1616

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century 17th century 18th century
Decades:	1590s 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s
Years:	1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619

March 11:Galileo assures Pope Paul V that he will not teach Copernican theory

1616 in variouscalendars

Gregorian calendar	1616 MDCXVI
Ab urbe condita	2369
Armenian calendar	1065 ԹՎ ՌԿԵ
Assyrian calendar	6366
Balinese saka calendar	1537–1538
Bengali calendar	1023
Berber calendar	2566
English Regnal year	13Ja. 1– 14Ja. 1
Buddhist calendar	2160
Burmese calendar	978
Byzantine calendar	7124–7125
Chinese calendar	Ất mãoNiên (WoodRabbit) 4313 or 4106 — to — Bính thần niên (FireDragon) 4314 or 4107
Coptic calendar	1332–1333
Discordian calendar	2782
Ethiopian calendar	1608–1609
Hebrew calendar	5376–5377
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1672–1673
-Shaka Samvat	1537–1538
-Kali Yuga	4716–4717
Holocene calendar	11616
Igbo calendar	616–617
Iranian calendar	994–995
Islamic calendar	1024–1025
Japanese calendar	Genna2 ( nguyên hòa ２ niên )
Javanese calendar	1536–1537
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3949
Minguo calendar	296 beforeROC Dân tiền 296 niên
Nanakshahi calendar	148
Thai solar calendar	2158–2159
Tibetan calendar	Âm mộc thỏ niên (female Wood-Rabbit) 1742 or 1361 or 589 — to — Dương hỏa long niên (male Fire-Dragon) 1743 or 1362 or 590

The Dutch establish the colony ofEssequibo

1616(MDCXVI) was aleap year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Mondayof theJulian calendar,the 1616th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 616th year of the2nd millennium,the 16th year of the17th century,and the 7th year of the1610sdecade. As of the start of 1616, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

