1323
Appearance
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg/220px-Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Triumph_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas_-_WGA10334.jpg)
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
---|---|
Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1323 by topic |
---|
Leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Births–Deaths |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Establishments–Disestablishments |
Art and literature |
1323 in poetry |
Gregorian calendar | 1323 MCCCXXIII |
Ab urbe condita | 2076 |
Armenian calendar | 772 ԹՎ ՉՀԲ |
Assyrian calendar | 6073 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1244–1245 |
Bengali calendar | 730 |
Berber calendar | 2273 |
English Regnal year | 16Edw. 2– 17Edw. 2 |
Buddhist calendar | 1867 |
Burmese calendar | 685 |
Byzantine calendar | 6831–6832 |
Chinese calendar | Nhâm tuấtNiên (WaterDog) 4020 or 3813 — to — Quý hợi niên (WaterPig) 4021 or 3814 |
Coptic calendar | 1039–1040 |
Discordian calendar | 2489 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1315–1316 |
Hebrew calendar | 5083–5084 |
Hindu calendars | |
-Vikram Samvat | 1379–1380 |
-Shaka Samvat | 1244–1245 |
-Kali Yuga | 4423–4424 |
Holocene calendar | 11323 |
Igbo calendar | 323–324 |
Iranian calendar | 701–702 |
Islamic calendar | 722–723 |
Japanese calendar | Genkō3 ( nguyên hanh 3 niên ) |
Javanese calendar | 1234–1235 |
Julian calendar | 1323 MCCCXXIII |
Korean calendar | 3656 |
Minguo calendar | 589 beforeROC Dân tiền 589 niên |
Nanakshahi calendar | −145 |
Thai solar calendar | 1865–1866 |
Tibetan calendar | Dương thủy cẩu niên (male Water-Dog) 1449 or 1068 or 296 — to — Âm thủy trư niên (female Water-Pig) 1450 or 1069 or 297 |
Year1323(MCCCXXIII) was acommon year starting on Saturday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January – March
[edit]- January 3– EnglishmanAndrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle,who had recently defeated rebelThomas, 2nd Earl of Lancasterat theBattle of Boroughbridge,commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's KingRobert the Bruce.[1][2]
- January 14– On behalf of theFraticelliorder of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyerBonagrazia of Bergamoissues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bullAd conditorem canonum.[3]Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for his insolence by having him imprisoned.
- January 25–Vilnius,now the capital ofLithuaniais first mentioned as a city, when the second of theLetters of Grand Duke Gediminasof the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".[4]
- February 20– Norway's regency council takes a stand againstIngeborg Haakonsdater,mother of and regent for the 7-year-oldKing Magnus VII.[5]Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power.
- February 25– TheEarl of Carlisleis arrested atCarlisle Castleby the Castle's warden,Anthony de Lucy,on charges of treason and turned over to the custody of King Edward II of England.[2]
- March 3– TheEarl of Carlisleis tried and convicted for treason, then executed later in the day. Carlisle ishanged, drawn and quartered,and parts of his body are sent to various sites in England for public display.[2]
- March 6–Treaty of Paris:CountLouis Irelinquishes Flemish claims over theCounty of Zeeland.He acknowledgesWilliam II the Goodas count ofAvesnes,Holland,and Zeeland as a state within theHoly Roman Empire.William occupies most of theBishopric of Utrechtand tries to conquerFriesland(orFrisia) but is repelled by GovernorHessel Martena.[6]
- March 13–Siege of Warangal:SultanGhiyath al-Din Tughluqsends an expeditionary army led by his son,Muhammad bin Tughluq,to the Kakatiya capitalWarangal– after rulerPrataparudrahas refused to maketributepayments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders onNovember 9.[7]
April – June
[edit]- April 11–Hugh II,the self-styledKingofArborea(on the Italian island ofSardinia,with a capital atOristano,becomes avassalof Spain'sKing James IIofAragonin exchange for maintenance of the dynastic rights over his Judicate, and begins a war on the Italian mainland against theRepublic of Pisa,winning a battle atVillanovaforru.[8]
- April 23–Elizabeth of CarinthiamarriesPeter, Crown Prince of Sicily,co-ruler (with his father Frederick II) of the Kingdom of Sicily.
- April 25– Nicolò Pistorino becomes the newGrand Chancellorof theRepublic of Venice,succeeding Jacopo Bertoldi, who held the office for almost nine years.
