,and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads toDover Castle.[25]
- October – William de Longchamp tries to hold theTower of Londonagainst John's supporters for three days. He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I. OnOctober 29,William is captured when disguised as a female merchant. John orders that he be expelled from the country.[26]
Asia
[edit]- November 13–Battle of Tarain:SultanMuhammad of Ghorinvades northernIndia,but is defeated by Rajput forces underPrithviraja III,ruler ofAjmerandDelhi.Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army (some 100,000 men) with infantry, cavalry, and anelephant force.He repulses the Ghurid invasion nearTaraori(some 70 miles of Delhi), Muhammad escapes the battlefield.[27]
- Theadministrationof theTaungooregion (modernMyanmar) is first recorded. KingNarapatisithuappoints his son-in-law,Ananda Thuriya,as governor ofKanba Myint.
- KingJayavarman VIIof theKhmer Empiresacks the capital ofChampa(approximate date).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- March 20– PopeClement IIIdies atRomeafter apontificateof less than 3½ years. He is succeeded by the 85-year-old Celestine III as the 175th pope of theCatholic Church.
- The monks ofGlastonbury Abbeydig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman, and announce they have discovered the tomb of KingArthurand QueenGuinevere.[28]
1192
- January 7–VenusoccultsJupiter.[29]
- April 28–Conrad of Montferrat(Conrad I),King of Jerusalem,is assassinated inTyre,only days after his title to thethroneis confirmed by election. The killing is carried out byHashshashin,later the basis of folk etymology for the English word "assassin."[30]
- August 21–Minamoto no Yoritomois granted the title ofshōgun,thereby officially establishing the firstshogunatein thehistory of Japan.[31][32]
- Margaritus of Brindisiis created the firstCount of Maltafor capturingConstance, Holy Roman Empressin 1191.
- Second Battle of TaraininIndia:TheGhuridforces ofMu'izz al-Dinare victorious overPrithviraj Chauhan.[33]
- TheLugouqiao(later the Marco Polo) Bridge is completed inBeijing.[34]
- Constance, Holy Roman Empressis released byTancred, King of Sicilyunder the pressure ofPopeCelestine IIIinMay,and returns to Germany inJune.[35]
- Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich ofNovgorodburns downTartuandOtepääCastles, inEstonia.
1193
By place
[edit]Levant
[edit]- March 4–Saladin(the Lion) dies of a fever atDamascus.The lands of theAyyubid DynastyofSyriaandEgyptare split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out ofJerusalemto a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter.Al-Afdalsucceeds his father as ruler (emir) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-oldAl-Aziz,proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt.Al-ZahirreceivesAleppo(with lands in northern Syria), andTuran-ShahreceivesYemen.The other dominions and fiefs in theOultrejordain(also called Lordship ofMontréal) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.[36]
- May– The Pisan colony atTyreplots to seize the city, and hand it over toGuy of Lusignan– the ruler ofCyprus.KingHenry I of Jerusalemarrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre andAcre.[37]
Europe
[edit]- February 14– KingRichard I(the Lionheart), previously imprisoned on his return from theThird CrusadebyLeopold V(the Virtuous), duke ofAustria[38]is handed over to EmperorHenry VI,and moved toTrifels Castle.
- KingPhilip II(Augustus) marriesIngeborg of Denmark,daughter of KingValdemar I(the Great). After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her back toDenmark.[39]
- KingTancred of Sicilyarranges a marriage between his sonRoger IIIand the 12-year-oldIrene Angelina,daughter of the Byzantine emperorIsaac II(Angelos). Roger suddenly dies onDecember 24.
Asia
[edit]- Ghurid forces underQutb al-Din AibakcaptureDelhi.GeneralMuhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khiljisacks and burns the ancient city ofNalanda,India's greatestBuddhistseat of learning, and the university ofVikramashila.[40]
1194
By place
[edit]England
[edit]- February 4– KingRichard I of England( "the Lionheart" ) is ransomed for an amount of 150,000 marks (demanded by EmperorHenry VI), raised by his motherEleanor of Aquitaine– who travels toAustriato gain his release. Henry will never receive the full amount he demanded. In March, Richard returns toEngland,and remains for only a few weeks before returning to theContinent.He leaves the administration of England in the hands ofHubert Walter,archbishop ofCanterbury,who accompanied Richard on theThird Crusadeand led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brotherJohn.
- March 12–28– Richard I besiegesNottingham Castle(occupied by supporters of John) – which falls after a siege of several days. Richard is aided by English troops underRanulf de BlondevilleandDavid of Scotland.[41]
- April 17– Richard I is crowned for the second time, atWinchester,to underline his rightful position as monarch. During the coronation, he wears a golden crown and is followed by notables from the Church and State.[42]
- May – Richard I calls for a council inNottinghamto raise funds for an expedition toFrance.OnMay 12,he leaves forNormandywith a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to KingPhilip II of France( "Augustus" ).[43]
- Ordinance of the Jewry:Beginning of strict records of financial transactions byJewsliable to taxation. TheExchequer of the JewsatWestminsterregulates the taxes and the law-cases (also inWales).
Europe
[edit]- Spring –Casimir II the Just,High Duke ofPoland,organizes an expedition against the BalticYotvingians.The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return inKraków.OnMay 5,after a banquet, which is held to celebrate his return, Casimir dies unexpectedly (possibly poisoned). He is succeeded by his eldest surviving sonLeszek the White,who has to face strong opposition from his uncleMieszko III the Old.
