1539
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1539 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births–Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments–Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1539 MDXXXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2292 |
| Armenian calendar | 988 ԹՎ ՋՁԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6289 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1460–1461 |
| Bengali calendar | 946 |
| Berber calendar | 2489 |
| English Regnal year | 30Hen. 8– 31Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2083 |
| Burmese calendar | 901 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7047–7048 |
| Chinese calendar | Mậu tuấtNiên (EarthDog) 4236 or 4029 — to — Kỷ hợi niên (EarthPig) 4237 or 4030 |
| Coptic calendar | 1255–1256 |
| Discordian calendar | 2705 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1531–1532 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5299–5300 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1595–1596 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1460–1461 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4639–4640 |
| Holocene calendar | 11539 |
| Igbo calendar | 539–540 |
| Iranian calendar | 917–918 |
| Islamic calendar | 945–946 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun8 ( thiên văn ８ niên ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1457–1458 |
| Julian calendar | 1539 MDXXXIX |
| Korean calendar | 3872 |
| Minguo calendar | 373 beforeROC Dân tiền 373 niên |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 71 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2081–2082 |
| Tibetan calendar | Dương thổ cẩu niên (male Earth-Dog) 1665 or 1284 or 512 — to — Âm thổ trư niên (female Earth-Pig) 1666 or 1285 or 513 |
Year1539(MDXXXIX) was acommon year starting on Wednesday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 4–Giannandrea Giustiniani Longois elected two a two year term asDogeof theRepublic of Genoain Italy, succeedingGiovanni Battista Doria.
- January 12–Treaty of Toledo:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor(andCharles I of Spain) andFrancis I of Franceagree to make no further alliances withEngland.The treaty comes afterHenry VIII of England'ssplit with RomeandPope Paul III.
- January–Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War–Battle of Naungyo,Burma:The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
- February 9– The first horse race is held atChester Racecourse,the oldest in use inEngland.[1]
- March 1– King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28.
- March 2–Askia Isma'il,ruler of theSonghai EmpireinWest Africa,dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded byAskia Ishaq I.
- March 30–Canterbury Cathedralsurrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.
April–June
[edit]- April 17– AtDresdenin Germany,Heinrich IVof theHouse of Wettin,nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the newDuke of Saxonywithin theHoly Roman Empireupon the death of his older brother,Georg der Bärtige( "George the Bearded" ).
- April 19– TheTreaty of Frankfurtis signed atFrankfurt-am-MainbyCharles V, Holy Roman Emperoron behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologianPhilip Melanchthon,representative of theSchmalkaldic Leagueof Protestant German states.[2]Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.[3]
- April 28– TheEnglish Parliamentmeets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
- May 5– The EnglishHouse of Lordscreates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
- May 25– The inaugural declaration of theProtestant Reformationtakes place inLeipzig(now part of Germany) withMartin Lutherpresent, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adoptLutheranismas the official religion of make theDuchy of Saxony.
- May 30–Hernando de Sotolands atTampa Bay,Floridawith 600 soldiers, with the goal of findinggold.He also introducespigsintoNorth America.
- June 26–Battle of Chausain modern-dayBuxar,India:Sher Shah Suridefeats theMughalemperor,Humayun(Sher Shah goes on to form theSur Empire,and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
- June 28– TheSix Articles,anActof theParliament of England,is givenroyal assentreaffirms certainCatholicprinciples inHenry VIII'sChurch of England.[4]
July–September
[edit]- July 13–Lütfi Pashabecomes the newGrand vizier of the Ottoman Empireafter being appointed by the SultanSuleiman the Greatfollowing the death ofAyas Mehmed Pasha
- July 18– Thesiege of Castelnuovo(now the town ofHerceg NoviinMontenegro) is started by GeneralHayreddin Barbarossa,leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer,Francisco de Sarmiento,rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to theHoly Land.With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.[5]
- Thesiege of Castelnuovoends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.[6][5]
- August 15– KingFrancis I of Franceissues theOrdinance of Villers-Cotterêt,that places the whole ofFranceunder the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makesFrenchthe language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
- August 17– Therevolt of Ghentbegins in theSpanish Netherlands(nowBelgiumas members of the city'sguildsdemand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.[7]
- September 7–Guru Angad Devbecomes the second Guru of theSikhs.
October–December
[edit]- October 4–Henry VIIIcontracts to marryAnne of Cleves.[8]
- November 1–Joachim II Hectorintroduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
- November 26– Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrenderingFountains Abbeyto the English Crown.[9]
- December 7–Juan Pardo de Tavera,Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.[10]
- December 15– In the Spanish colony ofNueva Granada(now the Republic ofColombia,Spanish conquistadorBaltasar Maldonadoand his troops fight a final battle atDuitama(now theBoyacá Department) against the indigenous armies of theMuisca Confederation,led byTundama.[11]
- December 27–Anne of Clevesarrives inEnglandin fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000florinsto her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.
Undated
[edit]- Protestant Reformation
- Lutheranismis forcibly introduced intoIceland,despite the opposition of BishopJón Arason.
- Beaulieu Abbey,Bolton Abbey,Colchester Abbey,Newstead Abbey,St Albans Abbey,St Mary's Abbey, YorkandHartland Abbey(the last) fall prey to theDissolution of the Monasteriesin England.
