1260s

The1260sis the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

Events

1260

By place

Africa

• October 24–Saif ad-Din Qutuz,Mamluksultan ofEgypt,is assassinated byBaibars,who seizes power for himself.
• The civil servant and bard longing for lostal-Andalus,Ibn al-Abbar,is burnt at the stake by theMarinidruler.
• TheArba'a Rukun Mosqueis completed in Mogadishu. The Arba'a Rukun Mosque (Arabic: أربع روكون), also known as Arba Rucun, is a mosque in the medieval district Shangani, Mogadishu, Somalia.

Asia

• TheToluid Civil Warbegins betweenKublai KhanandAriq Böke,for the title ofGreat Khan.
• May 5–Kublai Khanbecomes a claimant to theMongol Empire,after the death ofMöngke Khan.
• May 21– Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate withSong DynastyChancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of theYangtzeRiver is destroyed, by a Chinese army of theSouthern Song Dynasty.Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song, due to the civil war with his rival brotherAriq Böke.
• September 3–Battle of Ain JalutinGalilee:TheMamluksdefeat theMongols,marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.Isa ibn Muhannais appointedamir al-ʿarabunder the Mamluks.
• TheChinese eraJingdingbegins and ends in theSouthern Song Dynastyof China.
• The JapaneseShōgenera ends, and theBun'ōera begins.

Europe

• July 12–Battle of Kressenbrunn:KingOttokar II of BohemiacapturesStyriafrom KingBéla IV of Hungary.
• July 13–Livonian Crusade:TheBalticSamogitiansandCuroniansof theGrand Duchy of Lithuaniadecisively defeat theLivonian Orderin theBattle of Durbe.This leads theEstoniansofSaaremaaIsland to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.
• September 4–Battle of Montaperti:TheSieneseGhibellines,supported by the forces of KingManfred of Sicily,defeat theFlorentineGuelphs.
• September 20– Second of the two majorPrussian uprisingsby theOld Prussiantribe ofBaltsagainst theTeutonic Orderbegins.
• TheDuchy of Saxonyis divided intoSaxony-LauenbergandSaxony-Wittenberg,marking the end of the first Saxon state.
• War breaks out in theValais(in modern-day Switzerland), as theBishopry of Siondefends against an invasion by theCounty of Savoy.
• Croatiais divided into two sub-regions ruled byban:the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north, by KingBéla IV of Hungary.

By topic

Arts and culture

• October 24– TheCathedral of Chartresis dedicated in the presence of KingLouis IX of France(the cathedral is now aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site).
• Jacobus de Voraginecompiles his work, theGolden Legend,a latemedievalbest-seller.
• ThemosaicChrist between the Virgin and St Miniasis made on the facade ofFlorence'sBasilica di San Miniato al Monte.
• Germanmusical theoristFranco of ColognepublishesArs Cantus Mensurabilis,in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.
• Construction begins on theDunkeld CathedralinPerthshire,Scotland.
• Construction begins on thecathedralsatMeißenandSchwerin.
• Nicola Pisanosculpts thepulpit in the Pisa Baptistery.

Religion

• The newly formedSukhothai KingdomofThailandadoptsTheravadaBuddhism.
• The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted byJoachim of Fiore,according to his interpretation of theBook of Revelation,chapter 6.

1261

By place

Byzantine Empire

• March 13–Treaty of Nymphaeum:EmperorMichael VIII(Palaiologos) signs a trade and defense agreement with theRepublic of Genoa,to counterweight the Venetian presence in the region. Genoa agrees to ally with theEmpire of Nicaea,by providing a fleet of up to 50 galleys during the projected Nicaean siege ofConstantinople,while 16 galleys are to be immediately sent against theLatin Empire.
• July– Michael VIII (Palaiologos) sends his generalAlexios Strategopouloswith a small advance force of 800 soldiers, most of them Cumans, to keep watch on the Bulgarians and scout the defending positions of the Latin forces in the surroundings of Constantinople. When they reach the village ofSelymbria,Strategopoulos is informed by local farmers that the entire Latin garrison and the Venetian fleet, are absent conducting a raid against the Nicaean island ofDaphnousia.He decides not to lose such a golden opportunity and makes plans (without the consent of Michael) to retake the capital.
• July 25–Reconquest of Constantinople:Alexios Strategopoulos and his men hide at a monastery near the city gates, before entering through a secret passage. After a short struggle, the guards who are completely taken by surprise are killed and the Venetian quarter is set ablaze. Panic spreads through the capital and EmperorBaldwin IIrushes out to save his life, evacuating along with many other Latins with the help of the Venetian fleet. Baldwin manages to escape to the still Latin-held parts ofGreece,but Constantinople is lost for good.
• August 15– Michael VIII (Palaiologos) enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned as emperor of theByzantine Empireat theHagia Sophia.To solidify his claim, the legitimate ruler,John IV(Laskaris), is blinded on Michael's orders on his 11th birthday. He banishes him to a monastery and marries his two sisters to lesser Latin and Bulgarian nobles in an attempt to wipe out theLaskaridDynasty.

Mongol Empire

• Kublai Khanreleases 75 Chinese merchants, who were captured along the border of theMongol Empire.By doing this, Kublai hopes to bolster his popularity and depend on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army receives more resources.

Levant

• June 13–Al-Mustansirbecomes the first Abbasid ruler inCairo(after his escape during theSiege of Baghdad). He is sent with an army by SultanBaibars Ito recoverBaghdad,but is killed in a Mongol ambush nearAnbar(modernIraq), onNovember 28.The Abbasid caliphs continue as religious figureheads for the Mamluks inEgyptuntil the16th century.

England

• June 12– KingHenry IIIobtains apapal bullto absolve himself from his oath to maintain theProvisions of Oxford.He hires an army of 300 French knights as a bodyguard and takes up position in theTower of London.He dismisses the baronial officials (led bySimon de Montfort) who wish the royal power to be modified by the principle of representation. This sets the stage for theSecond Barons' War.
• August –Battle of Callann:Norman forces underJohn FitzThomasare defeated by a Gaelic army led by KingFínghin Mac Carthaigh.John FitzGerald is killed during the fighting.

Asia

• February – The JapaneseBun'ōera ends and theKōchōera begins during the reign of the 11-year-old EmperorKameyama(until1264).

