1240
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1240 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1240 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1240 MCCXL |
| Ab urbe condita | 1993 |
| Armenian calendar | 689 ԹՎ ՈՁԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5990 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1161–1162 |
| Bengali calendar | 647 |
| Berber calendar | 2190 |
| English Regnal year | 24Hen. 3– 25Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1784 |
| Burmese calendar | 602 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6748–6749 |
| Chinese calendar | Kỷ hợiNiên (EarthPig) 3937 or 3730 — to — Canh tử niên (MetalRat) 3938 or 3731 |
| Coptic calendar | 956–957 |
| Discordian calendar | 2406 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1232–1233 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5000–5001 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1296–1297 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1161–1162 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4340–4341 |
| Holocene calendar | 11240 |
| Igbo calendar | 240–241 |
| Iranian calendar | 618–619 |
| Islamic calendar | 637–638 |
| Japanese calendar | En'ō2 /Ninji1 ( nhân trị nguyên niên ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1149–1150 |
| Julian calendar | 1240 MCCXL |
| Korean calendar | 3573 |
| Minguo calendar | 672 beforeROC Dân tiền 672 niên |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −228 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1782–1783 |
| Tibetan calendar | Âm thổ trư niên (female Earth-Pig) 1366 or 985 or 213 — to — Dương kim thử niên (male Iron-Rat) 1367 or 986 or 214 |
Year1240(MCCXL) was aleap year starting on Sunday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- May 24– DukeSkule Bårdsson,claimant to the Norwegian throne, is defeated by KingHaakon IV(the Old) and his supporters. He seeks refuge inElgeseter PrioryinTrondheim,and Haakon burns down the monastery, in which Skule is burned alive. Haakon becomes the undisputed ruler; this ends thecivil war era in Norway,after 110 years.
- July 15–Battle of the Neva:A Swedish army under BishopThomassails up theGulf of Finlandin their longboats. They proceed into theNeva Riverwith the aim of seizing control overLake Ladogaand from there, striking at the city ofNovgorod.PrinceAlexanderrallies hisdruzhinacomparable to the 'household' of western European countries, and decisively routs the Swedish forces, saving theNovgorod Republicfrom a full-scale enemy invasion from the North. As a result, Alexander wins his first military victory at the age of 19 and receives the title ofNevsky.[1]
- August–Siege of Faenza:Frederick II lays siege to the town ofFaenzaduring the war of theGuelphs and Ghibellines.Meanwhile, Frederick makes an alliance withPisato support his campaign against thePapal States.
- Winter – Alexander Nevsky quarrels with the Kievan nobles (boyars) and merchants of Novgorod, probably about peaceful trade with the westerners. He is banished, along with his mother, wife, and hisdruzhinato take up residence in the region aroundMoscow,a minor town on the western border of thePrincipality of Vladimir-Suzdal.[2]
- Reconquista:KingSancho II(the Pious) conquers the city ofAyamontefrom theAlmoravids,securing the Portuguese position inAl-Andalus.[3]
Africa
[edit]- Summer –As-Salih Ayyubbecomes ruler ofEgypt,after deposing his half-brotherAl-Adil II.Meanwhile, other members of theAyyubid Dynastyare conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle,As-Salih Ismail.During his reign, As-Salih begins buying large numbers ofKipchakslaves, to form an elite core in the Egyptian army, known asMamluks.[4]
Levant
[edit]- October 10–Richard of Cornwall,brother of KingHenry III,arrives atAcrefor a pilgrimage toJerusalem.His pilgrimage has the approval of EmperorFrederick II,who is married to his younger sister,Isabella of England,and gives him the task to make arrangements with the Military Orders. On his arrival, Richard travels toAscalon,where he is met by ambassadors from As-Salih Ayyub. As a negotiator, he is successful in the release of prisoners captured atGaza(see1239), and he also assists with the building of the citadel in Ascalon.[5]
Mongol Empire
[edit]- Winter – The Mongols underBatu Khancross the frozenDnieper Riverandlay siege to the city of Kiev.OnDecember 6,the walls are rendered rubble by Chinese catapults and the Mongols pour into the city. Brutal hand-to-hand street fighting occurs, the Kievans are eventually forced to fall back to the central parts of the city. Many people take refuge in theChurch of the Blessed Virgin.As scores of terrified Kievans climb onto the Church's upper balcony to shield themselves from Mongol arrows, their collective weight strain its infrastructure, causing the roof to collapse and crush countless citizens under its weight. Of a total population of 50,000, all but 2,000 are massacred.[6]
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- June 12– TheDisputation of Parisbegins at the court of KingLouis IX(the Saint), where fourrabbisdefend theTalmudagainstNicholas Donin's accusations ofblasphemy.