- The first edition of theCalvinistGenevan Psalteris published.
- InHenanprovince,China,a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a majorepidemicoutbreak of theplague.
- The first printing press inNorth Americais set up inMexico City.[12]
- Teseo Ambrogio'sIntroductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas,published inPavia,introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.
Births
[edit]
- January 28–Nicolò Donato,Doge of Venice (d.1618)
- February 13–Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatineby marriage (1576-1582) (d.1582)
- February 23
- Henry XI of Legnica,thrice Duke of Legnica (d.1588)
- Salima Sultan Begum,Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d.1613)
- February 27–Franciscus Raphelengius,Dutch printer (d.1597)
- March 5–Christoph Pezel,German theologian (d.1604)
- March 18–Maria of Nassau,Countess of Nassau (d.1599)
- April 5–George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach(d.1603)
- April 6–Amalia of Neuenahr,German noble (d.1602)
- April 7
- Tobias Stimmer,Swiss artist (d.1584)
- Strange Jørgenssøn,Norwegian businessman (d.1610)
- April 30–Archduchess Barbara of Austria,Austrian archduchess (d.1572)
- May 22–Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford(d.1621)
- May 29–Thomas Pounde,English Jesuit lay brother (d.1613)
- June 6–Catherine Vasa,Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d.1610)
- June 13–Jost Amman,Swiss printmaker (d.1591)
- June 23–William Darrell of Littlecote,English politician (d.1589)
- July 4–Louis VI, Elector Palatine(d.1583)
- September 18–Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers,Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d.1595)
- October 1–Peter Vok,Czech noble (d.1611)
- November 1–Pierre Pithou,French lawyer and scholar (d.1596)
- December 5–Fausto Paolo Sozzini,Italian theologian (d.1604)
- December 20–Paulus Melissus,German composer (d.1602)
- December 31–John Radcliffe,English politician (d.1568)
- date unknown
- José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva,Portuguese explorer (d.1590)
- Hasegawa Tōhaku,Japanese painter (d.1610)
- Laurence Tomson,English Calvinist (d.1608)
- Humphrey Gilbert,English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d.1583)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 24–Anneke Esaiasdochter,Dutch Anabaptist writer (b.1509)
- February –Narapati of Prome,king ofPromein Burma.
- February 6–John III, Duke of Cleves(b.1491)
- February 13–Isabella d'Este,Marquise of Mantua (b.1474)[13]
- March 5–Nuno da Cunha,Portuguese governor in India (b.1487)
- March 12–Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire,English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
- March 19–Lord Edmund Howard,English nobleman (b. c.1478))
- April 17–George, Duke of Saxony(b.1471)
- April 19–Katarzyna Weiglowa,Jewish martyr (b.1460)
- April 30–John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath,English noble (b.1470)
- May 1–Isabella of Portugal,Holy Roman Empress (b.1503)[14]
- May 7–Ottaviano Petrucci,Italian printer (b.1466)
- May 7orSeptember 22–Guru Nanak,founder of Sikhism (b.1469)
- June 20–Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b.1486)
- July 5–St Anthony Maria Zaccaria,Italian saint (b.1502)
- July 9–Adrian Fortescue,English Roman Catholic martyr (b.1476)
- August–Vannoccio Biringuccio,Italian metallurgist (b.1480)
- September 8–John Stokesley,English prelate (b.1475)[15]
- November 14–Hugh Cook Faringdon,English Abbot of Reading
- December 12–Bartolomeo degli Organi,Italian musician (b.1474)
- December 20–Johannes Lupi,Flemish composer (b. c.1506)
- date unknown
- James Beaton,Scottish church leader (b.1473)
- Cura Ocllo,Inca queen
References
[edit]- ^Paul Hurley (May 15, 2016).Chester History Tour.Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 2.ISBN978-1-4456-5704-2.
- ^Hagenbach, p. 235.
- ^Hagenbach, Karl Rudolph(1879).History of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland.trans. Evelina Moore.
- ^Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1539".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale.
- ^abArsenal, León; Prado, Fernando (2008).Rincones de historia española(in Spanish). EDAF. pp. 26–34.ISBN978-84-414-2050-2.
- ^Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Sánchez de Toca Catalá; José María (2006).Tercios de España: la infantería legendaria(in Spanish). Madrid: EDAF. p. 116.ISBN978-84-414-1847-9.
- ^Arnade, Peter J. (1996).Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent.Cornell University Press. pp. 200–202.ISBN978-0-8014-3098-5.
- ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.210–215.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^Coppack, Glyn (2009).Fountains Abbey.Amberley. pp. 11, 130.ISBN978-1-84868-418-8.
- ^Biographical Dictionary of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.fiu.edu. Retrieved on 26 January 2012.
- ^"Tundama biography,PueblosOriginarios.com
- ^"The Press in Colonial America"(PDF).A Publisher’s History of American Magazines — Background and Beginnings.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 27, 2016.RetrievedAugust 22,2013.
- ^Frieda, Leonie (2013).The deadly sisterhood: a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527(Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. p. 358.ISBN978-0-7538-2844-1.
- ^"Isabella of Portugal".www.ngv.vic.gov.au.RetrievedOctober 24,2020.
- ^"Stokesley, John (1475–1539), bishop of London".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26563.ISBN978-0-19-861412-8.RetrievedOctober 26,2021.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)