Jump to content

1190s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
Categories

The1190swas a decade of theJulian calendarwhich began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.

Events

1190

This section istranscludedfrom1190.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by EmperorFrederick I(Barbarossa) marches towardsConstantinople,on the way to theHoly Land.EmperorIsaac II(Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they captureAdrianople.A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through toPalestina.[1]
  • Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing theBalkan Mountains,Isaac marches westward to besiegeTarnovo,the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches theDanube Riverin order to block the way ofCumanreinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led byIvan Asen I,emperor (Tsar) ofBulgaria.After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat toStara Zagora.
  • Battle of Tryavna:Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, nearTryavna.In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, hisVarangian Guardhas to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. TheBulgarianscapture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of theHoly Cross.
Third Crusade
[edit]
  • March– Frederick I leaves Adrianople toGallipoliat theDardanellesto embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross intoAsia Minor.OnApril 25,he enters territory of the SeljukSultanate of Rumunder the rule of SultanKilij Arslan II.Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. OnMay 7,a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at theBattle of Philomelion,by 2,000 Crusaders.[2]
  • March 25–Conrad of Montferratsails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) fromTyre.As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour ofAcre,an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, theAyyubidfleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven tocannibalism.[3]
  • April– After a long siege Muslim forces underSaladincaptureBeaufort CastlefromReginald of Sidonwho has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned atDamascus– the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.[4]
  • May 5–Siege of Acre:A Crusader force under KingGuy of Lusignanattacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders withGreek fire,a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease andfamine,among the soldiers.[5]
  • May 18–Battle of Iconium:German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son,Frederick VI,takes Iconium (modern-dayKonya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.[6]
  • June 10– Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) theGöksu Rivernear Selucia (modern-daySilifke) inArmenian Cilicia.The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel ofvinegar.Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reachesAntioch,onJune 21.[7]
  • September 24– A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted withmangonels,is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.[8]
  • November 24– The 18-year-oldIsabella I,half-sister ofSibylla, Queen of Jerusalem,marries Conrad of Montferrat atAcremaking himde factoking ofJerusalem(asConrad I). He has the support of her motherMaria Comnenaand stepfatherBalian of Ibelin,as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in theCrusader States.
  • TheTeutonic Orderis founded at Acre by German knights ofLübeckandBremen.The Order is formed to aid Christians on theirpilgrimagesto the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).
Europe
[edit]
  • July 4– KingRichard I(the Lion Heart) andPhilip II(Augustus), meet atVézelayand agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across theMediterranean,taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) viaMarseilleand Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) viaGenoa.Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others fromShorehamandSouthampton.[9]
  • September– Richard I arrives inSicilyat the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sisterJoan of England,queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurperTancred of Lecce.He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late KingWilliam II(the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, onSeptember 28.[10]
  • October 4– Richard I capturesMessina,after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.[11]
  • KingHenry VI,eldest son of Frederick I, grantsHenry I(the Brave) the title ofDuke of Brabant.Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with CountBaldwin V,duke ofHainaut.
  • December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
  • Siege of Silves– theAlmohadcaliph,Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur,fails to reconquerSilves, Portugal.[12]
England
[edit]
  • Londonadopts theCross of St. George,the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet ofGenoa,and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
  • March 16– A massacre and mass-suicideof the Jews inYork,results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews inClifford's Tower.

By topic

[edit]
Art and Science
[edit]
Education
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1191

