1256
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1256 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1256 in poetry |
Year1256(MCCLVI) was aleap year starting on Saturday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events[edit]
By place[edit]
Mongol Empire[edit]
- Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), underHulagu Khan,cross theOxus River,and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwesternAsia– with the first objectives being theNizari Ismaili strongholdsandBaghdad,the capital of theAbbasid Caliphate.The roads acrossTurkestanandPersiaare repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines fromChina.[1]
- October– Mongol forces led byBaiju Noyan(operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory overKaykaus II,Seljuk ruler of theSultanate of Rum,and captureAnatolia.Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge atConstantinople.TheEmpire of Trebizondfearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay atributetax every year in gold and silk.[2]
- November 8–23–Siege of Maymun-Diz:Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle ofMaymun-Diz.Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days bymangonelsfrom a nearby hilltop. OnNovember 19,Nizari Isma'ili imamRukn al-Din Khurshahsurrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights alast stand,until they are killed after three days.[3]
- December 15– Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantleAlamut Castle(near theMasoudabadregion) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds theIlkhanatedynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of theMongol Empire.The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished, some of them migrate toAfghanistan,BadakhshanandSindh(modernPakistan).
Europe[edit]
- War of the Euboeote Succession:Achaean forces underWilliam II of Villehardouinattempt to gain control of the island ofEuboea,which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs" ) with the aid of theRepublic of Venice.William launches devastating raids in Euboea.Guy I de la Roche,the "Great Lord" ofAthens and Thebes,enters the war against William, along with other barons ofCentral Greece.[4]
- 30 July– The VenetianMarsilio ZorzirecapturesCurzolainDalmatia,and re-establishes himself as Count of Curzola and Mèleda.[5]
British Isles[edit]
- PrinceLlywelyn ap Gruffuddinvades the northern coastal areas that have agreed to English rule (see1254).Edward(the Lord Edward), who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, KingHenry III,asks him for support but Henry refuses.
- The ancient IrishKingdom of Breifnesplits intoEast BreifneandWest Breifne,after a war between theO'Reillysand theO'Rourkes.
Levant[edit]
- Venetian–Genoese War:A dispute betweenVeniceandGenoaarises about concerning land inAcreowned byMar Sababut claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported byPisaand theKnights Templar,while the Genoese are joined by theKnights Hospitaller.[6]
Asia[edit]
- October – The JapaneseKenchōera ends and theKōgenera begins during the reign of the 13-year-old EmperorGo-Fukakusa.
By topic[edit]
Natural Disaster[edit]
- June 30– A large volcanic eruption inHarrat Rahat(nearMedina) is associated with an Islamic prophecy.[7]
Religion[edit]
- May 4– PopeAlexander IVissues the papal bullLicet ecclesiae catholicae,constituting theOrder of Saint AugustineatLecceto Monastery.
- August 25– InBologna,slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document calledLiber Paradisus(orHeaven Book).
Births[edit]
- January 6–Gertrude the Great,German mystic (d.1302)
- January 24–Alonso Pérez de Guzmán,Spanishnobleman(d.1309)
- February 9–William de Warenne,English nobleman (d.1286)
- March 21–Henry I(Lackland), German nobleman (d.1318)
- October 23–Möngke Temür,Mongol ruler ofShiraz(d.1282)
- Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati,Andalusian grammarian (d.1344)
- Adolph VI,count ofHolstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg(d.1315)
- Ahmad al-Suhrawardi,Persian calligrapher and musician (d.1340)
- Al-Dimashqi,Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d.1327)
- Andrea Dotti,Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)
- Ibn al-Banna,Almohad scholar and mathematician (d.1321)
- Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi,Syrian scholar and philologist (d.1341)
- John Segrave,English nobleman andseneschal(d.1325)
- Padishah Khatun,Mongol female ruler and writer (d.1295)
- Robert of Clermont,French prince and nobleman (d.1317)
- Roger Mortimer,English nobleman and constable (d.1326)
Deaths[edit]
- January 4–Bernhard von Spanheim,German nobleman
- January 18–Maria of Brabant,duchess ofBavaria(b.1226)
- January 28–William II of Holland,king ofGermany(b.1227)
- February 9–Alice de Lusigan,English noblewoman (b.1224)
- February 16–Nicola Paglia,ItalianDominicanpriest (b.1197)
- April 12–Margaret of Bourbon,queen ofNavarre(b.1217)
- April 23–Sabrisho V,patriarch of theChurch of the East
- May 1–Mafalda of Portugal,Spanishabbessand queen
- May 6–Peter Nolasco,French religious leader (b.1189)
- May 12–Matilda of Amboise,French noblewoman (b.1200)
- May 28–Guglielmo Fieschi,Italian deacon and cardinal
- June 13–Tankei,JapaneseBuddhistsculptor (b.1173)
- September 1–Kujō Yoritsune,Japaneseshogun(b.1218)
- September 21–William of Kilkenny,English bishop ofEly
- October 14–Kujō Yoritsugu,Japanese shogun (b.1239)
- November 5–Christina de Valognes,Scottish noblewoman
- Bertram de Criol(orCriel), English constable and diplomat
- Jacob Anatoli,French Jewish translator and writer (b.1194)
- Johannes de Sacrobosco,English scholar and astronomer
- Klement of Ruszcza,Polish nobleman and knight (b.1190)
- Najm al-Din Razi,Persian philosopher and writer (b.1177)
- Pandulf of Anagni,Italian bishop and military commander
- Peter de Ramsay,Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop
- Þórður kakali Sighvatsson,Icelandic chieftain (b.1210)
- Rodrigo González Girón,Spanish nobleman and knight
- Sibt ibn al-Jawzi,Arab preacher and historian (b.1185)
References[edit]
- ^Steven Runciman(1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,pp. 249–250.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East,pp. 118–119. I.B. Tauris.ISBN978-0-85773-346-7.
- ^Willey, Peter (2005).Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria,pp. 75–85. Boomsbury Academic.ISBN978-1-85043-464-1.
- ^Setton, Kenneth M. (1976).The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,p. 78. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.ISBN0-87169-114-0.
- ^Mazzon, Martino (2020)."ZORZI, Marsilio".Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani,Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo(in Italian). Rome:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.ISBN978-8-81200032-6.
- ^Steven Runciman (1952).A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre,p. 236.ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Reviewp. 40