By topic

Literature

• The earliest extant Chinese illustration of "Pascal's Triangle"is fromYang Hui's (orQianguang) bookXiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa,published this year.

Religion

• May 25– PopeAlexander IVdies after apontificateof 6-years atViterbo.He is succeeded byUrban IVas the 182nd pope of theCatholic Church.
• August 29– Urban IV offers the crown ofSicilytoCharles of Anjou,youngest son of KingLouis VIII(the Lion), hoping to strengthen his position.
• Wurmsbach Abbey(located inBollingen) is established by CountRudolf V of RapperswilinSwitzerland.

1262

By place

Mongol Empire

• Berke–Hulagu War:Mongol forces underBerke Khan,ruler of theGolden Horde,raid territory in theCaucasusbelonging to his cousinHulagu Khan,ruler of theIlkhanate.Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on theTerek River,together with the Mamluk army led byBaibars(orAbu al-Futuh), savingPalestineandArabiafrom Ilkhanate occupation.

Europe

• March 8–Battle of Hausbergen:ThebourgeoisofStrasbourgdefeat a German army of knights (some 5,000 men) under BishopWalter of Geroldseck.Strasbourg becomes animperial Free Cityof theHoly Roman Empire.
• May – KingAlfonso X(the Wise) ofCastileandLeón,at a meeting inJaén,demands military support fromMuhammad I,ruler ofGranada,and relenquishes the ports ofTarifaandAlgecirasto prepare an invasion ofNorth Africa.
• September 14– Castilian-Leonese forces led by Alfonso X (the Wise) conquerCádiz,the city has been under Moorish rule since711.The Muslims are ousted, and Alfonso repopulates the region (also called theRepoblación).
• TheIcelandic Commonwealthenters into theOld Covenant(also calledGissurarsáttmáli), establishing a union withNorway,and acknowledges KingHaakon IV(the Old) as its ruler.
• KingMindaugasrenouncesChristianity,returning to hispaganroots, and reverting to Grand Duke ofLithuania.

Levant

• Al-Hakim I,a member of theAbbasid Dynasty,travels toEgyptand is proclaimed as caliph ofCairoin succession to his former rivalAl-Mustansir II.After his arrival, he is imprisoned at theCitadel of Cairoby orders of SultanBaibarsand released in1296by SultanLajin.

Asia

• KingMangraiof theLan Na Kingdom(modernNorthern Thailand) founds the city ofChiang Rai,as the kingdom's capital.

By topic

Arts and Culture

• Adam de la Halle,Frenchtrouvèreand musician, writes the firstoperetta,"Le Jeu de la Feuillee".

Markets

• TheVenetianSenate starts consolidating all of the city's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as theMonte Vecchio.The holders of the newly createdprestitiare promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold, and quickly (before1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets, inMedieval Europe.

Religion

• Richard of Chichesteriscanonizedas a saint; he is best known for authoring the prayer later adapted into the songDay by Day,in the musicalGodspell.

Science and Technology

• Alfonso X (the Wise) commissionsYehuda ben MosheandIsaac ibn Sidto compile theAlfonsine Tables,describing the movement of the planets.

1263

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Summer – EmperorMichael VIII(Palaiologos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 3,500 men) led by his half-brother,Constantine Palaiologos,to thePeloponnesein southernGreece.The army is transported toMonemvasiaon Genoese ships, while a small Byzantine fleet is sent to harass the Latin island holdings inEuboeaand theCyclades.After arriving at Monemvasia, Constantine lays siege toLacedaemon(orSparta), while the Byzantine fleet seizes the southern coast ofLaconia.
• Battle of Prinitza:Constantine Palaiologos marches the Byzantine army up the riversEurotasandAlfeiostowards the Achaean capital,Andravida.At a narrow pass at Prinitza (nearAncient Olympia) inElis,the Byzantines are attacked by Achaean forces (some 300 horsemen) underJohn of Katavas,who inflict a resounding defeat upon them; many Byzantine soldiers are killed. Constantine himself barely escapes with his life, and flees with the remainder of his army to the safety ofMystras.
• Battle of Settepozzi:A Byzantine-Genoese fleet (some 50 galleys) is routed by the Venetians nearSpetsesin theArgolic Gulf,who capture four ships and inflict considerable casualties. Later, the Genoese that survive the battle managed to captureChaniaonCrete.They receive orders to avoid direct confrontations with the Venetian fleet, but instead are engaged in raiding against the Venetian merchant convoys in theEuripus Strait.

Europe

• July –Scottish–Norwegian War:KingHaakon IV(the Old) assembles a fleet (some 120 warships), and sets sail to defend theHebrides,in an attempt to reassert Norwegian sovereignty over theWestern IslesofScotland.Haakon stops at theIsle of Arran– where in August negotiations are started with the 21-year-old KingAlexander III.The talks are prolonged by the Scots until the autumn storms begin.
• October 2–Battle of Largs:Scottish forces underAlexander Stewartrout a Viking invasion force led by Haakon IV atLargsinNorth Ayrshire.The battle is inconclusive, on the morning ofOctober 3,the Norwegians return to collect their dead and burn their beached ships. By the end of October, the Viking fleet reachesOrkney,where Haakon becomes ill and dies at theBishop's Palace,onDecember 16.
• December –Magnus VI(the Law-mender) succeeds his father Haakon IV (the Old) as king ofNorway.The chieftains of the eastern part ofIcelandbecome the last to pledge fealty to Magnus – bringing a more complete end to theIcelandic Commonwealthand theAge of the Sturlungs.
• Mindaugas(Mendog), the only Christian king ofLithuania,is assassinated by his cousinTreniota.The country reverts topaganismand loses its status as a kingdom. Treniota usurps the throne (until1264).
• KingJames I(the Conqueror) capturesCrevillentfrom theMoorsand becomes a part of theKingdom of Valenciaduring theReconquista.
• Winter – KingAlfonso X(the Wise) conquersNieblafrom the Moors – terminating any Muslim presence in the western region ofSpain.

England

• Baronial forces led byRobert de FerrersandHenry de Montfortlay siege toWorcester.The attackers finally enter the city and are allowed to sack the city, The Jewish community is also targeted by the attackers. Most of them are killed. The Worcester massacre is part of a wider campaign by allies ofSimon de Montfortat the start of theSecond Barons' War.