This section istranscludedfrom1191.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • April 10– KingRichard I(the Lionheart) leavesMessinaforPalestina,but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage toRhodes,where he stays for ten days (fromApril 22toMay 1), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sisterJoan of Englandand his new fiancée,Berengaria of Navarre,is anchored on the south coast ofCyprus,along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner byIsaac Komnenos,the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.[13]: 37 
  • May 8– Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port ofLimassolon Cyprus. He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure. Isaac refuses, Richard embarks his forces, and takes Limassol. The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac, show themselves friendly to the English invaders. Various leading Crusaders of theHoly Landarrive in Limassol, onMay 11.Among them are KingGuy of LusignanofJerusalem,Bohemond III of Antioch,Humphrey IV of Toron,andLeo I of Armenia.They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival,Conrad of Montferrat.[13]: 38–39 
  • May 12– Richard I marries the 19-year-old Berengaria of Navarre, daughter of KingSancho VI(the Wise), in the Chapel ofSt. Georgeat Limassol. On the same day, she is crowned Queen ofEngland,byJohn,bishop ofÉvreuxin the presence of the archbishop ofBordeauxand many other clergy. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge inKyrenia Castle,Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria. By the end of May, Richard, with his ships, sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast.[14]
  • June 1– A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village ofTremithus.Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield toKantara.Richard captures Isaac's banner and hunts down the remnants of his army. AtNicosiaRichard becomes ill; Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard's forces, marches onKyreniaand captures it, taking the empress and her child prisoner. Isaac is taken before Richard (in chains of silver) and accepts an unconditional surrender. Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles, and appointsRichard de Camvilleas governor of Cyprus, jointly withRobert of Thornham.[13]: 39–40 
  • Autumn – EmperorIsaac II(Angelos) leads a punitive expedition against Grand PrinceStefan Nemanja.The Serbians are defeated atSouth Moravaand retreat into the mountains. The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan's court inKuršumlija.Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty. The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests, east of theVelika Morava,and recognize Byzantine rule. Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince ofSerbia.
Third Crusade
[edit]
  • February 13– Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines aroundAcre.Though the Crusaders seal the breach,Saladinis able to replenish the garrison, by sending reinforcements. For the defenders, this is a temporary respite – and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together.Taqi al-Din,Saladin's nephew and one of his most effective commanders, fails to rejoin the siege. He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeasternTurkey.Later in the spring, Taqi al-Din brings his forces to support the double-siege at Acre.[15]: 47 
  • April 20– KingPhilip II(Augustus) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousinConrad of Montferratat Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, onMay 30.One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.[13]: 41 
  • June 8– Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre. Upon reaching the city, he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp. Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill (calledArnaldia) and is confined to his tent. Nevertheless, he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin. After having been refused a personal meeting, Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin's camp as a sign of goodwill. Finally, Saladin accepts a three-day truce and allows his younger brother,Al-Adil,to negotiate with Richard.[13]: 40–41 
  • June 25– The Crusader armies (now totaling some 25,000 men) who are deployed around Acre, implement a unified strategy of assault-based siege. Teams of sappers and, increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone-throwing catapults, brought by Philip II and Richard I, are used to hammer Acre's walls continuously with giant, accurately loosed stones. By late June, the assault is beginning to undermine the walls, which are tottering. Because of troop shortages and disease, the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls.[13]: 42 
  • July 3– The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches. After only the first day of these all-out attacks to seize the city, Saladin's governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved. Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls – but the assault is repulsed. Meanwhile, Richard I, still unable to walk due to illness, is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using hiscrossbow.[16]
  • July 12–Siege of Acre:The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II, which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin's consent, and by the time that he learned of this intention, the city has already capitulated. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of theKingdom of Jerusalem,and of the Crusader leaders Philip II, Richard I, andLeopold V of Austria,on the city's walls and towers. The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100,000 Christian casualties.[13]: 43 
  • July 31– Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs toTyreand returns toFrance.He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command ofHugh III,duke ofBurgundy.Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in theLevant.Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother,John of England,to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, QueenEleanor of Aquitaine,foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.[13]: 44–45 
  • August 20–Massacre of Ayyadieh:Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located onMount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In theAyyubid Sultanate,Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.[13]: 45–46 
  • August 22– Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his sonAl-Afdalorders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem andAscalonwith 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp nearHaifa– which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.[13]: 46 
  • August 25–26– Richard I leads a fast-moving advance-guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress nearMerlebefore Saladin arrives. He then hurries back to support the rearguard, to regain contact with the Crusader forces. Richard reorganizes his marching column. The eliteTemplarandHospitallerknights hold the van and rearguard, while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well-armoured infantry, whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks.[15]: 52 
  • August 30– Richard I advances in three divisions towardsCaesarea,with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of theZarqa River,despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.[15]: 59 
  • September 2– Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland, where he is separated from his supply ships. Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry, by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry. During this brief but indecisive engagement, Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt – though his armour absorbs much of the blow. By the end of the day, only 25 miles fromJaffa,Richard allows his men to rest (while recovering from his wounds) and re-assembles his forces.[15]: 66 
  • September 5– Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al-Adil under a flag of truce. Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest ofArsuf.But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina. Al-Adil at once breaks off the negotiations. Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods, and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed. The Crusaders pitch their tents in the "Rochetaille" and rest for the night.[15]: 66 
  • September 7–Battle of Arsuf:Richard I fights a pitched battle – while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack. However, the Hospitaller knights led byGarnier de Nablusbreak formation and launch a charge. Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack. The Muslim forces flee in panic, but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp, and even to lead a counter-charge. By evening, Richard has defeated the Muslim forces, and Saladin retreats in good order toRamallah.[13]: 47–49 
  • September 9–10– Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications, which Saladin has destroyed by hisscorched-earthpolicy. Mid-September, a large number of French nobles begin to resist – such as Hugh III. They argue about the refortification of Jaffa, instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina.[17]
  • October 29– Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, theThird Crusadedegenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.[18]
  • December – Richard I and his Crusader forces occupyLatrun,while the advance-guard takesBayt Nuba.He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks – due to winter conditions, and for being cut off if he presses on. Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III. OnDecember 25,Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem.[15]: 85 
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
  • Spring –William de Longchamp,ChiefJusticiarandregent,besiegesLincoln Castleaccusing the castellanGerard de Canvilleof corruption. In response, Prince John capturesNottinghamandTickhillcastles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sendsWalter de Coutances,archbishop ofRouen,with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.[24]
  • April – John and William de Longchamp meet atWinchesterto discuss their differences. Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators. At the end of the meeting, both John and William agree to follow the recommendations. William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers. In return, John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles.
  • September –Geoffrey,illegitimate son of the late KingHenry IIand half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly atDover.He has been consecrated as the new archbishop ofYorkwhile inTours,and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads toDover Castle.[25]
  • October – William de Longchamp tries to hold theTower of Londonagainst John's supporters for three days. He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I. OnOctober 29,William is captured when disguised as a female merchant. John orders that he be expelled from the country.[26]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1192