• January 1– KingJames I of Englandattends themasqueThe Golden Age Restored,a satire byBen Jonsonon fallen court favorite theEarl of Somerset.The king asks for a repeat performance onJanuary 6.
• January 3– In the court ofJames I of England,the king's favoriteGeorge VilliersbecomesMaster of the Horse(encouraging development of thethoroughbredhorse); onApril 24he receives theOrder of the Garter;and onAugust 27is created Viscount Villiers and Baron Waddon, receiving a grant of land valued at £80,000. In1617,he will be madeEarl of Buckingham.After theEarl of Pembroke,he is the second richest nobleman inEngland.
• January 10– EnglishdiplomatSirThomas Roepresents hiscredentialsto theMughal EmperorJahangir,inAjmerFort, opening the door to theBritish presence in India.Roe sailed in theLyonunder the command of captainChristopher Newport,best known for his role in theVirginia colonies.
• January 12– The city ofBelém,Brazil is founded on theAmazon Riverdelta, by Portuguese captainFrancisco Caldeira Castelo Branco,who had previously taken the city ofSão LuísinMaranhãofrom the French.
• January 15– After overwintering with theHuron Indians,Samuel de Champlainand Recollect FatherJoseph Le Caronvisit thePetunandOttawa Indiansof theGreat Lakes.This is Champlain's last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helps createFrench America,New France,orL'Acadie.
• January 29–DutchcaptainWillem Schouten,in theEendracht,rounds the southern tip of South America, and names itKaap Hoorn,after his birthplace inHolland.
• January – 6-year-oldAntónio Vieiraarrives from Portugal with his parents inBahia(modern-daySalvador) inColonial Brazil,where he will become adiplomat,noted author, leading figure of theChurch,and protector of Brazilianindigenous peoples,in an age of intolerance.
• February 1–James I of EnglandgrantsBen Jonsonan annual pension of 100marks,making himde factopoet laureate.
• February 17– Manchurian leaderQing Tai Zu,referred to in the west as "Nurhaci", declares himselfkhanand crowns himself as Emperor of China, founding theLater Jin dynasty.
• February 19– The first recordederuptionofMayon Volcano,thePhilippines' most activevolcano,takes place.
• February 24– A commission ofRoman Catholictheologians, the "Qualifiers," reports that the idea that the Sun is stationary is "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture...".
• February 26– AstronomerGalileo Galileiappears before CardinalRoberto Bellarminoand "warned of the error of theCopernicanopinion taught by him ", andenjoinedby the Catholic Church against any attempt to hold, teach or defend the position of Copernicus that the Sun is stationary rather than revolving around the Earth "in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing."
• February 28– In the aftermath of the1613–1614anti-Jewishpogromcalled theFettmilch uprisinginFrankfurt,Germany, mob leaderVincenz Fettmilchis beheaded, but the Jews, who had been expelled from the city on August 23, 1614, following the plundering of theJudengasse,can return only as a result of direct intervention byHoly Roman EmperorMatthias.After long negotiations, the Jews are left without any compensation for their plundered belongings.
• February– English merchants of theEast India Companycomplain that the great troubles and wars in Japan since their arrival have put them to much pains and charges. Two great cities,Osakaand Sakaii, have been burned to the ground, each one almost as big as London, and not one house left standing, and it is reported above 300,000 men have lost their lives, “yet the old Emperor Ogusho Same hath prevailed and Fidaia Same either been slain or fled secretly away, that no news is to be heard of him.”Jesuits,priests, and friars are banished by the emperor and their churches andmonasteriespulled down; they put the fault on the arrival of the English; it is said if Fidaia Same had prevailed against the emperor, he promised them entrance again, when without doubt all the English would have been driven out of Japan.
• March 5–De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,written byNicolaus Copernicusin1543is placed on theIndex of Forbidden Books,by theCongregation of the Indexof theRoman Catholic Church"until corrected".
• March 11
  • Galileo GalileimeetsPope Paul Vin person, to discuss his position as a defender of Copernicus'heliocentrism.The Pope promises Galileo safety from any enemies, and Galileo complies for the next seven years with the injunction against teaching Copernican doctrines.
  • EnglishRoman Catholicpriest,Thomas Atkinson,ishanged, drawn, and quarteredatYork,at age 70 (he will bebeatifiedbyPope John Paul IIon November 22, 1987).
• March 19
  • SirWalter Ralegh,English explorer of theNew World,is released from prison in theTower of London,where he has been imprisoned for treason, in order to conduct a second (ill-fated) expedition, in search ofEl Doradoin South America.
  • The Scornful Lady,a comedy stage play written byFrancis BeaumontandJohn Fletcher,is published.
• March 26–August 30– English explorerWilliam Baffin,as pilot toRobert Byloton theDiscovery,makes a detailed exploration ofBaffin Bay,whilst searching for theNorthwest Passage.The expedition also discoversSmith Sound,Lancaster SoundandDevon Island,and reacheslatitude77° 45' North, a record which holds for 236 years.
• March 31– Mughal EmperorJahangirconfers the title ofNur Jahan('Light of the World') on his 20th wife.
• March–Action of 1616,La Goulette,Tunisia:A Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.

April–June

• April 25– SirJohn Coke,in theCourt of King's Bench (England),holds the King's actions in a case ofIn commendamto be illegal.
• May 3– TheTreaty of Loudunis signed, ending a series of rebellions in France.
• May 25– KingJames I of England's former favourite, theEarl of Somerset,and his wifeFrances,are convicted of the murder ofThomas Overburyin1613.They are spared death, and are sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London (until1622).Although the King has ordered the investigation of the poet's murder and allowed his former court favorite to be arrested and tried, his court, now under the influence ofGeorge Villiers,gains the reputation of being corrupt and vile. The sale of peerages (beginning in July)and the royal visit of James's brother-in-law,Christian IV of Denmark,a notorious drunkard, add further scandal.
• June 12–Pocahontas(now Rebecca) arrives in England, with her husband,John Rolfe,their one-year-old son,Thomas Rolfe,her half-sister Matachanna (alias Cleopatra) and brother-in-lawTomocomo,theshamanalso known as Uttamatomakkin (having set out in May). TenPowhatanIndiansare brought by SirThomas Dale,the colonial governor, at the request of theVirginia Company,as a fund-raising device. Dale, having been recalled under criticism, writesA True Relation of the State of Virginia, Left by Sir Thomas Dale, Knight, in May last, 1616,in a successful effort to redeem his leadership. Neither Pocahontas or Dale see Virginia again.