- May 15–Marie of Luxembourgis formally crowned as Queen consort of France atSainte-Chapelleafter her September 21 marriage toKing Charles IV.
- May 21– The German rulerHenry II, Lord of Mecklenburg,signs a peace treaty with KingChristopher II of Denmarkconfirming his conquest of theLordship of Rostock.
- May 26–Gediminas,Grand Duke of Lithuania,sends histhird, fourth and fifth lettersto German cities to advocate that residents relocate to his the Duchy of Lithuania.[4]
- May 30– KingEdward II of Englandmakes a 13-year truce withScotlandatYork.Despite the truce, Edward refuses to acceptRobert the Bruceas ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.[9]
- May 31–Zhao Xian,who had been theSong dynastyEmperor of China from 1274 to 1276, commits suicide as an alternative to being executed, after being viewed as a threat by the Yuan dynasty Mongol EmperorYingzong.
- June 11–Bertrand du Pouget,French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against theGhibellinesbesiegesMilan– but abandons the siege whenLouis IV of Bavaria,King of the Romans,sends a relief army toItalyto aid the city and to protect his domains against theKingdom of Naples,which is together withFrancethe strongest ally of thePapal States.[10]
- June 28–Siege of Villa di Chiesa:Aragonese forces under PrinceAlfonso IV the Kindbegin the siege atVilla di Chiesa.The fortified town is founded by CountUgolino della Gherardesca,but is now under the control of theRepublic of Pisa.Alfonso attacks the town with some 1,000 men and severalsiege engines,while the citizens are starved to death.[11]
July – September
[edit]- July 18–Thomas Aquinas,Italian priest and theologian, iscanonizedby PopeJohn XXIIat theAvignon Cathedraland canonized as asaint.[12]
- August 12–Treaty of Nöteborg:Swedensigns a peace treaty with theNovgorod Republic,regulating the border (known asFinlandtoday) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of theHanseatic Leaguein order to conclude the conflict over the control of theGulf of Finlandduring theSwedish-Novgorodian Wars.[13]
- September 4–Gegeen Khan,the Mongol Emperor Yingzong of China is assassinated in a coup d'etat on orders ofYesün Temür,who becomes the new Emperor
- September 28– In southern Burma (now Myanmar),Saw Zeinbecomes the new monarch of theHanthawaddy Kingdom(or Martaban) upon the death of his older brother,Saw O.
October – December
[edit]- October 8– John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to beKing of the Romans.[10]
- October 15– Hostilities that will lead to theWar of Saint-Sardosbetween England and France begin when KingCharles IV of Francehas a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town ofSaint-Sardos,territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of theDuchy of Aquitainein southeastern France).[14]
- October 16– Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town ofMontpezat,burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England'sBaron Bassetof theDuchy of Gascony,for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard.
- November 12–Pope John XXIIissues the papal bullCum inter nonnullosas an addendum to the December 8 bullAd conditorem canonum,declaring that the assertion of theFraticellithat Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy.[3]
- November–Flemish Revolt:A uprising inFlandersis caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers underNicolaas Zannekin.Members of the local gentry join andWilliam Deken,mayor ofBruges,becomes the leader of the revolt.[15]
- December 7– John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert onnecromancy,begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine.[16]
- December 21– In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in theGrand Châtelet.[17]
Deaths
[edit]- January 18–Catherine of Austria,German noblewoman (b.1295)
- March 3–Andrew Harclay,English nobleman and knight (b.1270)
- March 25–Mary of Hungary,Hungarian princess and queen (b.1257)
- April 13–Joan of Lusignan,French noblewoman and ruler (b.1260)
- June 11–Berengar Fredol the Elder,French cardinal and writer[18]
- June 19–Mechthild of Nassau,German noblewoman and princess
- July 14–Ralph Greystoke,English nobleman and knight (b.1299)[19]
- August 2–Hōjō Nobutoki,Japanese nobleman and regent (b.1238)
- August 3–Augustin Kažotić,Croatian prelate and bishop (b. 1260)
- September 4–Gegeen Khan,Emperor Yingzong of China and Mongol ruler (b.1302)
- September 22–Kosmas the Zographite,Bulgarian monk and saint
- October 11–Henry II the Younger,German nobleman (b.1292)
- October 16–Amadeus V,Savoyan nobleman and regent (b.1252)
- October 28–John Grey,English nobleman, knight and politician[20]
- November 16–Frederick the Brave,German nobleman (b. 1257)
- date unknown
- Benvenuto Campesani,Italian poet, notary and writer (b.1250)
- Bernhard II,German nobleman and prince (House of Ascania)
