1299

1299 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1299; MCCXCIX
Ab urbe condita	2052
Armenian calendar	748; ԹՎ ՉԽԸ
Assyrian calendar	6049
Balinese saka calendar	1220–1221
Bengali calendar	706
Berber calendar	2249
English Regnal year	27Edw. 1– 28Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar	1843
Burmese calendar	661
Byzantine calendar	6807–6808
Chinese calendar	Mậu tuấtNiên (EarthDog); 3996 or 3789; — to —; Kỷ hợi niên (EarthPig); 3997 or 3790
Coptic calendar	1015–1016
Discordian calendar	2465
Ethiopian calendar	1291–1292
Hebrew calendar	5059–5060
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1355–1356
-Shaka Samvat	1220–1221
-Kali Yuga	4399–4400
Holocene calendar	11299
Igbo calendar	299–300
Iranian calendar	677–678
Islamic calendar	698–699
Japanese calendar	Einin7 /Shōan1; ( chính an nguyên niên )
Javanese calendar	1210–1211
Julian calendar	1299; MCCXCIX
Korean calendar	3632
Minguo calendar	613 beforeROC; Dân tiền 613 niên
Nanakshahi calendar	−169
Thai solar calendar	1841–1842
Tibetan calendar	Dương thổ cẩu niên; (male Earth-Dog); 1425 or 1044 or 272; — to —; Âm thổ trư niên; (female Earth-Pig); 1426 or 1045 or 273

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century; 14th century;
Decades:	1270s; 1280s; 1290s; 1300s; 1310s;
Years:	1296; 1297; 1298; 1299; 1300; 1301; 1302;

Year1299(MCCXCIX) was acommon year starting on Thursday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

July 4–Battle of Cape Orlando:An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by AdmiralRoger of Lauriadefeats a Sicilian fleet nearSicily.During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on alee shore,but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with KingFrederick IIon board, pulls back after he collapsed from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.^[1]
July 31–PisaandGenoaagree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies inCorsica.^[2]
November 10–John I,count ofHolland,dies and is succeeded by his uncleJohn II.He establishes apersonal unionwith theCounty of Hainaut.
December 1–Battle of Falconaria:Sicilian forces under KingFrederick IIdefeatPhilip I of Taranto.During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.

England

Early evidence is uncovered of KingEdward I(Longshanks) borrowing from the Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of theFrescobaldiFirm inLondon.^[3]
William Wallaceaccompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad toFranceon a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship ofJohn Balliol.^[4]
September 8– Edward I (Longshanks) marries the 19-year-oldMargaret of France,the half-sister of KingPhilip IV(the Fair).
Southampton Old Bowling Greenis established inSouthampton.It is the oldest survivingbowling green.^[5]^[6]

Levant

December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led byGhazan Khancross theEuphrates Riverand invadeSyria.They continue south, and successfully takeAleppo.There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state ofCilician Armenia.KingHethum IIleads the Armenian army (which includesTemplarandHospitallerknights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.^[7]
December 22–23–Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar:Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north ofHoms.SultanAl-Nasir Muhammadflees with the remnants of his army toDamascus.Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges thecitadel.Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far asGaza,pushing them back toEgypt.^[8]

Asia

Spring –Mongol invasion of India:Duwa Khan,Mongol ruler of theChagatai Khanate,sends his sonsQutlugh KhwajaandDuwa Temürwith an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly atDelhiitself. At theJumna River,Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeatedZafar Khan,and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.^[9]
February 25– SultanAlauddin Khaljiorders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march toGujarat.One part of the army underNusrat Khanstarts its march from Delhi. Another part, led byUlugh Khan,marches fromSindhand attacksJaisalmeralong the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment ofkhums(one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.^[10]^[11]
Battle of Kili:Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.^[12]
May 10– KingKyawswa of Paganand his son, Crown PrinceTheingapati,are executed atMyinsaing,by the three brothers of theMyinsaing Kingdom(nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-ledYuan Dynasty(since1297).
July 27–Osman I(orOthman) declares theAnatolian beylik(principality) to be independent of the SeljukSultanate of Rum,originating theOttoman Empire.Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, withSöğütas the capital, which will last until the1920s.
TheKingdom of Singapurais founded bySang Nila Utama,a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official titleSri Tri Buana(translated as "Lord of Three Worlds" ).^[13]

By topic

Cities and towns

April 1–Kingston upon Hullis granted city status, byroyal charterof Edward I (Longshanks).