July–September

• July 6– First recorded eruption ofManam Volcano(erupting frequently since), forming a 10-km-wide island in theBismarck Sea,13 km (8.1 mi) off coast ofPapua New Guinea,in the southwestern part of thePacific Ring of Fire.
• July 20– The death ofHugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone,in exile in Rome, ends theFlight of the Earlsfrom Ireland.
• August 8– TheTokugawa shogunate(Bakufu) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely, or trading outside of the ports ofNagasakiandHirado.
• September 15– The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened inFrascati,Italy.

October–December

• October 10–Sakazaki NaomoriofIwamiTsuwano hancommits suicide after failing to kidnapPrincess Sen.
• October 25–Dirk Hartogmakes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, atDirk Hartog Islandoff the Western Australian coast, and thepewterHartog Plateis left to mark the landfall of the Dutch shipEendracht.
• October
  • John Donneis appointed as Reader in Divinity at his oldinn of courtin London,Lincoln's Inn.
  • King James's School, KnaresboroughinYorkshireis founded by Dr. Robert Chaloner, and the charter is signed by King James I of England.
• October/November–Ben Jonson's satirical five-act comedy,The Devil is an Ass,is produced at theBlackfriars Theatrein London by theKing's Men,poking fun at contemporary credence in witchcraft andMiddlesexjuries.
• November 4–Prince Charles(15-year-old surviving son ofJames I of EnglandandAnne of Denmark) is invested asPrince of WalesatWhitehallin London, the last such formal investiture until1911.
• November 5– BishopLancelot Andrewespreaches the annualGunpowder Treasonsermon before KingJames I of EnglandatWhitehall,both having been intended victims of the plot.
• November 6–25–Ben Jonson's works are published in a collectedfolioedition (the first of any English playwright).
• November 6– Captain William Murray is granted a royalpatent,giving him the sole privilege of importingtobaccoto Scotland for a period of 21 years. Continuing from the reign ofElizabeth I of England,the creation of grants and patents reaches a new highwater mark from1614to1621,during the reign ofJames I of England.
• November 13– Italian artistGuido Reni's famousPietà,commissioned by the Senate ofBologna,is placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Pietà.
• November 14– In England, SirEdward Cokeis dismissed asChief Justice of the King's Benchby royal prerogative.
• November 16
  • TheTepehuán Revoltbegins in Nueva Vizcaya with the attack of a Spanish wagon train that is on its way to Mexico City. It tests the limits of Spanish andJesuitcolonialism,in western and northwesternDurangoand southernChihuahua,Mexico.
  • Marco Antonio de Dominis,Roman CatholicArchbishopof the See of Spalato andPrimateofDalmatia,having run afoul ofPope Paul Vover secular matters relating toVenice,submits to KingJames I of Englandand later becomes Dean of Windsor.
• November 30–Cardinal Richelieu,Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named FrenchSecretary of Stateby young kingLouis XIII.Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and theHabsburg Empire.
• November
  • Peter Paul Rubensbegins work on classicaltapestries,when a contract is signed inAntwerpwith cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts in Brussels, and theGenoesemerchant Franco Cattaneo.
  • René Descartes,at age 20, graduates incivilandcanon lawat theUniversity of Poitiers,where he becomes disillusioned with books, preferring to seek truths from "le grand livre du monde." His thesis defense may be written in December.
  • With small profits to show, theVirginia Companydecides to distribute land inVirginiatoshareholdersaccording to the number of shares owned. Each stockholder can set up a "particular" plantation and pay associated expenses, receiving 100 acres (0.40 km²) of land for each share and 50 acres (200,000 m²) for each person transported (the "headrights" system).
  • ScholarRobert Burtonis madevicarofSt Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford.
• December 10– Anordinanceestablishesparishschools in Scotland. The same act of thePrivy Councilcommends the abolition ofGaelic.
• December 18– A widely reported earthquake occurs inLeipzig,Germany (also datedDecember 22).
• December 22– An Indian youth (called one of "the first fruits of India" ) is baptized with the name "Peter" in London at the St. Dionis Backchurch, in a ceremony attended by theLord Mayor,thePrivy Council,city aldermen, and officials of theHonourable East India Company.Peter thus becomes the first convert to theAnglican Churchin India. He returns to India as a missionary, schooled in English and Latin.
• December 25
  • "Father Christmas"is a main character ofChristmas, His Masque,written byBen Jonsonand presented at the court of KingJames I of England.Father Christmas is considered apapistsymbol byPuritans,and later banished from England until theEnglish Restoration.The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, indicate that he is descended from the presenter of themedievalFeast of Fools.
  • CaptainNathaniel Courthopereaches thenutmeg-rich island ofRunin theMoluccas,to defend it against theDutch East India Company.A contract with the inhabitants, acceptingJames I of Englandas their sovereign, makes it part of theEnglish colonial empire.
• December– In the Middle East, travellerPietro Della Vallemarries Jowaya, daughter of aNestorian Christianfather and anArmenianmother, inBaghdad.The couple then sets off (1617) to find the Shah inIsfahan.