Levant

• April 4– Egyptian forces led by SultanBaibars(orAbu al-Futuh) attackAcre,there is severe fighting outside the walls, in which the seneschal,Geoffrey of Sergines,is badly wounded. Baibars is not yet ready to besiege the city and begins a major campaign to eliminate the Crusader kingdom ofJerusalem,the county ofTripoliand the principality ofAntioch.

By topic

Arts and Culture

• TheSavoy Palaceis constructed inLondonbyPeter II, Count of Savoy.

Education

• Balliol College, Oxfordis founded by the English noblemanJohn I de Balliol(approximate date).

Markets

• Edward(the Lord Edward), son and heir of KingHenry III,seizes £10,000, which had been deposited to the trust of theKnights Templarin London, by foreign merchants and English magnates.
• TheBonsignorifirm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue, from the papal estates toRome.

Religion

• July 20–24–Nahmanides,Spanish chiefrabbi,defends theTalmudin an importantdebate(also called theDisputation of Barcelona) againstPablo Christiani,before James I (the Conqueror).
• The doctrines ofJoachim of Fiore,Frenchhermitand theologian, are condemned asheresyby theCatholic Churchat a synod inArles(approximate date).

1264

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring –Battle of Makryplagi:Constantine Palaiologos,half-brother of EmperorMichael III(Palaiologos), resumes operations against thePrincipality of Achaea.He advances up in northernElis,and sets up his camp at a location called "St. Nicholas of Mesiskli". PrinceWilliam II of Villehardouinwith his own troops march to meet him and arrays his men ready for battle. The Byzantine vanguard underMichael Kantakouzenos,ride forth from the Byzantine lines, but the force is ambushed and Michael is killed by the Achaeans. Constantine retreats and goes on to lay siege to the fortress ofNikli.There, Turkish mercenaries (some 1,000 horsemen), confront him and demand that he pay them their arrears of 6 months. Constantine refuses, whereupon the Turkish troops desert to William. He decides to raise the siege and departs forConstantinople.He leavesAlexios Phileswith a force and marches towardsMessenia,where he occupies the passes, situated nearGardiki Castle.William, reinforced by the Turkish contingent, marches to Messenia to attack the Byzantines, despite their holding strong positions on the high ground. The first two attacks are beaten off, but during the third attack, the Byzantines flee in panic. Alexios, along with many Greek nobles, are captured.

Europe

• January 23– KingLouis IX(the Saint) issues theMise of Amiens,a settlement between KingHenry IIIand his rebellious barons underSimon de Montfort,heavily favouring the former – which leads to theSecond Barons' War.AtAmiens,Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.
• August –Mudéjar Revolt:Muslim rebel forces, aided by allies fromAlgecirasandTarifa,take the town ofJerez de la Fronteraafter defeating the outnumbered Castilian garrison led byNuño González de Lara(the Good).The rebels are supported byMuhammad I,ruler of theEmirate of Granada,while KingAlfonso X(the Wise) is allied withAragon.The rebels manage to captureMurcia,as well as several smaller towns.
• August 14–Battle of Saseno:The Genoese fleet (16 galleys) manages to trick and capture an entire Venetian trade convoy nearSaseno Islandoff the coast ofAlbania.The captured merchandise and ships are valued at more than 100,000Genoese pounds,an enormous sum for the period, of which 30,000 goes into the Genoese treasury through the sale of the plunder.
• October 9– Castilian forces under Alfonso X (the Wise) counter-attack and recapture Jerez de la Frontera, after a siege. The rebel-held towns ofVejer de la Frontera,Rota,andSanlúcar de Barramedaalso fall to Alfonso. Muslims in the retaken towns are expelled and the mosques in Jerez are converted to churches. The region is settled by Christians from elsewhere.
• December 10–Hungarian Civil War:A dynastic conflict erupts between KingBéla IVand his son, DukeStephen.Hungarian forces underLadislaus II Káninvades Stephen's realm and push forward unhindered penetrating the valley of theMureș Riverin the southern part ofTransylvania.Stephen's army halts Ladislaus' advance at theFortress of Deva(modernRomania).
• Winter – TheWar of the Thuringian Successionends after 17 years with the state ofHessegaining its independence fromThuringiaand becoming theLandgraviate of Hesse,a principality of theHoly Roman Empire.
• High DukeBolesław V(the Chaste) promulgates legal protection for Jewish communities inLesser Poland,including protection from kidnapping and forciblebaptismof Jewish children (approximate date).

British Isles

• April 5–Battle of Northampton:English forces underRoger Mortimer,advance over the water meadows south ofNorthamptonto attack its main gate with engines. Meanwhile, another party rides clockwise along the built-up area's western perimeter, looking for an easier entrance. While the townsmen entrust to hold up the initial attack, the outflanking detachment founds a breach in the garden wall ofSt. Andrew's Priory,at the north of the town.Simon de Montfort(the Younger), son of Simon de Montfort, reacts to the break-in – riding upon his horse with his squire, and some followers to contest the breach. But Simon is captured and throws the defenders into disarray. Simon de Montfort mounts a rearguard to relieve his son, but onApril 6the castle falls.
• April 17–19– English rebels under Simon de Montfort besetRochesterfrom two directions in a pincer movement from north and south. The garrison sortie burns the suburbs to deprive the rebels of cover. Initial assaults on the bridge the next morning are repulsed byRoger de Leybourne.In the evening, however, supported by archers shooting across the river, Simon launches an amphibious assault, wind and current carrying hisfireshipacross to set fire to the bridge defenses. The rebels capture the castle's outer bailey and the garrison retires inside the keep onApril 19.Meanwhile, rebels underGilbert de Clare(the Red Earl) occupy the cathedral. The siege then boggs down, Simon receives reports of a relief force and orders to withdraw onApril 26.
• April – Gilbert de Clare (the Red Earl) leads a massacre of the Jews atCanterbury,during the outbreak of theSecond Barons' War.In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers,John FitzJohn,leads a massacre against the Jews inLondon.The Jewish communities of Northampton,Winchester,Cambridge,andLincolnare looted. Thearchæ(official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters atEly.
• May 14–Battle of Lewes:English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and PrinceEdward(the Lord Edward), atLewes.Henry leaves the safety ofLewes CastleandSt. Pancras Priory,to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king ofEngland"for 15 months.
• May – Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge onLondon Bridgehas been raised by theLord Mayor.Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates theProvisions of Oxford.With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.
• June – Simon de Montfort summonsParliamentin London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. InFrance,QueenEleanor of Provence,wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX (the Saint).
• June – Edward (the Lord Edward) is held captive atWallingford Castle,but after an escape attempt he is moved toKenilworth Castle.
• June 18– TheParliament of Irelandmeets atCastledermotinCounty Kildare,the first definitely known meeting of thisIrishlegislature.
• December 24– The titleBaron de Ros,the oldest held peerage title, is created bywrit of summonsduring the reign of Henry III.