This section istranscludedfrom1192.(edit|history)

1193

This section istranscludedfrom1193.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Levant
[edit]
  • March 4–Saladin(the Lion) dies of a fever atDamascus.The lands of theAyyubid DynastyofSyriaandEgyptare split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out ofJerusalemto a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter.Al-Afdalsucceeds his father as ruler (emir) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-oldAl-Aziz,proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt.Al-ZahirreceivesAleppo(with lands in northern Syria), andTuran-ShahreceivesYemen.The other dominions and fiefs in theOultrejordain(also called Lordship ofMontréal) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.[36]
  • May– The Pisan colony atTyreplots to seize the city, and hand it over toGuy of Lusignan– the ruler ofCyprus.KingHenry I of Jerusalemarrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre andAcre.[37]
Europe
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

1194

This section istranscludedfrom1194.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
England
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Levant
[edit]
Seljuk Empire
[edit]
China
[edit]
Mesoamerica
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Commerce
[edit]
  • May 2– Richard I grantsPortsmouthmarket-town status with a royal charter. He orders the construction of docks onThe Solent– having seen that the harbour is a perfect base for trade and the English fleet.[49]
Economy and society
[edit]
  • Hubert Walter,vice-regentin the absence of Richard I, institutes the office of coroner to keep records of crown pleas. He also presides over the feudal judgment of John and makes an inquiry into land tenure.[43]
Religion
[edit]

1195

This section istranscludedfrom1195.(edit|history)