- PopeGregory IXauthorizes aCrusadeagainst Novgorod, hoping that theKievan Rus'will be too preoccupied dealing with the raiding Mongols to the east to defend.
Births
[edit]- May 2–Du Zong(orZhao Qi), Chinese emperor (d.1274)
- September 29–Margaret,queen ofScotland(d.1275)
- Abraham Abulafia,Moorish Jewish philosopher (d.1292)
- Afonso Mendes de Melo,Portuguesenobleman(d.1280)
- Agostino Novello,Italian priest and prior general (d.1309)
- Albert II(the Degenerate), German nobleman (d.1314)
- Andrea dei Conti,Italian nobleman and priest (d.1302)
- Arnaldus de Villa Nova,Spanish physician (d.1311)
- Balian of Ibelin,Cypriot nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
- Beka I Jaqeli,Georgian prince (mtavari) (d.1306)
- Benedict XI,pope of theCatholic Church(d.1304)
- Conrad I,German nobleman andregent(d. 1304)
- Conrad of Lichtenberg,German bishop (d.1299)
- Daumantas of Pskov,Lithuanian prince (d. 1299)
- Frederick III,German nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
- Giovanni Pelingotto,Italian hermit and monk (d. 1304)
- Henry VI,count ofLuxembourgandArlon(d.1288)
- Jean d'Eppe,French nobleman and knight (d.1293)
- Magnus III(Birgersson), king ofSweden(d.1290)
- Peter III,king ofAragonandValencia(d.1285)
- Siger of Brabant,French philosopher (d.1284)
- Simon VI,English nobleman and knight (d.1271)
- Simone Ballachi,Italian monk and friar (d.1319)
Deaths
[edit]- January 23–Albert of Pisa,ItalianFranciscanfriar
- February 24–Egidia de Lacy,Norman noblewoman
- March 6–Sylvester of Assisi,Italian priest (b.1175)
- April 11–Llywelyn the Great,king ofGwynedd
- May 24–Skule Bårdsson,Norwegian nobleman
- May 27–William de Warenne,English nobleman
- July 22–John de Lacy,English nobleman (b.1192)
- July 24–Conrad of Thuringia,GermanGrand Master
- August 14–Ludmilla of Bohemia,duchess ofBavaria
- August 31–Raymond Nonnatus,Spanish cardinal
- October 13–Malik Altunia,Indian governor and ruler
- November 16
- Edmund of Abingdon,English archbishop (b.1174)
- Ibn Arabi,Andalusian philosopher and poet (b.1165)
- December 6–Constance,queen ofBohemia(b.1180)
- Alan of Beccles,English clergyman and secretary (b.1195)
- Alexander of Villedieu,French teacher and poet (b. 1175)
- Anastasia of Greater Poland,Polish noblewoman (b.1164)
- Branca of Portugal,Portuguese princess (infanta) (b.1198)
- Caesarius of Heisterbach,German hagiographer (b. 1180)
- Conrad of Lichtenau,German nobleman and chronicler
- Fujiwara no Hideyoshi,Japanesewakapoet (b.1184)
- Germanus II(Nauplius), patriarch ofConstantinople
- Guilhabert de Castres,French bishop and theologian
- Hartmann I,German nobleman and knight (b.1160)
- Hōjō Tokifusa,Japanese nobleman and regent (b. 1175)
- John FitzRobert,English nobleman and knight (b.1190)
- Tbeli Abuserisdze,Georgian scholar and writer (b. 1190)
- Thomas Moulton,English nobleman and knight
References
[edit]- ^David Nicolle(2005). Osprey:Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice,pp. 51–53.ISBN1-85532-553-5.
- ^David Nicolle (2005). Osprey:Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice,p. 53.ISBN1-85532-553-5.
- ^Picard, Christophe (2000).Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique.Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
- ^Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977).From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260,p. 268. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.ISBN0-87395-263-4.
- ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 182–183.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^Perfecky, George (1973).The Hypatian Codex,pp. 43–49. Munich, Germany: Wilhelm Fink Publishing House.