Date unknown

• Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaignsoccur as progressive combats.Abbas I of PersiacapturesTbilisifollowing a conflict with theGeorgiansoldiers and the general populace. After the capture of Tbilisi, Abbas I confronts anOttomanarmy. The battle takes place nearLake Gökçe,and results in aSafavidvictory.
• Oorsprong en voortgang der Nederlandtscher beroerten(Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands), byJohannes Gysius,is published.
• TheCollegium Musicumis founded inPrague.
• PhysicianAleixo de Abreuis granted a pension of 16,000 reis, for services to the crown inAngolaandBrazil,byPhilip III of Spain,who also appoints him physician of his chamber.
• Ngawang Namgyalarrives inBhutan,having escapedTibet.
• TheSwiss Guardis appointed part of the household guard of KingLouis XIII of France.
• Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince ofUrbano,of theBarberini family,occur inFlorence,Italy.
• Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in theMughal EmpiretoIspahaninPersia.
• Captain John Smithpublishes his bookA description of New Englandin London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast ofMassachusettsandMaine,in1614,and an attempted voyage in1615,when he was captured by Frenchpiratesand detained for several months before escaping.
• TheNew EnglandIndiansmallpoxorleptospirosisepidemic of 1616–19begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples.
• Aslaveship carriessmallpoxfrom theKingdom of KongotoSalvador,Brazil.
• In England,louse-borneepidemic typhusravages the poor and crowded.
• A fatal disease of cattle, probablyrinderpest,spreads through the Italian provinces ofPadua,Udine,TrevisoandVicenza,introduced most likely fromDalmatiaor Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559,1562,1566,1590,1598) in other European regions whenharvest failurealso drives people to the brink of starvation (for example,1595–97in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, andPope Paul Vissues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that are suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished.
• At the behest of SirFerdinando Gorges,Dr. Richard Vines, a physician, passes the winter of 1616–17atBiddeford, Maine,at the mouth of theSaco River,that he calls Winter Harbor. This is the site of the earliest permanent settlement in Maine, of which there is a conclusive record. Maine will become an important refuge for religious dissenters persecuted by thePuritans.
• InSpanish Florida,the Cofa Mission at the mouth of theSuwannee Riverdisappears.
• The first Africanslavesare brought toBermuda,an Englishcolony,by Captain George Bargrave to dive forpearls,because of their reputed skill in this activity. Harvesting pearls off the coast proves unsuccessful, and the slaves are put to work planting and harvesting the initial large crops oftobaccoandsugarcane.At the same time, some English refuse to purchase Brazilian sugar because it is produced by slave labour.
• Italiannatural philosopherGiulio Cesare Vaninipublishes a radicallyheterodoxbook in France, after his English interludeDe admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis,for which he is condemned and forced to flee Paris. For his opinion that the world is eternal and governed by immanent laws, as expressed in this book, he is executed in1619.
• Francesco Albanipaints the ceiling frescoes ofApollo and the Seasons,at the Palazzo Verospi inVia del Corso,for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi.
• ElizabethanpolymathandalchemistRobert Fluddpublishes his first book,Apologia Compendiaria, Fraternitatem de Rosea Cruce suspicionis… maculis aspersam, veritatis quasi Fluctibus abluens,which was a defense of the ideas of theRosicrucians.
• Johannes Valentinus Andreaeclaims to be the author ofChymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459published inStrasbourg.
• Witch trials:
  • John Cottawrites his influential bookThe Triall of Witch-craft.
  • Elizabeth Rutter ishangedas awitchinMiddlesex,England, Agnes Berrye inEnfield,and nine women inLeicesteron the testimony of a raving 13-year-old named John Smith, under theWitchcraft Act 1603.InOrkney,Elspeth Reochis tried. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned forwitchcraftonMay 6,Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch, and inOrléanseighteen witches are killed.
  • A secondwitch-huntbreaks out inBiscay,Spain. An Edict of Silence is issued by theInquisition,but the king overturns the Edict, and 300 accused witches are burned alive.
• Latest probable date ofThomas Middletoncomposition ofThe Witch,a tragicomedy that may have entered into the present-day text ofShakespeare'sMacbeth.
• "Drink to me only with thine eyes" comes fromBen Jonson's love poem,To Celia.Jonson's poetic lamentationOn my first Sonneis also from this year.