Religion

June 27– PopeBoniface VIIIissues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I's (Longshanks) invasion and occupation ofScotland.^[14]

Science and technology

Thespinning wheel(see1280) is now in widespread use inEnglandfor manufacturing woolen yarn.^[15]

Births

May 15–Henry the Friendly,Germannoblemanand knight (d.1327)
June 24–John de Verdon,English nobleman and knight (d.1376)
August 15–Ralph de Greystoke,English landowner (d.1323)
November 1–Elizabeth de Comyn,English noblewoman (d.1372)
November 2–Alfonso IV(the Gentle), king ofAragon(d.1336)
unknown dates
- Akashi Kakuichi,JapaneseBuddhistmonk and musician (d.1371)
- Dmitri of Tver,Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d.1326)
- Galeotto I,Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero) (d.1385)
- Henry II(the Iron), German nobleman andregent(d. 1376)

Deaths

January 16–Lajin,Egyptian ruler of theMamluk Sultanate
April 10–Malik ibn al-Murahhal,Moroccan poet (b.1207)
May 10
- Kyawswa,Burmese ruler of thePagan Kingdom(b.1260)
- Theingapati,Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)
May 17–Daumantas of Pskov,Lithuanian prince (b.1240)
July 15–Eric II(Magnusson), king ofNorway(b.1268)
August 1
- Conrad of Lichtenberg,German bishop (b. 1240)
- Wolfert I van Borselen,Dutch nobleman and regent
August 15–Henry of Newark,English clerk and archbishop
September 23–Nicolas de Nonancourt,French chancellor
October 8–Jakuen,Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)
October 12–John II,German nobleman, knight and regent
November 10–John I of Holland,Dutch nobleman (b.1284)
November 19–Mechtilde,German noblewoman and mystic
December 9–Bohemond I,German knight and archbishop
December 31
- Margaret of Anjou,French noblewoman (b.1272)
- Ralph Basset,English nobleman and governor

References

^Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967).Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design,p. 141. Naval Institute Press.
^Cancelleri, J.-A."Sinucello della Rocca".Dizionario biografico.RetrievedDecember 20,2011.
^Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown".American Historical Review.8(1): 1–17.doi:10.2307/1832571.JSTOR 1832571.
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey:Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98,p. 80.ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
^"720 years on Southampton Old Bowling Green rolls on!".The Leader.Spain. October 23, 2019.RetrievedJuly 17,2022."The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299," said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.
^On The World's Oldest Bowling Green(Motion picture). British Pathé. July 18, 1927.RetrievedJuly 17,2022.On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.
^Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958).A History of Armenia,pp. 204–205. Indo-European Publishing.ISBN 978-1-60444-012-6.
^Demurger, Alain (2007).Jacques de Molay(in French), p. 142. Editions Payot & Rivages.ISBN 978-2-228-90235-9.
^Kishori Saran Lal (1968).History of the Khaljis (1290–1320),p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press.OCLC 685167335.
^Jackson, Peter (2003).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History,p. 195. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
^Kishori Saran Lal (1968).History of the Khaljis (1290–1320),p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press.OCLC 685167335.
^Jackson, Peter (2003).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History,pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
^Miksic John N. (2013).Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800,p. 148. NUS Press.ISBN 978-9971695743.
^Brown, Michael (2004).The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192, 280.ISBN 0748612378.
^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 152. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[1] Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967).Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design,p. 141. Naval Institute Press.

[2] Cancelleri, J.-A."Sinucello della Rocca".Dizionario biografico.RetrievedDecember 20,2011.

[3] Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown".American Historical Review.8(1): 1–17.doi:10.2307/1832571.JSTOR 1832571.

[4] Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey:Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98,p. 80.ISBN 1-84176-510-4.

[5] "720 years on Southampton Old Bowling Green rolls on!".The Leader.Spain. October 23, 2019.RetrievedJuly 17,2022."The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299," said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.

[6] On The World's Oldest Bowling Green(Motion picture). British Pathé. July 18, 1927.RetrievedJuly 17,2022.On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.

[7] Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958).A History of Armenia,pp. 204–205. Indo-European Publishing.ISBN 978-1-60444-012-6.

[8] Demurger, Alain (2007).Jacques de Molay(in French), p. 142. Editions Payot & Rivages.ISBN 978-2-228-90235-9.

[9] Kishori Saran Lal (1968).History of the Khaljis (1290–1320),p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press.OCLC 685167335.

[10] Jackson, Peter (2003).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History,p. 195. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.

[11] Kishori Saran Lal (1968).History of the Khaljis (1290–1320),p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press.OCLC 685167335.

[12] Jackson, Peter (2003).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History,pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.

[13] Miksic John N. (2013).Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800,p. 148. NUS Press.ISBN 978-9971695743.

[14] Brown, Michael (2004).The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192, 280.ISBN 0748612378.

[15] Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 152. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

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1299 in poetry
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