Mongol Empire

• TheToluid Civil Warends:Kublai Khandefeats his brother andpretenderto the title of "Great Khan",Ariq Böke,who surrenders to Kublai onAugust 24.He is imprisoned and with the Chinese support behind him, Kublai is acknowledged by the rulers of the western khanates and as sole ruler of theMongol Empire.He moves his capital fromShangduinInner Mongolia,to the Chinese city ofDadu(modern-dayBeijing).

Asia

• February – The Japanese eraKōchōends and theBun'eiera begins during the reign of the 14-year-old EmperorKameyama(until1275).

By topic

Education

• September 14–Walter de Mertonformally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (laterMerton College, Oxford), to provide education inMaldenand theUniversity of Oxford.

Religion

• August 11– By the papal bullTransiturus,PopeUrban IVdeclares theFeast of Corpus Christi(festum corporis) to be celebrated by the entireCatholic Church.
• October 2– Urban IV dies after apontificateof 3-years and is succeeded byClement IV.Hispapal electionoccurs atPerugia,which will last for four months.
• Thomas Aquinascompletes his theological workSumma contra Gentiles(approximate date).

1265

By topic

War and politics

• January 20– InWestminster,the first elected Englishparliament(calledMontfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in thePalace of Westminster,later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.
• March– End of theHungarian Civil War (1264–1265)–Battle of Isaszeg:Younger KingStephendecisively defeatshis father'sarmy.
• May 28– Future KingEdward I of Englandescapes the captivity ofSimon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.
• June 18– A draftByzantine–Venetian treatyis concluded between Venetian envoys and EmperorMichael VIII Palaiologos,but is not ratified by DogeReniero Zeno
• August 4–Second Barons' War:TheBattle of Eveshamis fought inWorcestershire,with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death ofchivalryin England.
• TheIsle of Mancomes under Scottish rule.
• Mongolarmies, led byNogai Khan,raidThrace.
• In the first major battle in five years (since theSong DynastyChinese pushed the forces ofKublai Khanback across theYangzi River,afterMöngke Khan's failed invasion in1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese inSichuanprovince. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.

Culture

• TheBook of Aneirin,a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.
• ThebrewingofBudweiser Budvarbeerbegins inBohemia;Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
• Correspondence fromPope Clement IVcontains the first known mention of thering of the Fisherman,an item of papalregaliathen used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later forpapal bulls.
• February 5–Pope Clement IVsucceedsPope Urban IV,as the 183rd pope.

By place

Africa and Asia

• TheMamluk SultanateBahri dynastyofEgyptcaptures several cities and towns fromCrusader statesin the Middle East, including the cities ofHaifa,Arsuf,andCaesarea Maritima;these events eventually precipitate theEighth Crusadein1267.
• Kublai Khansends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.
• Fire destroys parts ofOld Cairo.
• India,Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.

1266

By place

Europe

• January 2–Siege of Murcia:KingJames I of Aragon(the Conqueror) marches with his army fromOrihuelaand lays siege atMurciaon theSegura River.Skirmishes break out between the defenders and the Aragonese forces. The Muslim garrison, realizing that they are outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, asks for terms. James offers to ask KingAlfonso X of Castile(the Wise) to restore the Murcians' legal rights (see1244) from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agree to this offer but request Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refuses to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrenders. Finally, the Moors yield Murcia to James onJanuary 31.Seeing his standard on the walls, James enters the city onFebruary 3,accepting its surrender.
• February 26–Battle of Benevento:Guelph forces (some 12,000 men), led byCharles of Anjou,brother of KingLouis IX(the Saint), defeat a combined German and Sicilian army under KingManfred of Sicily,during a long-running power struggle inItaly.Manfred takes up a strong position nearBenevento.As the French infantry advances, he unleashes his Saracen archers and light cavalry, which scatters the French. But the Saracens leave themselves exposed to the French heavy cavalry, and are overwhelmed. Manfred orders his heavy cavalry (some 1,200 German mercenary knights) into the attack, but they are defeated by the Guelph forces, and take heavy losses. Manfred is killed, and PopeClement IVinvests Charles as ruler ofSicilyandNaples.Meanwhile,Michael II,despot ofEpirus,invadesAlbania,and recovers the lands that Manfred has taken from him.
• June– TheMudéjar Revoltends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X (the Wise). They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of thealjama,or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in theKingdom of Murciais formally ended.
• June 23–Battle of Trapani:The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by AdmiralJacopo Dondulomoves toMarsalaand attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored atTrapani,capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return toVenicein July. He is elected asCaptain General of the Sea,Venice's highest naval command position.
• July 2–Treaty of Perth:KingAlexander IIIagrees to a peace settlement with KingMagnus VI(the Law-mender) in which theOuter HebridesandIsle of Manare ceded toScotlandin exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands ofShetlandandOrkney.

England

• May 15–Battle of Chesterfield:English forces led byHenry of Almain,son ofRichard of Cornwall,defeat the rebels underRobert de FerrersatChesterfield.Robert is taken as a prisoner toLondon,and at theParliament of Englanddisinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land andLiverpool CastletoEdmund,second son of KingHenry III.
• October – TheSecond Barons' Warwinds down, as supporters of the rebel leaderSimon de Montfortmake an offer of peace to Henry III, in theDictum of Kenilworth;after slight modifications to the peace settlement.
• December 13–Siege of Kenilworth:English forces under Henry III captureKenilworth Castleafter a 6-month siege. During the siege ArchbishopWilliam Freneytries to negotiate with the garrison but is refused entry.