- July 3–Battle of Fréteval:English forces under Richard I defeat Philip II, and capture the Frenchbaggage train.It contains the royal archives – including a list of the treasure of the French kingdom (transported in a wagon behind the army). Philip withdraws across theRiver Epte,where the bridge collapses under the weight of the retreating army. Meanwhile, Richard sacks the town ofÉvreux,which is a possession of Philip's ally, John.[44]
- November 20– EmperorHenry VIenforces the inheritance claims by his wife,Constance I,against her illegitimate nephew, KingTancred of Lecce(who died onFebruary 20). He takesPalermo(supported by the navy ofPisaandGenoa) and gains control of all ofSicily– ending Norman rule inItalyafter 90 years.[45]
- December 25– Henry VI deposes the 8-year-oldWilliam III(son of Tancred de Lecce) and is crowned king of Sicily. The next day, Constance I, who stays in the town ofIesi,gives birth toFrederick II,the future emperor of theHoly Roman Empire.[46]
Levant
[edit]- October –Leo I( "Lord of the Mountains" ), ruler ofArmenian Cilicia,invitesBohemond III of AntiochtoBagras,ostensibly to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital ofSis.[47]
Seljuk Empire
[edit]- March 10– SultanToghrul IIIis defeated and killed in battle withAla ad-Din Tekish,nearReyinPersia– ending theSeljuq dynastyofHamedan.TheSeljuk Empirepasses to theKhwarazmian dynasty.[48]
China
[edit]- July 24–Emperor Guangzong of Song(or Zhao Dun) is forced to abdicate the throne to his 25-year-old sonNingzong,who succeeds him as ruler of theSong dynasty.During his reign, he will be dominated by his prime-ministerHan Tuozhou(or Han T'o-Chou).
- TheYellow Riverexperiences a major course change, taking over theHuai Riverdrainage system for the next 700 years.[49]
Mesoamerica
[edit]- Hunac Ceeldrives theItza peopleout ofChichen Itza,forcing them to start theItza KingdomonLake Petén Itzá(modernGuatemala).
By topic
[edit]Commerce
[edit]- May 2– Richard I grantsPortsmouthmarket-town status with a royal charter. He orders the construction of docks onThe Solent– having seen that the harbour is a perfect base for trade and the English fleet.[50]
Economy and society
[edit]- Hubert Walter,vice-regentin the absence of Richard I, institutes the office of coroner to keep records of crown pleas. He also presides over the feudal judgment of John and makes an inquiry into land tenure.[51]
Religion
[edit]- July 10– A fire devastatesChartres Cathedral.Only the crypt, the towers, and the new facade survives. Funds are collected from nobles, as well as small donations from ordinary people, to start the rebuilding.[52]
- TheCarthusianmonastery of Scala Deiis founded in the region ofMontsantinCatalonia.[53]
1195
- June 1–Battle of Shamkor:Georgiansdefeat theIldenizids of Azerbaijan.[54][55]
- July 18–Battle of Alarcos:AlmohadrulerAbu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansurdecisively defeatsCastilianKingAlfonso VIII.[56][57]
- ThePriory of St Mary'sis founded inBushmead.[58][59]
- Alexius III AngelusoverthrowsIsaac II,and becomesByzantine Emperor.[60][61]
1196
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- December – EmperorAlexios III(Angelos) is threatened by EmperorHenry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,who demands 5,000 pounds of gold or the Byzantines will face an invasion, this due to a convoluted system of dynastic claims of Henry gaining control of Alexios' daughterIrene Doukaina.The amount is negotiated down to 1,600 pounds of gold – with Alexios plundering the imperial tombs within theChurch of the Holy Apostles– as well as levying a heavy and unpopular tax, known as theAlamanikon(orGerman Tax).[62]
Europe
[edit]- Spring – Henry VI persuades a diet atWürzburg.He manages to convince the majority of the German nobles and clergy to recognize his 2-year-old son,Frederick II,as king of the Romans and heir to the imperial throne. However, ArchbishopAdolf of Colognethwarts the will of the diet and arouses the resistance of severalSaxonandThuringiannobles against Henry, who realizes that he is unable to establish a hereditary monarchy (seeErbreichsplan) in theHoly Roman Empirewithout resistance.[63]
- April 23–Béla IIIdies after a 23-year reign in which he has supported the former Byzantine emperorIsaac II(Angelos) against the invading Bulgarians. Having made the Hungarian court one of the most brilliant inEuropeand made his hereditary monarchy. Béla is succeeded by his 22-year-old sonEmericas ruler ofHungary,CroatiaandDalmatia(until1204).
- April 25– KingAlfonso II(the Chaste) dies after a 32-year reign atPerpignan.He leaves a will that divides his realm (AragonlosesProvence) and is succeeded by his 21-year-old sonPeter II(the Catholic).
- Battle of Serres:Bulgarian forces under TsarIvan Asen Idefeat the Byzantine army nearSerres.During the winter Ivan continues his campaign inCentral Macedoniaand captures many Byzantine fortresses.
- Ivan Asen I is stabbed to death byIvanko,a Bulgarianboyar(aristocrat), who is accused of having an affair with Ivan's wife's sister. He is succeeded by his brotherKaloyanas co-ruler of theBulgarian Empire.
England
[edit]- Spring –William FitzOsbert,a rebel leader, leads an uprising of the poor against the rich inLondon.He gathers over 52,000 supporters, stocks of weapons are cached throughout the city by breaking into the houses of the rich. Finally, the riots are suppressed and William ishanged, drawn and quarteredby orders ofHubert Walter,archbishop ofCanterbury.