• Francis de Sales' literary masterpieceTreatise on the Love of Godis published, while he is Bishop ofGeneva.
• Orlando Gibbons' anthemSee, the Word is Incarnateis written.
• Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna states that "tongue stones" (glossopetrae) aresharkteeth, in his treatiseDe glossopetris dissertatio.
• An important English dictionary is published by Dr.John Bullokarwith the titleAn English Expositor:teaching the interpretation of the hardest words used in our language, with sundry explications, descriptions and discourses.
• English mathematicianHenry Briggsgoes toEdinburgh,to showJohn Napierhis efficient method of findinglogarithms,by the continued extraction ofsquare roots.
• Moralist writer John Deacon publishes aquartoentitledTobaccoTortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined(supporting the views ofJames I of England). Deacon writes the same year thatsyphilisis a "Turkished", "Spanished", or "Frenchized" disease that the English contract by "trafficking with the contagious courruptions."
• Fortunio LicetipublishesDe Monstruorum Naturain Italy, which marks the beginning of studies into malformations of theembryo.
• Dutch traders smuggle thecoffeeplant out ofMocha,a port inYemenon theRed Sea,and cultivate it at theAmsterdam Botanical Gardens.The Dutch later introduce it toJava.
• Muhammad Baqir Majlisi,known asAllameh Majlesi,is born in the city ofIsfahan.
• Fort San Diego, inAcapulcoBay, Mexico, is completed by the Spanish as a defence against their erstwhilevassals,the Dutch.
• Anti-Christian persecutions break out inNanjing,China, andNagasaki,Japan. TheJesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong.
• Master seafarerHenry Mainwaring,Oxfordgraduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundlandpirate,returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and begins to write a revealing treatise onpiracy.
• The firstThaiembassy to Japan arrives.
• William Harveygives his views on thecirculation of blood,asLumleian Lecturerat theRoyal College of Physicians.It is not until1628that he gives his views in print.
• The Dutch establish their colony ofEssequibo,in the region of theEssequibo River,in northern South America (present-dayGuyana), forsugarandtobaccoproduction. The colony is protected byFort Kyk-Over-Al,now in ruins. The Dutch also map theDelaware Riverin North America.
• TheOttoman Empireattempts landings at the shoreline betweenCádizandLisbon.
• Croatianmathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his bookMachinae novae,a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction ofclepsydras,sundials,mills,presses bridges and boats for widely different uses.
• John Speedpublishes an edition of hisAtlasof Britain,with descriptive text in Latin.
• Pierre Vernieris employed, with his father, in making fine-scalemapsof France (Franche-Comtéarea).
• Danishnatural philosopherOle Wormcollects materials that will later be incorporated into hismuseuminCopenhagen.His museum is the nucleus of theUniversity of Copenhagen Zoological Museum.
• Isaac Beeckman,Dutch intellectual and future friend ofRené Descartes,leaves his candle factory inZierikzee,to return toMiddelburgto study medicine.
• InSardinia,the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of theUniversity of Sassariis founded.
• Gian Lorenzo BerninisculptsBacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children,at the age of 18 years. This work is now in New York, at theMetropolitan Museum of Art.
• TheStates of Hollandset up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission isHugo Grotius,a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day.
• Marie Venier(called Laporte) is the first female actress to appear on the stage in Paris.
• JesuitastronomerChristoph Scheinerbecomes the advisor toArchduke Maximilian,brother ofRudolf II, Holy Roman EmperorinVienna.A lifelong enemy of Galileo, following a dispute over the nature ofsunspots,Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633.
• Tommaso Campanella's bookIn Defence of Galileois written.
• Istanbul'sSultan Ahmed Mosque(also known as theBlue Mosque) is completed during the rule ofAhmed I.
• InTunis,themosqueof Youssef Deyis is built. Today it has an octagonalminaretcrowned with a miniature green-tiledpyramidfor a roof.
• Inigo Jonesdesigns theQueen's HouseatGreenwich,near London.
• Ambrose Barlow,recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory,Douai,France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban inValladolid,Spain, enters theOrder of Saint Benedict.In1641he will be martyred in England.
• John Vaughan, 1st Earl of Carberyis appointed to the post ofcomptroller,in the newly formed household ofPrince Charlesin England; Vaughan later claims that serving the Prince has cost him £20,000.