Levant

• July 23–Siege of Safed:Mamluk forces capture the castle ofSafed,defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500Knights Templar), after a 6-week siege. SultanBaibarspromisessafe conductbut when the Christians and Templars are on their way towardsAcre,they are seized and beheaded.
• August 24–Battle of Mari:Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Baibars defeat the Armenian army inCilicia,in retaliation for the support of theMongol invasion in Syria.He expands his domain, capturing the city ofByblos(modernLebanon) and the important castle ofToronfrom theCrusader States.
• October 28– A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-oldHugh II,ruler ofCyprus,is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns inGalileeand leads a lightning raid toTripoli.

Asia

• Niccolo and Maffeo Polo,father and uncle ofMarco Polo,reach the Mongol capitalKhanbaliq(modern-dayBeijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later.Kublai Khansends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in theMongol Empire;however, this request is largely ignored.

America

• In the modern-dayUnited States,a period of drought begins in theFour CornersRegion (this period is up until the year1299), putting an end to the ancientPuebloansCivilization.

By topic

Economics

• InFrance,thegoldécu(orcrown) andsilvergroshcoins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX (the Saint).

Religion

• Ode de Pougy,FrenchAbbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains,sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearly completedChurch of St. Urbain de Troyes.

1267

By topic

War and politics

• February 16– KingAfonso III of Portugaland KingAlfonso X of Castilesign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between theKingdom of Portugaland theKingdom of León,and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty overAlgarve.
• May 27–Treaty of Viterbo:EmperorBaldwin II of Constantinoplegifts thePrincipality of Achaeato KingCharles I of Sicily,in the hope that Charles can help him restore theLatin Empire.
• TheSecond Barons' Warin England ends, as the rebels and KingHenry III of Englandagree to peace terms, as laid out in theDictum of Kenilworth.
• Treaty of Montgomery:KingHenry III of EnglandacknowledgesLlywelyn ap Gruffudd's title ofPrince of Wales.
• The city ofOstravais founded.

Culture

• Roger Baconcompletes his workOpus Majusand sends it toPope Clement IV,who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion ofmathematics,optics,alchemy,astronomy,astrology,and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of amagnifying glass.Bacon also completesOpus Minus,a summary ofOpus Majus,later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in theOpus Tertium,written in 1267, that"forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet".The1214birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated atOxfordat the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around1220.
• The leadership ofViennaforcesJewsto wearPileum cornutum,a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to theyellow badgesJews are already forced to wear.
• In England, theStatute of Marlboroughis passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

By place

Asia and Africa

• The "Grand Capital" is constructed inKhanbaliq(present-dayBeijing) byKublai Khan,having moved the capital of theMongol Empirethere three years prior.
• Malik ul Salihestablishes Samudra Pasai, the firstMuslimstate inIndonesia.
• Spain attempts an invasion ofMorocco,but the Muslim empireMarinid Sultanatesuccessfully defend against the invasion, and drive out Spanish forces.

1268

By topic

War and politics

• February 18–Battle of Rakvere:TheLivonian Orderis defeated byDovmont of Pskov.
• April 4– Afive-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treatyis concluded between Venetian envoys and EmperorMichael VIII Palaiologos.It is ratified by theDoge of VeniceReniero ZenoonJune 30.
• August 23–Battle of Tagliacozzo:The army ofCharles of Anjoudefeats theGhibellinessupporters ofConradinof Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of theHohenstaufenFamily from theImperialandSicilianthrones, and leading to the new chapter ofAngevindomination inSouthern Italy.
• October 29–Conradin,the last legitimate male heir of theHohenstaufenDynasty ofKings of GermanyandHoly Roman Emperors,is executed, along with his companionFrederick I, Margrave of Baden,byCharles I of Sicily,a political rival and ally to the hostileRoman Catholic Church.
• KingStephen V of Hungarylaunches a war againstBulgaria.
• TheCounty of Wernigerodebecomes a vassal state of theMargrave of Brandenburg.
• New election proceduresfor the election of thedogeare established inVenice,in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popularLorenzo Tiepolofrom becoming elected.
• Pope Clement IVdies; the followingpapal electionfails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.

Culture

• Nicola Pisanocompletes the famousoctagonalGothic-stylepulpit,at theDuomo di Siena.
• ThecarnivalinVeniceis first recorded.
• In France, the use ofhopsas the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture ofbeeris made compulsory.
• The town of Guta is founded (currentlyKolárovo,Slovakia).

By place

Asia

• May 18–Battle of Antioch:ThePrincipality of Antioch,acrusader state,falls to theMamlukSultanBaibars;his destruction of the city ofAntiochis so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.
• TheBattle of Xiangyang,a 6-year battle between the ChineseSong dynastyand theMongolforces ofKublai Khan,begins in what is todayHubei.
• Kublai Khansends an emissary to theKamakura shogunateof Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment oftribute;the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until theMongolsattempt to invade in1274.
• Anearthquake in Ciliciaoccurs in 1268 northeast of the city ofAdana.Over 60,000 people perished in theArmenian Kingdom of Ciliciain southern Asia Minor.
• TheTibetanmonkDrogön Chögyal Phagpaof theSakyaSchool completes the'Phags-pa script,which was sponsored byKublai Khanas a new writing system inhis empire.

1269

By place

Europe

• June 16–Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa:Guelph forces (2,200 men) led by KingCharles Idefeat the Ghibellines atTuscany.After the battle, the Guelphs drive out their adversaries atColle di Val d'Elsa,destroying their houses, and confiscating their possessions.
• June 19– KingLouis IX(the Saint) orders all Jews found in public, without an identifyingyellow badge,to be fined tenlivresof silver. He also confiscates goods from the Jewish population to fund theEighth Crusade.
• September – An Aragonese contingent under KingJames I(the Conqueror) sails fromBarcelonato theHoly Landbut is caught in a storm and badly damaged. One squadron reachesAcre,but later returns toAragon.
• KingOttokar IIinheritsCarinthiaand part ofCarniola,making him the most powerful German prince within theHoly Roman Empire;the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing “Great Interregnum”.

England

• PrinceEdward(the Lord Edward) obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church's wealth to finance theNinth Crusade.That sum turns out to be insufficient, and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.
• John Comynbegins the construction ofBlair Castle,inScotland.