- Englandis struck by pestilence and a resultingfamine.[64]
Asia
[edit]- Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn,a Korean general, massacres his rivals and restores unity. After acoup d'état,he takes full power and becomes prime-minister of the Korean stateGoryeo(until1219).[65]
1197
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- Spring – EmperorHenry VItravels toItalyto persuade PopeCelestine IIIto crown his infant sonFrederick II,who has been elected "King of the Romans" atFrankfurt.
- KingRichard I(the Lionheart) hasChâteau Gaillard(Normandy) built on theSeine Riveras he fights to restoreAngevinpower in northernFrance(approximate date).
- Summer – Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down an insurrection inSicilyand southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.
- September 28– Henry VI dies ofmalariaatMessina(also possibly poisoned),[66]while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurperAlexios III(Angelos).
- Autumn – AGerman civil warbegins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother,Philip of Swabia,takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance.[67]
- Autumn – Adynastic feudbreaks out betweenEmeric, King of Hungaryand his younger brotherDuke Andrew.After a brief skirmish, Emeric is forced to cedeCroatiaandDalmatiato Andrew, who begins to administer the provinces as ade factosovereign monarch.[68]
- Winter – DukeOttokar Iforces his brother,Vladislaus III,to abandonBohemia.Ottokar restores power and Vladislaus accepts themargravialtitle ofMoravia.
- Saracenpirates, from theBalearic Islands,raid the city ofTouloninProvence,and theBenedictinemonastery of Saint Honorat,on theLérins Islands.[69]
- Northern Crusades:Danish forces led by KingCanute VIraid the area of present-dayEstonia.[70]
Wales
[edit]- April 28–Rhys ap Gruffydd,a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest sonGruffydd ap Rhys II.With the help ofGwenwynwyn,his brotherMaelgwn ap Rhysinvades southernWales.
- Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned atCorfe Castleand Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne.
Levant
[edit]- September 10–Henry I(orHenry II), king ofJerusalem,dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace inAcre.His widow,Isabella I,becomesregentwhile the kingdom is thrown into consternation.[71]
- September 22– About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting thecrusade of 1197.Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.
Asia
[edit]- Genghis Khan(orTemüjin), with help from theKeraites,defeats theJurchensof theJin Dynasty.The Jin bestowed Genghis'blood brotherToghrulwith the honorable title ofOng Khan,and Genghis receives the lesser title ofj'aut quri.During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.[72]
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Arbroath Abbeylocated in the Scottish town ofArbroath,is consecrated and dedicated to St.Thomas Becket.
1198
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- March 8–Philip of Swabia,son of the late EmperorFrederick I,is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters atMühlhauseninThuringia.ArchbishopAdolf of CologneelectsOtto of Brunswick,son ofHenry the Lion,as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned asKing of the RomansinAachenby supporters of theHouse of Welf.Philip'scoronationdoes not take place untilSeptember 8,atMainz.
- May 17–Frederick II,infant son of the late EmperorHenry VI,is crowned King ofSicily.His mother, QueenConstance Ibecomesregent,while she surrounds herself with local advisors. OnNovember 27,Constance dies in the royal palace atPalermo.She is succeeded by the new pope,Innocent III,who becomes Frederick's guardian and mentor.
England
[edit]- John of Englandcaptures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict againstFrance.[73]His brother, KingRichard I(the Lionheart) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.[74]The office ofLord Warden of the Stannariesis also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines inCornwallandDevon.[75]
- September 27–Battle of Gisors:Richard I defeats the French forces led byPhilip II(Augustus) atCourcelles-lès-Gisors,inPicardy.Richard captures three castles on the border of theVexin.The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.
Levant
[edit]- Spring –Amalric I,ruler ofCyprus,marries PrincessIsabella I,daughter of the late KingAmalric I.A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen ofJerusalematAcre.OnJuly 1,Amalric signs a truce withAl-Adil I,sultan ofEgyptandSyria,securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far asAntioch.[76]
Japan
[edit]- February 18– EmperorGo-Toba(orToba the Second) abdicates the throne in favor of his two-year-old sonTsuchimikado,after a 14-year reign.
By topic
[edit]Literature
[edit]- December 11–Averroes(orIbn Rushd), Arab polymath and physician, dies. He is the author of more than 100 books, for which he is known in thewestern worldasThe Commentator and Father of Rationalism.[77]
Religion
[edit]- January 8– PopeCelestine IIIdies atRome,after apontificateof nearly 7 years. He is succeeded byInnocent III,as the 176th pope of theCatholic Church.Shortly after he lays aninterdictonLaon,in an attempt to create independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in1199,andNormandyin1203.
- Innocent III excommunicates Philip II for repudiating his marriage toIngeborg of Denmark(see1193), to whom he took an almost instant dislike, but public opinion forces Philip to effect a reconciliation with the pope.
1199
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- January 13– A short-lived truce is declared, between the KingsRichard I(the Lionheart) andPhilip II(Augustus).[78]Two of Europe's most powerful rulers meet on the banks of theSeine River,while shouting terms to one another. With a peace secured, Richard is able to refocus on bringing internal order to the south of theAngevin Empire.[79]
- March 26– Richard I besieges the unarmed castle ofChâlus-Chabrol,and is shot in the left shoulder with acrossbow,by the French boyPierre Basile.[80]The war between the kingdoms ofEnglandandFrancehas become so brutal, thatHugh of Lincolnis warned that "nothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travel".[81]
- April 6– Richard I dies fromgangrene,caused by his crossbow wound. His younger brother,John(Lackland), becomesKing of England.Richard's jewels are left to his nephew,Otto IV,King of the Romans.[82]Mercadier,a mercenary captain and Richard'ssecond in command,has Pierre Basileflayedalive andhanged.