1196

This section istranscludedfrom1196.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
  • Spring – Henry VI persuades a diet atWürzburg.He manages to convince the majority of the German nobles and clergy to recognize his 2-year-old son,Frederick II,as king of the Romans and heir to the imperial throne. However, ArchbishopAdolf of Colognethwarts the will of the diet and arouses the resistance of severalSaxonandThuringiannobles against Henry, who realizes that he is unable to establish a hereditary monarchy (seeErbreichsplan) in theHoly Roman Empirewithout resistance.[61]
  • April 23–Béla IIIdies after a 23-year reign in which he has supported the former Byzantine emperorIsaac II(Angelos) against the invading Bulgarians. Having made the Hungarian court one of the most brilliant inEuropeand made his hereditary monarchy. Béla is succeeded by his 22-year-old sonEmericas ruler ofHungary,CroatiaandDalmatia(until1204).
  • April 25– KingAlfonso II(the Chaste) dies after a 32-year reign atPerpignan.He leaves a will that divides his realm (AragonlosesProvence) and is succeeded by his 21-year-old sonPeter II(the Catholic).
  • Battle of Serres:Bulgarian forces under TsarIvan Asen Idefeat the Byzantine army nearSerres.During the winter Ivan continues his campaign inCentral Macedoniaand captures many Byzantine fortresses.
  • Ivan Asen I is stabbed to death byIvanko,a Bulgarianboyar(aristocrat), who is accused of having an affair with Ivan's wife's sister. He is succeeded by his brotherKaloyanas co-ruler of theBulgarian Empire.
England
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

1197

This section istranscludedfrom1197.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Wales
[edit]
Levant
[edit]
  • September 10–Henry I(orHenry II), king ofJerusalem,dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace inAcre.His widow,Isabella I,becomesregentwhile the kingdom is thrown into consternation.[70]
  • September 22– About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting thecrusade of 1197.Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1198

This section istranscludedfrom1198.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
  • John of Englandcaptures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict againstFrance.[72]His brother, KingRichard I(the Lionheart) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.[73]The office ofLord Warden of the Stannariesis also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines inCornwallandDevon.[74]
  • September 27–Battle of Gisors:Richard I defeats the French forces led byPhilip II(Augustus) atCourcelles-lès-Gisors,inPicardy.Richard captures three castles on the border of theVexin.The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.
Levant
[edit]
Japan
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Literature
[edit]
  • December 11–Averroes(orIbn Rushd), Arab polymath and physician, dies. He is the author of more than 100 books, for which he is known in thewestern worldasThe Commentator and Father of Rationalism.[76]
Religion
[edit]

1199

This section istranscludedfrom1199.(edit|history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
Africa
[edit]
Japan
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

Significant people

[edit]

Births

Transcluding articles:1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,and1199

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

Deaths

Transcluding articles:1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,and1199