Africa

• September 8– Berber forces of theMarinid SultanateunderAbu Yusuf Yaqubcomplete the conquest ofMoroccoand captureMarrakeshafter a long siege, effectively ending theAlmohad Caliphate.The last Almohad ruler,Idris al-Wathiq(orAbu Dabbus), is assassinated by a slave. The Marinids become the new masters of theWestern Maghreb,Abu Yusuf Yaqub takes up the title of "Prince of the Muslims".

By topic

Religion

• March –Ode de Pougy,FrenchAbbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains,and several associates who assist her areexcommunicated.
• Opizzo Fieschi,Latin patriarch ofAntioch,is exiled. Being displaced because of theEast–West Schismof1054(approximate date).

Science

• Pierre de Maricourt,French mathematician and writer, performs a series of experiments withmagnetic polesand proposes that a machine can be run forever in perpetual motion using the properties of magnets.

Significant people

• Berke Khan
• Kublai Khan
• Hulagu Khan
• Baibars
• Louis IX of France
• Qutuz

Births

1260

• May 15orJuly 25–John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos(d.1319)
• August 2–Kyawswa of Pagan,last ruler of thePagan Kingdom(d.1299)
• approximate date
  • Enguerrand de Marigny,minister to KingPhilip IV of France
  • Fatima bint al-Ahmar,Nasrid princess in the Emirate of Granada (d.1349)
  • Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham(d.1339)
  • Matthew III Csák,Hungarian oligarch
  • Meister Eckhart,German theologian, philosopher and mystic (d. 1328)
  • Guillaume de Nogaret,keeper of the sealto King Philip IV of France (d.1313)
  • Maximus Planudes,Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; d.1330)
  • Khutulun,Mongol princess and warrior (d.1306)

1261

• February 1–Walter de Stapledon,bishop ofExeter(d.1326)
• February 11–Otto III,king ofHungaryandCroatia(d.1312)
• February 28–Margaret of Scotland,queen ofNorway(d.1283)
• March 1–Hugh le Despenser,English chief adviser (d. 1326)
• July 25–Arthur II,Bretonnobleman(House of Dreux) (d. 1312)
• October 9–Denis I(the Poet King), king ofPortugal(d.1325)
• Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim,Andalusianvizierand poet (d.1309)
• 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani,PersianSufimystic and writer (d.1336)
• Albertino Mussato,Italian statesman and chronicler (d.1329)
• Constantine Palaiologos,Byzantine prince and general (d.1306)
• Daniel of Moscow(Aleksandrovich), Russian prince (d.1303)
• Danyi Chenpo Zangpo Pal,Tibetan religious leader (d.1323)
• Elizabeth of Sicily,queen of Hungary (House of Anjou) (d. 1303)
• Konoe Iemoto,Japanese nobleman (kugyō) andregent(d.1296)
• Pier Saccone Tarlati,Italian nobleman andcondottiero(d.1356)
• Władysław I Łokietek(Elbow-High), king ofPoland(d.1333)

1262

• May 6–John Hastings,Englishnoblemanand knight (d.1313)
• August 5–Ladisslaus IV(the Cuman), king ofHungary(d.1290)
• October 18–Ranulph Neville(orRalph), English nobleman (d.1331)
• Bérenger de Landore,French preacher and archbishop (d.1330)
• Elisabeth of Carinthia(orTyrol), queen ofGermany(d.1312)
• Guan Daogao,Chinese calligrapher, poet and painter (d.1319)
• Guan Daosheng,Chinese painter, poet and writer (d. 1319)
• John II(Megas Komnenos), emperor ofTrebizond(d.1297)
• John of Castile,Spanish prince (infante) andregent(d. 1319)
• Takatsukasa Kanetada,Japanese nobleman (kugyō) ((d.1301)
• U Tak(orWoo Tak), Korean scholar and philosopher (d.1342)
• William de Cantilupe,Norman nobleman and knight (d.1308)

1263

• January 22–Ibn Taymiyyah,Syrian philosopher (d.1328)
• February 8–Afonso of Portugal,Portuguese prince (d.1312)
• March 20–Yolande of Dreux,queen ofScotland(d.1330)
• Henry III,Germannobleman(House of Gorizia) (d.1323)
• Ingeborg of Sweden,countess ofHolstein-Plön(d.1292)
• Juliana FitzGerald,Norman-Irish noblewoman (d.1300)
• Napoleone Orsini,Italian cardinal and diplomat (d.1342)
• Philip of Flanders,Flemish nobleman and knight (d.1308)
• Roseline de Villeneuve,French nun and saint (d.1329)
• Theobald II(orThiebaut), German nobleman (d. 1312)
• Tolberto III,Italian nobleman andcondottiero(d.1317)
• Zhongfeng Mingben,ChineseBuddhistmaster (d. 1323)

1264

• January 21–Alexander,Scottishheir apparent(d.1284)
• February 2–Sancha of Portugal,Portuguese princess (d.1279)
• May 26–Koreyasu,Japanese prince andshogun(d.1326)
• Ahmed al-Ghubrini,Hafsid scholar and chronicler (d.1314)
• Darmabala(Protector of the Law), Mongol prince (d.1292)
• Louis of France,French prince and heir apparent (d.1276)
• Nichiin,JapaneseBuddhistmonk and disciple (d.1329)
• Wang Qinghui,Chinese concubine and poet (d.1288)

1265

Emperor Fushimi

Emperor Go-Uda

• May 10–Emperor Fushimiof Japan (d.1317)
• December 17–Emperor Go-Udaof Japan (d.1324)
• KingAlfonso III of Aragon
• approximate date–Dante Alighieri,Italian poet (d.1321)
• approximate date–Maria de Molina,regent of Castile (d.1321)
• approximate date–Beatrice Portinari,Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven inThe Divine Comedy(d.1290)

1266

• Duns Scotus,Scottish priest and philosopher (d.1308)
• Gi Ja-oh(orKi Ja-oh), Koreannobleman(d.1328)
• Gilbert Segrave,English nobleman and bishop (d.1316)
• Herman VII(the Rouser), German nobleman (d.1291)
• Hethum II(orHet'um), king ofCilician Armenia(d.1307)
• Jadwiga of Kalisz,queen consort ofPoland(d.1339)
• John of Brittany,English nobleman and knight (d.1334)
• Margaret of Villehardouin,princess ofAchaea(d.1315)
• Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara,Indian ruler ofVenad(d.1317)
• Rigdzin Kumaradza,TibetanDzogchenmaster (d.1343)