Ongoing

• TheUskok War(1615–1618) continues between the Austrians and Spanish (Habsburg Empire) on one side, and theVenetians,Dutch, and English on the other. An Austro-Turkish treaty is signed inBelgrade,under which the Austrians are granted the right to navigate the middle and lowerDanube Riverby theOttoman Empire.

Births

Ferdinand Bol

John Leverett

Nicholas Culpeper

John Wallis

January–March

• January 1–Nabeshima Naozumi,Japanesedaimyō(d.1669)
• January 5–Alexander von Bournonville,Flemish noble and general (d.1690)
• January 13–Antoinette Bourignon,French-Flemish mystic and adventurer (d.1680)
• January 16–François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort,French soldier (d.1669)
• January 20–Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski,Polish noble (szlachcic) (d.1667)
• January 27orJanuary 28–Christen Aagaard,Danish poet (d.1664)
• February 1–Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg,Duchess consort of Saxe-Altenburg (d.1650)
• February 2–Sébastien Bourdon,French painter and engraver (d.1671)
• February 14–Marc Restout,French painter (d.1684)
• February 25–Isaack Luttichuys,Dutch Golden Age painter (d.1673)
• February 27–István Esterházy,member of the wealthy Hungarian Esterházy family (d.1641)
• February 28
  • Kaspar Förster,German singer and composer (d.1673)
  • Frederick of Hesse-Darmstadt,German Catholic cardinal (d.1682)
• March 1–Maurizio Cazzati,Italian composer (d.1678)
• March 9–Robert Giguère,early pioneer in New France (d.1709)
• March 13–Joseph Beaumont,British academic and poet (d.1699)
• March 16–Thomas Jervoise,English politician (d.1693)
• March 29–Johann Erasmus Kindermann,German composer and organist (d.1655)