- Roman Mstislavich(the Great), Grand Prince ofVladimir-Volhynia,unites his realm with its westerly neighborGalicia(after the death ofVladimir II). He makes theKingdom of Galicia-Volhyniamore powerful thanKiev.
- Summer – Philip II renews his war against England, supporting the rival claim to the English throne of John's 12-year-old nephewArthur I,duke ofBrittany.[78]
- Summer – Afteruncovering a plotagainst him,Emeric, King of Hungarydefeats his brotherDuke Andrewin a battle, forcing him into exile inAustria.Thereafter, border clashes occurs between Hungary and Austria.[83]
Britain
[edit]- May 26– John returns toLondonand chooses people to help him to rule the kingdom. He appoints ArchbishopHubert Walteras his advisor and chancellor.Geoffrey Fitz Peteris chosen asChief JusticiarandWilliam(the Marshal) becomes Marshal of John's household. OnMay 27,John is crowned as king of England atWestminster Abbey.
- Summer – KingWilliam the LionofScotlandsupports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (includingNorthumberlandandCumberland).
Africa
[edit]- January 23– CaliphAbu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansurdies atMarrakeshafter a 15-year reign in which he has defeated the Castilian forces of KingAlfonso VIII(the noble) (see1195) and other Christian enemies inAl-Andalus.He is succeeded by his sonMuhammad al-Nasiras ruler of theAlmohad Caliphate(until1213).
Japan
[edit]- February 9–Minamoto no Yoritomo,Japaneseshogun,dies atKamakuraafter a 7-year reign in which he has established theKamakura Shogunate(see1192). He is succeeded by his 16-year-old sonMinamoto no Yoriie,his grandfatherHōjō Tokimasaproclaims himselfregentfor Yoriie (until1202).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Summer – PopeInnocent IIIcalls for a fourth Crusade atRome.Due to the preaching ofFulk of Neuilly,an army is organized at a tournament held atEcry-sur-AisnebyTheobald III,count ofChampagne,onNovember 28.
- St. Laurence's Church, Ludlow,in England is rebuilt.
Significant people
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Births
1190
- July 24–Yelü Chucai,Chinese statesman (d.1244)
- December 30–Ibn Abi'l-Hadid,Arab scholar (d.1258)
- Benedetto Sinigardi,ItalianFranciscanfriar (d.1282)
- Gerhard II of Lippe,German archbishop (d. 1258)
- Heinrich I von Müllenark,German archbishop (d.1238)
- Helvis of Cyprus,princess ofAntioch(approximate date)
- Henry II of Bar,Frenchnoblemanand knight (d.1239)
- Ida of Nivelles,BelgianCisterciannun andmystic(d.1231)
- John(the Old), French nobleman and knight (d.1267)
- Klement of Ruszcza,Polish nobleman and knight (d.1256)
- Luce de Gast,English nobleman (approximate date)
- Maria of Brabant,Holy Roman Empress (d.1260)
- Peter González(orPedro), Castilian priest (d.1246)
- Pietro della Vigna,Italian jurist and diplomat (d.1249)
- Richer of Senones,French monk and chronicler (d.1266)
- Roger I of Fézensaguet,French nobleman (d.1245)
- Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi,Persian theologian (d.1261)
- Sorghaghtani Beki,mother ofKublai Khan(d.1252)
- Tbeli Abuserisdze,Georgian scholar and writer (d.1240)
- Theodora Angelina,Byzantine noblewoman (d. 1246)
- Vincent of Beauvais,French encyclopedist (d.1264)
- William Marshal,English nobleman and knight (d. 1231)
- William Perault,French preacher and writer (d.1271)
- Władysław Odonic,duke ofGreater Poland(d. 1239)
- Yuan Haowen,Chinese politician and poet (d.1257)
- Zulema L'Astròloga,Moorish astronomer (approximate date)
1191
- February 8–Yaroslav II,Grand Prince ofVladimir(d.1246)
- Geoffrey de Mandeville,Englishnobleman(approximate date)
- George IV(orLasha Giorgi), king ofGeorgia(d.1223)[84]
- Joanna of Hohenstaufen,countess ofBurgundy(d.1205)
- Mafalda of Castile,Spanish princess (infanta) (d.1204)
- Richard Marshal,Norman nobleman and knight (d.1234)
- Stephen Devereux,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Theobald I,German nobleman (House of Lorraine) (d.1220)
- Tolui,Mongol general and son ofGenghis Khan(d.1232)
- Yan Yu,Chinese poetry theorist and writer (d.1241)
1192
- September 17–Minamoto no Sanetomo,Japaneseshōgun(d.1219)[85]
- QueenMariaof Jerusalem (d.1212)[86][87]
- KingStefan RadoslavofSerbia(d.1234)[88]
- SaintSyed Jalaluddin BukhariofUch Sharif(d.1291)[89][90]
1193
- July 28–Kujō Michiie,Japanesenobleman(d.1252)
- Alice of Champagne,queen ofCyprus(d.1246)
- Altheides,Cypriot philosopher and writer (d.1262)
- Beatrice II,French countess palatine (d.1231)
- Henri de Dreux,French archbishop (d.1240)
- Frederick of Isenberg,German nobleman (d.1226)
- Giovanni da Penna,ItalianFranciscanpriest (d.1271)
- John III(Doukas Vatatzes), emperor ofNicaea(d.1254)
- John Angelos(Good John), Byzantine prince (d.1253)
- John Devereux,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Juliana of Liège,Belgian nun andmystic(d.1258)
- Margaret of Scotland,English noblewoman (d.1259)
- Sayyed ibn Tawus,Arab jurist and theologian (d.1266)
- William de Ferrers,English nobleman (d. 1254)