1267

• February 3(or February 3, 1266) –Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel(d.1302)
• August 10– KingJames II of Aragon(d.1327)

• Giotto di Bondone,Italian artist who marked the shift frommedieval arttoProto-Renaissanceart. (d.1337)
• Roger de Flor,Sicilian military adventurer, leader of the mercenary groupCatalan Company

1268

• April/June –Philip IV of France(d.1314)
• SaintClare of Montefalco(d.1308)
• Emperor Duanzongof China (d.1278)
• Mahaut, Countess of Artois(d.1327)
• Vedanta Desika,Indian Hindu poet and philosopher

1269

• June 18–Eleanor of England,English princess (d.1298)
• July 10–Duan Zong(orZhao Shi), Chinese emperor (d.1278)
• Alexander of San Elpidio,Italian friar and bishop (d.1326)
• Frederick Tuta,Germannoblemanandregent(d.1291)
• Huang Gongwang(orLu Jian), Chinese painter (d.1354)
• Louis III,German nobleman, knight and regent (d.1296)
• Nichizō,JapaneseBuddhistmonk and disciple (d.1342)
• Philip of Artois,French nobleman and knight (d. 1298)

Deaths

1260

• April 28–Luchesius Modestini,founding member of theThird Order of St. Francis
• May–Marie of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress,wife ofOtto IV, Holy Roman Emperor(alternative date isJune)
• August 9–Walter of Kirkham,Bishop of Durham
• October 24–Saif ad-Din Qutuz,Mamluksultan ofEgypt
• December 4–Aymer de Valence,Bishop of Winchester(b.1222)
• date unknown
  • Kitbuqa,Mongol military leader (executed)
  • Sicko Sjaerdema,ruler of Friesland
  • Ibn al-Abbar,Andalusian diplomat and scholar (b.1199)
• probable–Franciscus Accursius,Italian jurist

1261

• February 28–Henry III(the Good), duke ofBrabant(b.1230)
• April 1–Ahi Evren,Bektashi Sufi preacher and poet (b.1169)
• May 25–Alexander IV,pope of theCatholic Church(b.1199)
• July 8–Adolf IV,German nobleman (House of Schaumburg)
• July 25–Nicephorus II of Constantinople,Byzantine patriarch
• August 24–Ela of Salisbury,English noblewoman (b.1187)
• September 18–Konrad von Hochstaden,German archbishop
• October 27–Sancho of Castile,Spanish archbishop (b.1233)
• November 9–Sanchia of Provence,German queen (b.1225)
• November 26–Hōjō Shigetoki,Japanesesamurai(b.1198)
• November 27–Athanasius III of Alexandria,Egyptian pope
• November 28–Al-Mustansir,Abbasid ruler (caliph) ofCairo
• Abu Bakr ibn Sayyid al-Nās,Andalusian theologian (b.1200)
• An-Nasir Dawud,Ayyubid ruler (emir) ofDamascus(b.1206)
• Benedict II,Hungarian chancellor, governor and archbishop
• Bettisia Gozzadini,Italian noblewoman and jurist (b.1209)
• Conrad I(the Pious), German nobleman and knight (b.1186)
• John FitzThomas,Norman nobleman (House of Desmond)
• Plaisance of Antioch,queen consort ofCyprus(b.1235)
• Qin Jiushao,Chinese mathematician and writer (b.1202)
• Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi,Persian poet andsheikh(b.1190)
• Stephen of Bourbon,FrenchDominicanpreacher (b.1180)

1262

• April 23–Giles of Assisi,companion ofFrancis of Assisi(b.1190)
• May 18–John Climping,English cleric, chancellor and bishop
• June 23–Siemowit I,Polish nobleman and knight (House of Piast)
• July 13–Henry Wingham,EnglishLord Chancellorand bishop
• July 14–Richard de Clare,English nobleman and knight (b.1222)
• August 24–Robert de Mariscis,English priest and archdeacon
• September 1–Giuliana of Collalto,ItalianBenedictineabbess
• September 12–Baldwin de Redvers,English nobleman (b.1236)
• October 5–Teruko,Japanese princess and empress (b.1224)
• December 13–Giles of Bridport,English archdeacon and bishop
• December 21–Bahauddin Zakariya,Ghurid scholar and poet
• Ibn al-Adim,Syrian diplomat, biographer and historian (b.1192)
• Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam,Syrian jurist and theologian (b.1181)
• Matilda II(orMaud), French noblewoman and regent (b.1235)
• Mem Soares de Melo,Portuguese nobleman and knight (b.1200)
• Peter de Rivaux,English High Sheriff andLord High Treasurer

1263

• January 7–Agnes of Merania,duchess ofCarinthia(b.1215)
• January 16–Shinran Shonin,founder ofShin Buddhism(b.1173)
• March 19–Hugh of Saint-Cher,French friar and bishop (b.1200)
• April 20–John I,German nobleman (House of Schauenburg)
• November 14–Alexander Nevsky,Grand Prince ofNovgorod
• December 16–Haakon IV(the Old), king ofNorway(b.1204)
• December 24–Hōjō Tokiyori,Japanese nobleman (b.1227)
• Al-Ashraf Musa,Ayyubid prince (emir) and ruler (b.1229)
• Boniface,Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy) (b.1245)
• Caesarius of Alagno,Italian priest, bishop and counsellor
• Gilbert I de la Hay,Scottish nobleman, knight andregent
• Guy I de la Roche,duke ofAthensandThebes(b.1205)
• John XIII Aaron bar Ma'dani,Syrian patriarch ofAntioch
• Manuel I(Megas Komnenos), emperor ofTrebizond
• Martino della Torre,Italian nobleman and condottiero
• Mindaugas(orMendog), king ofLithuania(b.1203)
• Senana ferch Caradog,Welsh noblewoman (b.1198)