April–June

• April 1–Christian Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt(1642–1666) (d.1666)
• April 2–Herbert Morley,English politician (d.1667)
• April 5–Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken(d.1661)
• April 7–Thomas Hopkins,early Providence, Rhode Island settler (d.1684)
• April 19–Louis IV of Legnica,Duke of Oława and Brzeg (1633–1654) (d.1663)
• April 24–Gustav, Count of Vasaborg,illegitimate son of King Gustavus Adolphus and his mistressMargareta Slots(d.1653)
• April 27–Jeremias Felbinger,German Socinian writer (d.1690)
• May 1–Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach(1625–1634) (d.1634)
• May 16–Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington,Scottish judge (d.1679)
• May 19–Johann Jakob Froberger,German composer and keyboardist (d.1667)
• May 23–Sir Edward Bagot, 2nd Baronet,English politician (d.1673)
• May 24–John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale(d.1682)
• May 25–Carlo Dolci,Italian painter (d.1686)
• May 27–Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken,Swedish Princess by birth; margravine of Baden-Durlach by marriage (d.1662)
• June –John Thurloe,English spymaster for Oliver Cromwell (d.1668)
• June 3–George Courthope,English politician (d.1685)
• June 23–Shah Shuja,second son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (d.1661)
• June 24
  • Ferdinand Bol,Dutch Dutch painter, etcher and draftsman (d.1680)
  • Philipp, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen(1661–1671) (d.1671)
• June 25–James Livingstone, 1st Viscount Kilsythof Scotland (d.1661)
• June 28–Lucas Franchoys the Younger,Flemish painter (d.1681)

July–September

• July 7(bapt.) –John Leverett,Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (d.1679)
• July 10–Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra,Spanish artist (d.1668)
• July 21–Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria(d.1676)
• August –William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford,British peer and soldier (d.1700)
• August 6–John Higginson,English minister (d.1708)
• August 12–Johann Paul Freiherr von Hocher,Austrian chancellor (d.1683)
• August 18–John Hervey,English courtier and politician (d.1680)
• August 30–Giovan Battista Nani,Italian historian and diplomat (d.1678)
• September 9–Nicolás de Villacis,Spanish painter (d.1694)
• September 25–Alexander Morus,Franco-Scottish Calvinist preacher (d.1670)

October–December

• October 4–Philippe Balthazar de Gand,French noble (d.1680)
• October 11–Andreas Gryphius,German lyric poet and dramatist (d.1664)
• October 15–Hoshina Masakage,Japanesedaimyōof the Edo period (d.1700)
• October 18–Nicholas Culpeper,English botanist (d.1654)
• October 20–Thomas Bartholin,Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (d.1680)
• October 21–Camillo Astalli,Italian cardinal (d.1663)
• November 13–Nicholas Dennys,English politician (d.1692)
• November 23–John Wallis,English mathematician (d.1703)
• December 12–Martin Lluelyn,Welsh poet (d.1682)
• December 13–Edward Chamberlayne,English writer (d.1703)
• December 14–William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton,Scottish nobleman (d.1651)
• December 17–Roger L'Estrange,English pamphleteer and author (d.1704)
• December 25–Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau,German poet (d.1679)

Date unknown

• Charles Albanel,French missionary (d.1696)
• Henry Bard, 1st Viscount Bellomont,English Royalist (d.1656)
• Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz,Polish nobleman (szlachcic) (d.1660)
• Thomas Harrison,English Puritan soldier and Fifth Monarchist (d.1660)
• William Holder,English music theorist (d.1698)
• Kamalakara,Indian astronomer/mathematician (d.1700)
• Johann Klaj,German poet (d.1656)
• Kuzma Minin,merchant from Nizhny Novgorod
• Sokuhi Nyoitsu,Buddhist monk (d.1671)
• John Owen,English Nonconformist theologian (d.1683)
• Edward Sexby,English Puritan soldier/Leveller (d.1658)
• Obadiah Walker,Master of University College, Oxford (d.1699)