1190

1191

1192

Emperor Go-Shirakawa

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

References

[edit]
  1. ^Choniates, Nicetas (1984).O city of Byzantium: annals of Niketas Choniatēs.Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p.224.ISBN0814317642.OCLC10605650.
  2. ^Loud, G. A. (2010).The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts,p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN978-0-75466-575-5.
  3. ^Alan Ambrisco (1999).Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion,pp. 105–106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.
  4. ^Kennedy, Hugh (1994).Crusader Castles,pp. 43–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-42068-7.
  5. ^Pryor, John H. (2015).A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191,p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN978-1-47241-958-3.
  6. ^Loud, G. A. (2010).The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts,pp. 110–111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.ISBN978-0-75466-575-5.
  7. ^Steven Runciman(1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 13–14.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^Kenneth P. Czech.Third Crusade: Siege of Acre,p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.
  9. ^Wolff and Hazard, p. 57[permanent dead link]
  10. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,p. 33.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  11. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 34–35.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  12. ^abPicard, Christophe (1997).La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  13. ^abcdefghijkSteven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  14. ^Nicholson, Helen J. (1997).Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi,p. 189. Ashbury, UK: Ashgate.ISBN1-85928-154-0.
  15. ^abcdefDavid Nicolle(2005).The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem.ISBN978-1-84176-868-7.
  16. ^Asbridge, Thomas (2012).The Crusades: The War for the Holy land,p. 294. Simon and Schuster.ISBN978-1-849-83770-5.
  17. ^Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1924).A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol I: 378–1278 AD,pp. 317–318. London: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, reprinted in 1998.
  18. ^Verbruggen, J. F. (1997).The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340,p. 239. Boydell & Brewer.
  19. ^Horst Fuhrmann (1986).Germany in High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200,p. 181. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-31980-5.
  20. ^Khazanov, Anatoly M. (2001).Nomads in the Sedentary World,p. 49. London and New York: Routledge.ISBN0-7007-1369-7.
  21. ^David Nicolle (2011).The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The betrayal of Byzantium,p. 12.ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
  22. ^Picard, Christophe (2000).Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique.Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
  23. ^Georg Haggren; Petri Halinen; Mika Lavento; Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).Muinaisuutemme jäljet.Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 380.
  24. ^Huscroft, H. (2005).Ruling England 1042–1217,p. 144. London: Pearson/Longman.ISBN0-582-84882-2.
  25. ^Warren, W. L. (1978).King John,p. 42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.ISBN0-520-03643-3.
  26. ^Turner, Ralph V. (2007).Longchamp, William de (d. 1197).Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2007 revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
  27. ^Cynthia Talbot (2015).The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj and the Indian Past, 1200–2000,p. 47.ISBN978-1-10711-856-0.
  28. ^Grandsen, Antonia (2001)."The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century".In J. P. Carley (ed.).Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition.Boydell & Brewer. p. 43.ISBN0-85991-572-7.
  29. ^"Assorted planetary/lunar events: Mutual planetary events, -1000 to +6000".www.projectpluto.com.17 August 1998.Retrieved2019-03-29.
  30. ^abDaftary, Farhad; Sacy, Antoine Isaac Baron Silvestre de (1994).The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma'ilis.London, New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 72.ISBN9781850437055.
  31. ^Deal, William E. (2007) [2005].Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan.Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37.ISBN9780195331264.
  32. ^Krenner, Walther G. von; Jeremiah, Ken (2015).Creatures Real and Imaginary in Chinese and Japanese Art: An Identification Guide.Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 135–136.ISBN9781476619583.
  33. ^abChaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2008).History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 210.ISBN9788126900275.
  34. ^Aldrich, M. A. (2006).The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages.Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 286.ISBN9789622097773.
  35. ^Hughes, Philip (1979) [1935].History of the Church.Vol. 2: The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas. London: A&C Black. p. 317.ISBN9780722079829.