1194
- April 25–Ezzelino III,Italiannoblemanand knight (d.1259)
- July 16–Clare of Assisi,Italian nun and saint (d.1253)
- November 30–Andrea Caccioli,Italian priest (d.1254)
- December 26–Frederick II,Holy Roman Emperor (d.1250)[91]
- Jacob Anatoli,FrenchJewishtranslator and writer (d.1256)
- Jacopo Contarini,doge ofVenice(House of Contarini) (d.1280)
- Lý Huệ Tông,Vietnamese emperor (Lý dynasty) (d.1226)
- Majd al-Din Taymiyyah,Seljuk judge and theologian (d.1255)
- Margaret,marchioness ofNamur(House of Vianden) (d.1270)
- Maurice FitzGerald,Norman nobleman and justiciar (d.1257)
- Moses ben Nahman,Spanishrabbiand philosopher (d. 1270)
- Otto I,Dutch nobleman and bishop (House of Gelre) (d.1215)
- Richard Mór de Burgh,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Rusudan,queen ofGeorgia(House of Bagrationi) (d.1245)
- Saionji Saneuji,Japanese nobleman andwakapoet (d.1269)
1195
- August 15–Anthony of Padua,Portuguesepreacher and saint (d.1231)[92][93]
- Princess Shōshiof Japan (d.1211)[94]
- Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester(d.1265)[95][96]
1196
- January 3–Tsuchimikado,emperor ofJapan(d.1231)
- February 21–Emre,Gizilgen of Konuşmalı Pubcast (d.—)
- March 27–Sviatoslav III,Kievan Grand Prince (d.1252)
- Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili,Almohad scholar (d.1258)
- Alberico II,Italiantroubadourand statesman (d.1260)
- Aurembiaix,Spanish countess (House of Urgell) (d. 1231)
- Dōjonyūdō,Japanesenoblemanandwakapoet (d.1249)
- Henry II(the Pious), High Duke ofPoland(d.1241)
- Henry VI(the Younger), German nobleman (d.1214)
- Pedro Alfonso de León,Spanish nobleman (d.1226)
- William II of Dampierre,French nobleman (d. 1231)
1197
- October 22–Juntoku,emperor ofJapan(d.1242)
- Amadeus IV,count ofSavoy(House of Savoy) (d.1253)
- Dharmasvamin,Tibetan monk andpilgrim(d.1264)
- Ibn al-Baitar,Moorish botanist and pharmacist (d.1248)
- John de Braose(Tadody), Englishnobleman(or1198)
- Naratheinga Uzana,Burmese prince andregent(d.1235)
- Nicola Paglia,Italian priest and preacher (d.1256)
- Nikephoros Blemmydes,Byzantine theologian (d.1272)
- Oberto Pallavicino,Italian nobleman (signore) (d.1269)
- Raymond VII,French nobleman and knight (d.1249)
- Richard of Chichester,bishop ofChichester(d. 1253)
- William de Braose,English nobleman (d.1230)
1198
- May 4–Kyaswa,ruler of thePagan Empire(d.1251)
- July 11–Hōjō Shigetoki,Japanesesamurai(d.1261)
- August 24–Alexander II,king ofScotland(d.1249)
- September 25–Ai Zong,Chinese emperor (d.1234)
- Baldwin III,Flemishnoblemanand knight (d.1244)
- Beatrice of Savoy,countess ofProvence(d.1266)
- Beatrice of Swabia,Holy Roman Empress (d.1212)
- Hugh I of Châtillon,French nobleman and knight (d.1248)
- Branca of Portugal,Portuguese princess (d.1240)
- Fujiwara no Tameie,Japanesewakapoet (d.1275)
- Humbert V de Beaujeu,Frenchconstable(d.1250)
- Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari,Arab missionary (d.1292)
- John de Braose(Tadody), English nobleman (d.1232)
- Konrad the Curly,Polish nobleman (approximate date)
- Koun Ejō,JapaneseSōtō Zenmonk and priest (d.1280)
- Marie of France,French princess and duchess (d.1224)
- Minamoto no Ichiman,Japanese nobleman (d.1203)
- Ordoño Álvarez,Spanishabbotand cardinal (d.1285)
- Ramon Berenguer IV,Spanish nobleman (d.1245)
- Siraj al-Din Urmavi,Ayyubid philosopher (d.1283)
- Sybilla of Lusignan,queen ofLesser Armenia(d.1230)
1199
- April 17–Marie of Ponthieu,Frenchnoblewoman(d.1250)
- Aisha Al-Manoubya,Almohad femaleSufimystic (d.1267)
- Al-Mansur al-Hasan,Yemeniimamand politician (d.1271)
- Bohemond V,prince ofAntioch(House of Poitiers) (d.1252)
- Ferdinand III(the Saint), king ofCastileandLeón(d. 1252)
- Guttorm of Norway(Sigurdsson), king ofNorway(d.1204)
- Ibn al-Abbar,Andalusian biographer and historian (d.1260)
- Isobel of Huntingdon,daughter ofDavid of Scotland(d. 1252)
- Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu,Khwarezmid ruler (shah) (d.1231)
- Joan of Constantinople,Flemish noblewoman (d.1244)
- Sturla Sighvatsson,Icelandic chieftain (orgoði) (d.1238)
- Thomas II,Flemish nobleman (House of Savoy) (d.1259)
Deaths
1190
- February 18–Otto II(the Rich), margrave ofMeissen(b.1125)
- March 15–Isabella of Hainault,wife ofPhilip II(Augustus) (b.1170)
- March 23–Saigyō Hōshi,Japanese monk, poet and writer (b.1118)
- June 10–Frederick I(Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (b.1122)
- July 25–Sibylla(orSibylle), queen ofJerusalem(b.1160)
- July 29–Maud of Gloucester(orMatilda), English countess
- August 1–Floris III,Dutch nobleman and knight (b.1141)
- August 16–Dedi III(the Fat), German nobleman (b.1130)
- August 21–Godfrey III,count ofLouvain(House of Reginar)
- September 13–Herman IV,German nobleman (b.1135)
- September 20–Adelog of Hildesheim,German bishop
- October 16–Louis III(the Mild), German nobleman
- November 3–Diepold of Berg,German bishop (b.1140)
- November 19–Baldwin of Forde,English archbishop
- November 21–Děpolt II(orDiepold), German nobleman