- Blanche of France,French princess (House of Capet) (b.1253)
- Enrique Enríquez the Elder,Castilian nobleman (b.1246)[21]
- George II,Bulgarian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Terter)
- Gerhard IV,German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b.1277)
- Giorgi I,Georgian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Dadiani)
- Gong of Song,Chinese emperor (House of Zhao) (b.1271)[22]
- Guy Ferre the Younger,English nobleman and seneschal
- Henry III,German nobleman and co-ruler (House of Gorizia)
- Hervaeus Natalis,French scholar and theologian (b. 1260)[23]
- Ibn Adjurrum,Moroccan scholar and grammarian (b.1273)[24]
- Ibn al-Fuwati,Persian librarian, historian and writer (b.1244)
- Isabella of Burgundy,queen consort ofGermany(b. 1270)[25]
- Joan of Taranto,queen consort ofCilician Armenia(b.1297)
- John of Monmouth,English bishop andchancellor(b. 1270)
- Maria dalle Carceri,Italian noblewoman (House of Cornaro)
- Nicholas Orsini,Italian nobleman, count palatine and ruler[26]
- Niklot I, Count of Schwerin,German nobleman and ruler (b. 1250)
- Nisshō,JapaneseBuddhistdisciple and teacher (b.1221)
- Zhongfeng Mingben,ChineseBuddhistmaster (b.1263)[27]
References
[edit]- ^Geoffrey Barrow,Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland(Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965) pp. 351-353
- ^abcSir Herbert Maxwell,The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes(J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252
- ^ab"Bonagratia of Bergamo",The Catholic Encyclopedia(Robert Appleton Company, 1907)
- ^abSnyder, Timothy (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999,pp. 92–93. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-10586-5.
- ^Arthur L. Herman (2021).The Viking Heart: How Scandinavians Conquered the World,pp. 176–178. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.ISBN978-1328595904.
- ^Encyclopædia Britannica,p. 608. Eleventh Edition, Vol. XIII, Ed. Hugh Chisholm (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1910).
- ^Richard M. Eaton (2005).A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761,p. 21. Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521254847.
- ^Francesco Cesare Casula,Il Regno di Sardegna(Logus mondi interattivi,2012)
- ^Pete Armstrong (2002). Osprey:Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory,p. 89.ISBN1-85532-609-4.
- ^abHywel Williams (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 158.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975).A History of Medieval Spain,p. 408. Cornell University Press.
- ^Hampden, Renn Dickson (1848). "The Life of Thomas Aquinas: A Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages".Encyclopædia Metropolitana.London: John J. Griffin & Co. p. 54.
- ^Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019).Ristiretket,p. 280. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys.ISBN978-952-7045-09-1.
- ^Kathryn Warner,Edward II: The Unconventional King(Amberley Publishing, 2014)
- ^William H. TeBrake (1993).A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN0-8122-3241-0.
- ^Natalie Fryde,The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326(Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp.162-163
- ^Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign and Its Aftermath 1284—1330 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003) pp. 315-321, 509
- ^Herbermann, Charles (1913). "Berenger Fredol".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^Charles Clay; Diana E. Greenway (2013).Early Yorkshire Families,p. 39. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-108-05837-7.
- ^Wright, Thomas (1864).The Roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended King Edward I. at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300,PP. 2–3. London: J.C. Hotten.
- ^Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (1982). Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro (ed.).Heráldica medieval espyearla.Volumen I: La Casa Real de Castilla y León. Hidalguía.ISBN8400051505.
- ^Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018).Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia,p. 208. BRILL.ISBN978-9004366152.
- ^Leonore Bazinek (1993). "Natalis, Hervaeus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)(in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 468–474.ISBN3-88309-044-1.
- ^Sarton, George (1947).Introduction to the History of Science,p. 1009. Vol. 3.
- ^Philippe Le Bel et la Noblesse Franc-Comtoise,p. 9. Frantz Funck-Brentano,Bibliothèque de I'École des chartes,Vol. 49 (1888).
- ^Nicol, Donald M. (1984).The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages,pp. 91–92. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-13089-9.
- ^Lauer, Uta (2002).A Master of His Own: The Calligraphy of the Chan Abbot Zhongfeng Mingben (1262–1323),p. 52. Franz Steiner Verlag.ISBN9783515079327.