  36. ^Steven Runciman(1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 66–67.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  37. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,p. 70.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  38. ^Warren, W. L. (1961).King John.University of California Press. p. 44.
  39. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Ingeborg".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 563.
  40. ^Allen, Charles(2002).The Buddha and the Sahibs.
  41. ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.129–131.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
  42. ^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 73–75.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
  43. ^abcWilliams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 131. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
  44. ^John Gillingham (2002).Richard I,p. 285. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-09404-6.
  45. ^Horst Fuhrmann (1986).Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200,p. 181. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-31980-5.
  46. ^Burgtorf, Jochen (2016).The Antiochene War of Succession,p. 199. In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.).The Crusader World.University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN978-0-415-82494-1.
  47. ^Grousset, René(1970).The Empire of the Steppes.New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.ISBN0-8135-1304-9.
  48. ^Grousset, René (1959).The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire.Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303.
  49. ^Quail, Sarah (1994).The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter,pp. 14–18. City of Portsmouth.ISBN0-901559-92-X.
  50. ^Sutton, Ian (1999).Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present.London: Thames & Hudson.ISBN978-0-500-20316-3.
  51. ^"Carthusian Monastery of Escaladei".Monuments de Catalunya.Generalitat de Catalunya.Retrieved26 November2023.
  52. ^Donvito, Philippo (2005). "Queen Tamar of Georgia (1184-1213): The Lioness of the Caucasus".Medieval Warfare.IV-2: Female Knights and Fighting Princesses - Medieval Women as Warriors: 19–23.
  53. ^Tsurtsumia, Mamuka (2014)."Couched Lance and Mounted Shock Combat in the East: The Georgian Experience".In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.).Journal of Medieval Military History.Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 89–90.ISBN9781843839361.
  54. ^Wheeler, Benjamin Webb (1927). "The Papacy and Hispanic Interstate Relations, 1195-1212".The Catholic Historical Review.13(1): 29–38.ISSN0008-8080.JSTOR25012394.
  55. ^Jumper, Mark A. (2017). Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (eds.).War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict.Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–14.ISBN9781610695176.
  56. ^Postles, Dave (2002)."Religious Houses and the Laity in the Eleventh to Thirteenth Century England: An Overview".In Morillo, Stephen (ed.).The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History 2002.Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp.9.ISBN9781843830085.
  57. ^Davis, G. R. C. (2010).Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain and Ireland.London: The British Library Publishing Division. p. 31.ISBN9780712350389.
  58. ^Lascaratos, John; Marketos, S. (1992-03-01). "The penalty of blinding during Byzantine times".Documenta Ophthalmologica.81(1): 133–144.doi:10.1007/BF00155023.ISSN1573-2622.PMID1473461.S2CID19966858.
  59. ^Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly (1996).Western Travellers to Constantinople: The West and Byzantium, 962-1204: Cultural and Political Relations.Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 356.ISBN9789004106376.
  60. ^Brand, Charles M. (1991).The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,pp. 50–51. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-504652-8.
  61. ^Hampe, Karl (1973).Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors,p. 226. Trans: Bennett, Ralph. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-14180-4.
  62. ^Warren, W. L. (1961).King John.University of California Press. p. 60.
  63. ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 131.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
  64. ^David, Charles Wendell(1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189".Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.81(5): 591–676 (at 660).JSTOR985010.
  65. ^"Henry VI died in Messina, poisoned, so it was believed, by his own entourage because of his Italian policy." P. 41 in Kenneth Varty (editor), Reynard the Fox: Social Engagement and Cultural Metamorphoses in the Beast Epic from the Middle Ages to the Present (Berghahn Books, 2000).ISBN1-57181-737-9.
  66. ^Steven Runciman(1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 92–93.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  67. ^Engel, Pál (2001).The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526.I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 86–87.ISBN1-86064-061-3.
  68. ^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux.Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents.Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ^Sulev Vahtre(2007). Eesti ajalugu: kronoloogia, 2007. Printed by "Olion". Pg 21.
  70. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,p. 78.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  71. ^Biran, Michal (2012).Genghis Khan,p. 35. London: Oneworld Publications.ISBN978-1-78074-204-5.