- Bernard II de Balliol,Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Chrétien de Troyes,French poet,trouvèreand writer
- Geoffrey IV(the Younger), French nobleman and knight
- Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon,Arab-Jewish translator (or1191)
- Maria Komnene,queen ofHungary and Croatia(b.1144)
- Ramon I de Montcada,Catalan nobleman (b.1150)
- Ranulf de Glanvill,EnglishChief Justiciarand writer
- Robert de Beaumont(White-Hands), English nobleman
- Walkelin de Derby(de Ferrers), Norman nobleman
- Walter de Clifford(orFitzRichard), English nobleman
1191
- January 14–Berno,German missionary and bishop
- January 20
- Frederick VI,son ofFrederick I(Barbarossa) (b.1167)
- Theobald V(the Good), French nobleman (b.1130)
- February 8–Erard II,French nobleman (House of Brienne)
- February 24–John I,French nobleman (House of Alençon)
- March 20–Clement III,pope of theCatholic Church(b. 1130)
- April 1–Engelbert II,German nobleman (House of Gorizia)
- June 10–Barisone II of Torres,Sardinian ruler ofLogudoro
- June 29–William le Vavasour,English nobleman (b.1131)
- July 3–Albéric Clément,Marshal of France(b.1165)
- July 7–Judith of Hohenstaufen,German noblewoman
- August 1–Philip of Alsace,Flemish nobleman (b.1143)
- August 5–Rudolf of Zähringen,archbishop ofMainz
- August 13–Philip I,archbishop ofCologne(b. 1130)
- September 7–James of Avesnes,French nobleman
- September 9–Conrad II,duke ofBohemia(b.1136)
- September 10–Ralph de Warneville,Norman bishop
- October 15–Raoul I(the Red), French nobleman
- December 15–Welf VI,margrave ofTuscany(b.1115)
- December 26–Reginald Fitz Jocelin,English bishop
- Adam de Senlis,FrenchBenedictinemonk andabbot
- Agnes of Loon,German duchess andregent(b.1150)
- Galeran V de Beaumont,French nobleman and knight
- Geoffroy III de Pons,French nobleman and knight
- Hugh VI(the Clever), French nobleman and knight
- John I of Ponthieu,Norman nobleman and knight
- Maurice of Carnoet,FrenchCistercianabbot (b.1117)
- Mór Ní Tuathail,queen ofLeinster(approximate date)
- Richard de Camville,English nobleman and governor
- Rupert III,German nobleman (House of Nassau)
- Shun'e(orTayū no Kimi), Japanese (waka) poet
- Sohrevardi,Persian scholar and philosopher (b.1154)
- Walter Ophamil(orOffamil), Sicilian archbishop
- William V(the Old), Italian nobleman and knight
- William Fitzstephen,English cleric and administrator
1192
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg/120px-Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg)
- April 26–Emperor Go-Shirakawaof Japan (b.1127)[97][98]
- April 28–Conrad of Montferrat,King of Jerusalem(b. mid-1140s)[30]
- May 8– DukeOttokar IV, Duke of Styria(b.1163)[99][100]
- August 25–Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy(b.1142)[101][102]
- Saint Margaret of England,English saint[103]
- Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras,vizier of the Sultanate of Rum[104]
- Kilij Arslan II,Sultan of Rum[105]
- Rashid ad-Din Sinan,the "Old Man of the Mountain", leader of the Hashashin sect (b. 1132/1135)[106][107]
- Prithviraj Chauhan,King of theChauhan Dynasty(b.1177)[33]
1193
- March 4–Saladin(the Lion), sultan ofEgyptandSyria(b.1137)
- June 13–Pedro de Artajona,Spanish nobleman and bishop
- June 27–Robert FitzRalph,English archdeacon and bishop
- August 2–Mieszko the Younger,duke ofKalisz(House of Piast)
- September 14–Minamoto no Noriyori,Japanese general (b.1150)
- September 23–Robert IV,French nobleman and Grand Master
- December 23–Thorlak Thorhallsson,Icelandic bishop (b.1133)
- December 24–Roger III,king ofSicily(House of Hauteville)
- Balian of Ibelin(the Younger), French nobleman and knight
- Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn(orDerval), Irish princess
- Düsum Khyenpa,Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (b.1110)
- Fan Chengda,Chinese politician and geographer (b.1126)
- Ren Zong,Chinese emperor of theWestern Xia(b.1124)
- Walter de Berkeley,Scottish nobleman (approximate date)
1194
- February 20–Tancred of Lecce,king ofSicily(b.1138)
- March 19–Toghrul III,sultan of theSeljuk Empire
- April 3
- Bård Guttormsson,Norwegian nobleman
- Sigurd Magnusson,Norwegian nobleman
- April 20–Odon of Poznań,duke ofGreater Poland
- May 5–Casimir II the Just,duke ofLesser Poland
- June 27–Sancho VI( "the Wise" ), king ofNavarre(b.1132)
- June 28–Xiao Zong,Chinese emperor (Song dynasty) (b.1127)
- July 18–Guy of Lusignan,king ofJerusalem(b.1150)
- July 27–Sviatoslav III,Kievan Grand Prince (b.1126)
- November 15–Margaret I,countess ofFlanders
- December 26–Aubrey de Vere,1stEarl of Oxford
- December 31–Leopold V,duke ofAustria(b.1157)
- Basil Vatatzes,Byzantine governor and general
1195
- March 3–Hugh de Puiset,bishop of Durham (b. c.1125)[108][109][110]
- August 6–Henry the Lion,Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b.1129)[111][112][113]
- October 13–Gualdim Pais,Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (b.1118)[114][115]