1264

• February 16–Azzo VII d'Este,marquis ofFerrara(b.1205)
• April 25–Roger de Quincy,Scotto-Normannobleman(b.1195)
• May 17–Wartislaw III,Polish nobleman and knight (b.1210)
• July 10–Isabella de Clare,English noblewoman (b.1226)
• August 1–John I(the Theologian), German nobleman
• September 12–Hōjō Nagatoki,Japaneseregent(b.1227)
• October 2–Urban IV,pope of theCatholic Church(b. 1195)
• November 11–Farinata degli Uberti,Italian nobleman (b.1212)
• November 16–Li Zong(orZhao Yun), Chinese emperor (b. 1205)
• Andrey II Yaroslavich,Grand Prince ofVladimir(b.1222)
• Danylo Romanovych,ruler ofGalicia–Volhynia(b.1201)
• Dharmasvamin,Tibetan monk and explorer (b.1197)
• Domentijan,Serbian monk and philosopher (b. 1210)
• Fujiwara no Ieyoshi,Japanesewakapoet (b.1192)
• Hugh l'Aleman,Outremer knight and heir apparent
• Isabella of Cyprus,Cypriotic princess and regent
• John II of Beirut,Outremer nobleman and knight
• Nicholas I de Soules,Scottish nobleman and knight
• Perceval Doria,Genoese military leader and poet
• Robert de Vieuxpont,English nobleman and knight
• Vincent of Beauvais,French friar and encyclopedist

1265

• January 20–John Maunsell,Lord Chancellor of England
• February 8–Hulagu Khanof the Mongol Empire (b.1217)
• May 16–Simon Stock,English prior, canonized (b. c.1165)
• June 26–Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia(b.1203or 1204)
• August 4(Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
  • Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer(b.1223)
  • Henry de Montfort(b.1238)
  • Peter de Montfort
  • Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester(b.1208)
• November 24–Magnús Óláfsson,King of Mann and the Isles
• December 3–Odofredus,Italian jurist
• Al-Abharī,Persian philosopher and mathematician (b.1200)

1266

• January 2–Simon de Walton,English cleric and bishop
• January 11–Swietopelk II(the Great), Polish nobleman
• February 12–Walter de Cantilupe,English bishop (b.1195)
• February 26
  • Manfred,illegitimate son ofFrederick II(b.1232)
  • Richard of Lauria,Italian nobleman andcondottiere
• April 14–Roger of Torre Maggiore,Italian archbishop
• May 7–Fariduddin Ganjshakar,Ghurid preacher (b.1179)
• May 27–Elisabeth of Brunswick,German queen (b.1230)
• June 12–Henry II,German nobleman and prince (b.1215)
• July 24–Albrecht II of Meissen,Germancanonand bishop
• August 4–Odo of Burgundy(orEudes), French nobleman
• August 8–Sayyed ibn Tawus,Abbasid theologian (b.1193)
• September 20–Jan Prandota,bishop ofKraków(b.1200)
• October 21–Birger Jarl,Swedish nobleman and knight (b.1210)
• October 28–Arsenije Sremac,Serbian disciple and archbishop
• October 29–Margaret of Austria,queen ofGermany(b.1204)
• November 19–Nasir al-Din Mahmud,Mamluk ruler ofDelhi
• December 3–Henry III(the White), duke ofSilesia-Wrocław
• Aldonza Alfonso de León,illegitimate daughter ofAlfonso IX
• Andronikos II(Megas Komnenos), emperor ofTrebizond
• Ariq Böke(orBukha), Mongol ruler (khagan) andregent
• Berke Khan,Mongol ruler of theGolden Horde(b.1208)
• Chen Rong,Chinese painter, poet and politician (b. 1200)
• Hugh Bigod,English nobleman and chief justiciar (b.1211)
• Hugh III of Chalon,French nobleman and knight (b.1220)
• John of Ibelin,Outremer nobleman and knight (b. 1215)
• Luca Savelli,Italian senator and politician (b.1190)
• Máel Coluim II(orMalcolm II), Scottish nobleman
• Margaret de Quincy,English noblewoman and heiress
• Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi,Syrian scholar and astronomer
• Philippe Chinard,French nobleman and admiral (b.1205)
• Richer of Senones,French monk and chronicler (b. 1190)

1267

• February 21–Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
• March 3or4–Lars,Archbishop of Uppsala
• March 17–Peter of Montereau,French architect (b. c.1200)
• September 23–Beatrice of Provence,countess regnant of Provence (b.1234)
• November 19–Pedro Gallego,Franciscan scholar and translator
• November 26–Sylvester Gozzolini,Italian founder of theSylvestrines(b.1177)
• November/December –Hugh II of Cyprus,king of Cyprus and regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (b.1253)
• date unknown–John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel,Breton-English nobleman andMarcher Lord(b.1223)

1268

• May 15–Peter II, Count of Savoy(b.1203)
• July 7–Reniero Zeno,Doge of Venice
• August 11–Agnes of Faucigny,Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy
• October 29
  • Conradin,Duke of Swabia (executed) (b.1252)
  • Frederick I, Margrave of Baden(executed) (b.1249)
• November 29–Pope Clement IV
• December 9–Vaišvilkas,Prince of Black Ruthenia
• date unknown
  • Barral of Baux,Grand Justiciar of Sicily
  • Henry de Bracton,English jurist

1269

• July 7–Saionji Saneuji,Japanese poet and writer (b.1194)
• October 1–Giordano Pironti,Italian aristocrat and cardinal
• October 27–Ulrich III,German nobleman and knight (b.1220)
• Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari,Moorish poet and writer (b.1212)
• Albin of Brechin(orAlbinus), Scottishprelateand bishop
• Constance of Aaragon,Spanish princess (infanta) (b.1239)
• Ebulo de Montibus,Savoyan nobleman and knight (b.1230)
• Geoffrey of Sergines,French nobleman and knight (b.1205)
• Gregorio di Montelongo,Italian bishop ofTripoli(b.1200)
• Guigues VII,French ruler (dauphin) ofViennois(b.1225)
• Idris al-Wathiq(orAbu Dabbus), Almohad ruler (caliph)
• John Lestrange,English landowner and knight (b. 1194)
• Liu Kezhuang,Chinese poet and literary critic (b.1187)
• Oberto Pallavicino,Italian nobleman (signore) (b.1197)
• Vasilko Romanovich,Grand Prince ofKiev(b.1203)
• William III de Beauchamp,English nobleman (b.1215)