  72. ^King Johnby Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 47
  73. ^King Johnby Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 62
  74. ^King Johnby Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 124
  75. ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 79–82.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
  76. ^Gill, John (2009).Andalucía: A Cultural History,pp. 108–110. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-537610-4.
  77. ^abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 73–75.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
  78. ^Rees, Simon (2006). "King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus". Military History (published September 2006).
  79. ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.129–131.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
  80. ^King Johnby Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 63
  81. ^Warren, Lewis (1961).King John.University of California Press. p. 48.
  82. ^Zsoldos, Attila (2022).Az Aranybulla királya[The King of the Golden Bull](in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. p. 32.ISBN978-963-8406-26-2.
  83. ^Voell, Stéphane; Kaliszewska, Iwona (March 9, 2016).State and Legal Practice in the Caucasus: Anthropological Perspectives on Law and Politics.Routledge. p. 25.ISBN978-1-317-05050-6.
  84. ^Chiang, Howard (2015).Historical Epistemology and the Making of Modern Chinese Medicine.Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 51.ISBN9780719096006.
  85. ^Bellomo, Elena (2008).The Templar Order in North-west Italy: (1142 - C. 1330).Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 144.ISBN9789004163645.
  86. ^Commire, Anne (2001).Women in World History.Waterford, CT: Gale. p. 401.ISBN9780787640699.
  87. ^Podskalsky, Gerhard (2000)."Two Archbishops of Achrida (Ochrid) and their significance for Macedonia's secular and church history: Theophylaktos and Demetrios Chomatenos".In Burke, John; Scott, Roger (eds.).Byzantine Macedonia: Identity, Image and History: Papers from the Melbourne Conference July 1995.Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 147.ISBN9789004344730.
  88. ^Asif, Manan Ahmed (2016).A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 210.ISBN9780674660113.
  89. ^Hanif, N. (2000).Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia.New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 169.ISBN9788176250870.
  90. ^"Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved29 September2020.
  91. ^MacEvitt, Christopher (2011). "Martyrdom and the Muslim World Through Franciscan Eyes".The Catholic Historical Review.97(1): 1–23.ISSN0008-8080.JSTOR23052738.
  92. ^Craughwell, Thomas J. (2007).This Saint's for You!: 300 Heavenly Allies for Architects, Athletes, Brides, Bachelors, Babies, Librarians, Murderers, Whales, Widows, and You.Philadelphia, PA: Quirk Books. p. 148.ISBN9781594741845.
  93. ^Lewis, James B. (2011-04-01). "Robert I. Hellyer. Defining Engagement: Japan and Global Contexts, 1640–1868. (Harvard East Asian Monographs, number 326.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center. 2009. Pp. xvi, 281. $39.95.Reviews of BooksAsia".The American Historical Review.116(2): 429–430.doi:10.1086/ahr.116.2.429a.ISSN0002-8762.
  94. ^McHardy, A.K. (1988-05-01). "K.J. Stringer (ed.), Essays on the nobility of medieval Scotland".Northern Scotland.8 (First Series) (1): 75–76.doi:10.3366/nor.1988.0010.ISSN0306-5278.
  95. ^Ryerons, Richard Alan; Reveals, Jonna M.; Walker, Celeste; Lint, Gregg G.; Costello, Humphrey J., eds. (1993).Adams Family Correspondence.Vol. 5: October 1782 - November 1784. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 336.ISBN9780674020061.
  96. ^Perkins, George W. (1998).The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333).Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 31.ISBN9780804763882.
  97. ^Varley, Paul (2008)."The Way of the Warrior".In Bary, William Theodore De (ed.).Sources of East Asian Tradition: Premodern Asia.New York: Columbia University Press. p. 759.ISBN9780231143059.
  98. ^Loud, Graham A. (2010).The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts.Crusade Texts in Translation. Vol. 19. New York, London: Routledge.ISBN9781317036845.
  99. ^Loud, Graham A. (2017)."A Political and Social Revolution: the Development of the Territorial Principalities in Germany".In Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (eds.).The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians.New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 16.ISBN9781317022008.
  100. ^Graham, William (1862).Genealogical and Historical Diagrams, Illustrative of the History of Scotland, England, France, and Germany. From the Ninth Century to the Present Time.Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd. p. 17.
  101. ^Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1999) [1987].Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980-1198.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 256.ISBN9780801475269.
  102. ^Butler, Alban (1798).The Lives Of The Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, And Other Principal Saints: Compiled From Original Monuments And Other Authentic Records.Vol. II (Third ed.). London and Newcastle: J. Moir. p. 43.