- December 17–Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut(b.1150)[116][117][118]
- Ascelina,French nun and mystic (b.1121)[119][120]
1196
- January 6–Burchard du Puiset,Norman archdeacon
- April 23–Béla III,king ofHungaryandCroatia(b.1148)
- April 25–Alfonso II(the Chaste), king ofAragon(b.1157)
- April 30–Baldwin II van Holland,bishop ofUtrecht
- July 12–Maurice II de Craon,Norman nobleman
- August 14–Henry IV(the Blind), count ofLuxembourg
- August 15–Conrad II,German nobleman (b.1172)
- September 11–Maurice de Sully,bishop ofParis
- November 30–Richard of Acerra,Norman nobleman
- Agnetha Ní Máelshechlainn,abbess ofClonard
- Canute I(Eriksson), king ofSweden(approximate date)
- Dulcea of Worms,German Jewish businesswoman
- Ephraim of Bonn,Germanrabbiand writer (b.1132)
- Eschiva of Ibelin,queen consort ofCyprus(b.1160)
- Godfrey of Viterbo,Italian chronicler (approximate date)
- Hugh III of Rodez,French nobleman (House of Millau)
- Ibn Mada',Andalusian scholar andpolymath(b.1116)
- Isaac Komnenos Vatatzes,Byzantine aristocrat
- Ivan Asen I,ruler (tsar) of theBulgarian Empire
- Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi,Arab jurist and theologian
- Roger fitzReinfrid,English sheriff androyal justice
- Taira no Kagekiyo,Japanese nobleman andsamurai
- Vira Bahu I,ruler of theKingdom of Polonnaruwa
- Vsevolod I Svyatoslavich(the Fierce), Kievan prince
- Wartislaw Swantibor(the Younger), Polish nobleman
- William FitzOsbert,English politician and rebel leader
- William of Salisbury,English nobleman andhigh sheriff
- Yaish ibn Yahya,Portuguese politician and advisor
1197
- April 23–Davyd Rostislavich,Kievan Grand Prince (b.1140)
- April 28–Rhys ap Gruffydd,Welsh prince ofDeheubarth
- June 1–Gertrude of Bavaria,queen consort ofDenmark
- July 9–Rudolf of Wied(orRudolph), archbishop ofTrier
- September 10–Henry I(orHenry II), king ofJerusalem(b.1166)
- September 18–Margaret of France,daughter ofLouis VII
- September 28–Henry VI,Holy Roman Emperor (b.1165)[121]
- November 13–Homobonus of Cremona,Italian merchant
- December 12–Wu(orXiansheng), Chinese empress (b.1115)
- Alix of France,French countess consort and regent (b.1150)
- Bretislav III,bishop ofPrague(House of Přemyslid) (b.1137)
- Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani,ArabHanafijurist (b.1135)
- Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi,Arab scholar and theologian
- Jón Loftsson,Icelandic chieftain and politician (b.1124)
- Jordan Lupin,Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader
- Margaritus of Brindisi,Sicilian Grand Admiral (b.1149)
- Owain ap Gruffydd(orCyfeiliog), Welsh prince (b.1130)
- Peter II(orTheodor-Peter), ruler (tsar) of theBulgaria
- Peter Cantor(the Chanter), French theologian and writer
- Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh,Irish king ofIar Connacht
- Tughtakin ibn Ayyub,Ayyubid emir (prince) ofArabia
- Walter Devereux,Norman nobleman and knight (b.1173)
- William de Longchamp,Norman nobleman and bishop
1198
- January 8–Celestine III,pope of theCatholic Church(b.1106)
- February 1–Walram I(ofLaurenburg), German nobleman
- March 11–Marie of France,French princess and countess (b.1145)
- April 16–Frederick I(the Catholic), duke ofAustria(b.1175)
- July 7–George II(Xiphilinos), patriarch ofConstantinople
- July 24–Berthold of Hanover,German apostle and bishop
- August 13–Hellicha of Wittelsbach,duchess ofBohemia
- September 10–Richard FitzNeal,bishop ofLondon(b.1130)
- November 27
- Abraham ben David,Frenchrabbi(b.1125)
- Constance I,queen regent ofSicily(b.1154)
- November 29–Al-Aziz Uthman,sultan ofEgypt(b.1171)
- December 2–Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair,High King ofIreland
- December 11–Averroes,Arab judge and physician (b.1126)
- Abu Madyan,Andalusian mystic andSufimaster (b. 1126)
- Alix of France,French princess and countess (approximate date)
- Constantine II(de Martis), ruler of theJudicate of Logudoro
- Donatus of Ripacandida,Italian monk and saint (b.1179)
- Dulce of Aragon(orBarcelona), queen ofPortugal(b.1160)
- Nerses of Lambron,Armenian archbishop and writer (b.1153)
- Walter Fitz Robert,English nobleman and knight (b.1124)
- William of Newburgh,English historian and writer (b.1136)
- Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich,Kievan Grand Prince (b.1139)
1199
- January 23–Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur,Almohad caliph (b.1160)
- February 9–Minamoto no Yoritomo,Japaneseshogun(b.1147)
- February 13–Stefan Nemanja,Serbian Grand Prince (b.1113)[122]
- March 17–Jocelin of Glasgow(orJocelyn), Scottish bishop[123]
- April 5–Ashikaga Yoshikane,Japanesesamuraiand monk
- April 6
- Pierre Basile(orBertran de Gurdun), French knight
- Richard I(the Lionheart), king of England (b.1157)[124]
- July 10–Hugh de Roxburgh(orHugo), Scottish bishop
- August 20–Matthew,Scottish churchman and bishop
- September 4–Joan of England,queen ofSicily(b.1165)[125]
- October 9–Bobo of San Teodoro,Italian cardinal-deacon