  103. ^Bryer, Anthony (1980).The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos.London: Variorum Reprints. p. 181.ISBN9780860780625.
  104. ^Stavrides, Théoharis (2001).The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453-1474).Leiden, Boston, Köln: BRILL. p. 48.ISBN9789004121065.
  105. ^Willey, Peter (2005).The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria.London and New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 49.ISBN9781850434641.
  106. ^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, E.; W. P., Heinrichs; Pellat, Ch. (1989).The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112: Masrah Mawlid.Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 790.ISBN9789004092396.
  107. ^Turner, Ralph V. (Spring 1997). "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections*".Albion.29(1): 1–13.doi:10.2307/4051592.ISSN0095-1390.JSTOR4051592.
  108. ^Stubbs, William (2012).Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I(in Latin). Vol. 2: Epistolae Cantuarienses, the Letters of the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, from AD 1187 to AD 1199. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 148.ISBN9781108048064.
  109. ^King, Richard John (1869).Handbook to the Cathedrals of England: Northern Division.Vol. Part II: Durham, Chester, Manchester. London: John Murray. p. 344.
  110. ^Munz, Peter (1965-10-01). "Frederick Barbarossa and Henry the Lion in 1176".Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand.12(45): 1–21.doi:10.1080/10314616508595307.ISSN0728-6023.From the fact that the author says 'habebat' it has been inferred that this addition was made after 1195, ie after the death of Henry the Lion
  111. ^Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012).Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250.Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 139.ISBN9780801467844.
  112. ^Swarzenski, Georg (1949). "Romanesque Aquamanile of the Guennol Collection".Brooklyn Museum Bulletin.10(4): 1–10.ISSN2578-7640.JSTOR26457966.this is certainly the later piece, probably made or finished after the death of Henry the Lion (1195)
  113. ^Barroca, Mário Jorge (2001)."Os castelos dos templários em Portugal e a organização da defesa do reino no séc. XII".Acta Historica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia(22): 213–227–227.ISSN2339-9996.
  114. ^Mendes, Paulo Alexandre Cabaço (2018-12-17)."De Redinha a Pombal (1508): a Terra e os Homens. Estudo de Antroponímia e de Toponímia".Repositório Institucional da Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa: Departamento de História, Artes e Humanidades Mestrado Em História, Arqueologia e Património:13.Gualdim Pais (c. 1118/20-1195)
  115. ^Napran, Laura (2008). France, John (ed.).Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. Proceedings of a Conference Held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005.Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 287.ISBN9789047432616.
  116. ^Wolff, Robert Lee (1952-07-01). "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and Resurrection, 1172-1225".Speculum.27(3): 281–322.doi:10.2307/2853088.ISSN0038-7134.JSTOR2853088.S2CID163762031.Baldwin retained only the titles Marquis of Namur and Count of Hainaut. When he died in December 1195, the young Baldwin inherited Hainaut
  117. ^Draelants, Isabelle; Balouzat-Loubet, Christelle (January 2015).La formule au Moyen Âge, II / Formulas in Medieval Culture, II: Actes du colloque international de Nancy et Metz, 7-9 juin 2012 / Proceedings of the International Conference, Nancy and Metz, 7th-9th June 2012.Atelier de recherche sur les textes médiévaux. Vol. 23. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. p. 17.doi:10.1484/m.artem-eb.5.108413.ISBN9782503554327.The period covers the successive reigns of Count Baldwin V/ VIII (1191-1194/1195), double-numbered in this way because he was the fifth count of Hainaut and the ninth count of Flanders to bear the name Baldwin
  118. ^Dinzelbacher, Peter (2005). "Kirchenreform und Frauenleben im Hohen Mittelalter".Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung.113(JG): 20–40.doi:10.7767/miog.2005.113.jg.20.ISSN2307-2903.S2CID163481019.Ascelina von Boulancourt (t 1195)
  119. ^Pinard, T. (1847). "Notre-Dame de Boulancourt (Haute-Marne)".Revue Archéologique.4(2): 474–477.ISSN0035-0737.JSTOR41745542.la contrée appelée le Champ-Vieillard un monastère de fem mes, à la tète duquel il plaçait la vierge Asceline, sa cousine; elle mourut, suivant les uns, l'an 1165; suivant les autres, en 1195
  120. ^Kleinhenz, Christopher (2 August 2004).Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia.Routledge. p. 492.ISBN978-1-135-94880-1.
  121. ^A. P. Vlasto (2 October 1970).The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs.CUP Archive. p. 219.ISBN978-0-521-07459-9.
  122. ^S. D. Church (2003).King John: New Interpretations.Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 18.ISBN978-0-85115-947-8.
  123. ^Mrs. Markham; Eliza Robbins (1854).A History of England from the first Invasion by the Romans to the 14th year of the Reign of Queen Victoria.pp. 101–.
  124. ^Edmund Lodge (1907).The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire for 1907.Kelly's Directories. p. 93.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to1190s.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1190s&oldid=1249259206"