- November 6–Hatim ibn Ibrahim,Yemeni religious leader
- November 25–Albert III(the Rich), count ofHabsburg
- December 25–Helena of Hungary,duchess ofAustria
- Alexios Komnenos,son ofAndronikos I(Komnenos)
- Azalais of Toulouse(orAdelaide), French noblewoman
- Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide,queen ofSweden(or1200)
- Date Tomomune,Japanese nobleman and samurai (b.1129)
- Michael the Syrian(the Great), Syriac patriarch (b.1126)
- Raymond IV(orRaimund), count andregentofTripoli
- Vladimir II Yaroslavich,Kievan prince (House of Rurik)
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- ^Stubbs, William (2012).Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I(in Latin). Vol. 2: Epistolae Cantuarienses, the Letters of the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, from AD 1187 to AD 1199. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 148.ISBN9781108048064.
- ^King, Richard John (1869).Handbook to the Cathedrals of England: Northern Division.Vol. Part II: Durham, Chester, Manchester. London: John Murray. p. 344.
- ^Munz, Peter (1965-10-01). "Frederick Barbarossa and Henry the Lion in 1176".Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand.12(45): 1–21.doi:10.1080/10314616508595307.ISSN0728-6023.
From the fact that the author says 'habebat' it has been inferred that this addition was made after 1195, ie after the death of Henry the Lion
- ^Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012).Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250.Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 139.ISBN9780801467844.
- ^Swarzenski, Georg (1949). "Romanesque Aquamanile of the Guennol Collection".Brooklyn Museum Bulletin.10(4): 1–10.ISSN2578-7640.JSTOR26457966.
this is certainly the later piece, probably made or finished after the death of Henry the Lion (1195)
- ^Barroca, Mário Jorge (2001)."Os castelos dos templários em Portugal e a organização da defesa do reino no séc. XII".Acta Historica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia(22): 213–227–227.ISSN2339-9996.
- ^Mendes, Paulo Alexandre Cabaço (2018-12-17)."De Redinha a Pombal (1508): a Terra e os Homens. Estudo de Antroponímia e de Toponímia".Repositório Institucional da Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa: Departamento de História, Artes e Humanidades Mestrado Em História, Arqueologia e Património:13.
Gualdim Pais (c. 1118/20-1195)
- ^Napran, Laura (2008). France, John (ed.).Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. Proceedings of a Conference Held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005.Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 287.ISBN9789047432616.
- ^Wolff, Robert Lee (1952-07-01). "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and Resurrection, 1172-1225".Speculum.27(3): 281–322.doi:10.2307/2853088.ISSN0038-7134.JSTOR2853088.S2CID163762031.
Baldwin retained only the titles Marquis of Namur and Count of Hainaut. When he died in December 1195, the young Baldwin inherited Hainaut
- ^Draelants, Isabelle; Balouzat-Loubet, Christelle (January 2015).La formule au Moyen Âge, II / Formulas in Medieval Culture, II: Actes du colloque international de Nancy et Metz, 7-9 juin 2012 / Proceedings of the International Conference, Nancy and Metz, 7th-9th June 2012.Atelier de recherche sur les textes médiévaux. Vol. 23. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. p. 17.doi:10.1484/m.artem-eb.5.108413.ISBN9782503554327.
The period covers the successive reigns of Count Baldwin V/ VIII (1191-1194/1195), double-numbered in this way because he was the fifth count of Hainaut and the ninth count of Flanders to bear the name Baldwin
- ^Dinzelbacher, Peter (2005). "Kirchenreform und Frauenleben im Hohen Mittelalter".Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung.113(JG): 20–40.doi:10.7767/miog.2005.113.jg.20.ISSN2307-2903.S2CID163481019.
Ascelina von Boulancourt (t 1195)
- ^Pinard, T. (1847). "Notre-Dame de Boulancourt (Haute-Marne)".Revue Archéologique.4(2): 474–477.ISSN0035-0737.JSTOR41745542.
la contrée appelée le Champ-Vieillard un monastère de fem mes, à la tète duquel il plaçait la vierge Asceline, sa cousine; elle mourut, suivant les uns, l'an 1165; suivant les autres, en 1195
- ^Kleinhenz, Christopher (2 August 2004).Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia.Routledge. p. 492.ISBN978-1-135-94880-1.
- ^A. P. Vlasto (2 October 1970).The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs.CUP Archive. p. 219.ISBN978-0-521-07459-9.
- ^S. D. Church (2003).King John: New Interpretations.Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 18.ISBN978-0-85115-947-8.
- ^Mrs. Markham; Eliza Robbins (1854).A History of England from the first Invasion by the Romans to the 14th year of the Reign of Queen Victoria.pp. 101–.
- ^Edmund Lodge (1907).The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire for 1907.Kelly's Directories. p. 93.
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