Probable

• Caesar van Everdingen,Dutch older brother of Allart van Everdingen (d.1678)
• Matthias Weckmann,German musician/composer (d.1674)
• Trijntje Keever,presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (d.1633)
• AGreenland shark,still alive

Deaths

Charles de Ligne

William Shakespeare

Miguel de Cervantes

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Jacob Le Maire

January–March

• January 5–Simeon Bekbulatovich,khan of the Qasim Tatars, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Tver
• January 6–Philip Henslowe,English theatre manager (b.1550)
• January 18–Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg,Dutch noble (b.1550)
• February 12–Anna of Nassau-Dillenburg,Countess consort of Nassau-Weilburg (b.1541)
• February 13–Anders Sørensen Vedel,Danish priest and historian (b.1542)
• February 15–George Carey,English politician (b.1541)
• February 18–Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria,Austrian archduke (b.1583)
• February 28
  • Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł,Polish-Lithuanian noble (szlachcic) (b.1549)
  • Vincent Skinner,English Member of Parliament (b.1543)
• March 3–Matthias de l'Obel,physician of James I of England (b.1538)
• March 6–Francis Beaumont,dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre (b.1584)
• March 8
  • Maria Anna of Bavaria,daughter of William V, Duke of Bavaria and Renata von Lothringen (b.1574)
  • Giulio Cesare Casseri,Italian anatomist (b.1552)
• March 19–Johannes Fabricius,Frisian/German astronomer (b.1587)
• March 21–Giacomo Castelvetro,Italian writer (b.1546)
• March 27–George Wylde I,English lawyer and politician (b.1550)
• March 31–John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(b.1575)

April–June

• April 19–Juan de Silva,Spanish military commander and governor of the Philippines
• April 22–Miguel de Cervantes,Spanish author (b.1547)
• April 23
  • (O.S., Tuesday) –William Shakespeare,English playwright and poet (b.1564)
  • (Inca date unknown)Inca Garcilaso de la Vega,Peruvian author (b.1539)
• April 27–Francesco Barbaro,Italian diplomat (b.1546)
• May 4–Magdalene of Brandenburg,Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt (1598–1616) (b.1582)
• May 8–Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury,English politician and earl (b.1552)
• May 24–Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland,British noble (b.1560)
• May 30–Thomas Parry,English politician (b.1541)
• June 1–Tokugawa Ieyasu,Japanese shōgun (b.1543)
• June 4–Adam Hieronim Sieniawski,Polish–Lithuanian noble (b. c.1576)
• June 9–Cornelis Schuyt,Dutch organist and composer (b.1557)
• June 18–Thomas Bilson,English bishop (b.1547)
• June 19–Henry Robinson,English bishop (b.1553)

July–September

• July 2–Bernardino Realino,Italian Jesuit (b.1530)
• July 7
  • Charles Philippe de Rodoan,third bishop of Middelburg and the fourth bishop of Bruges (b.1552)
  • Anna of Württemberg,German princess (b.1561)
• July 20
  • Honda Masanobu,Japanese commander anddaimyō(b.1538)
  • Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone,Irish soldier (b.1540)
• July 25–Andreas Libavius,German physician and chemist (b.1555)
• July 29–Tang Xianzu,Chinese playwright and poet (b.1550)
• July 31–Roger Wilbraham,Solicitor-General for Ireland (b.1553)
• August 3–Hans Meinhard von Schönberg,German military commander (b.1582)
• August 7
  • Scipione Gentili,Italian law professor and legal writer (b.1563)
  • Vincenzo Scamozzi,Italian architect (b.1548)
• August 8
  • Cornelis Ketel,Dutch painter (b.1548)
  • Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre,English baron and politician (b.1570)
• August 31–Henry Poole,English politician (b.1541)
• September 24
  • Henry Baynton,English Member of Parliament (b.1571)
  • John Scott,English politician (b.1570)
• September 29–Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln,English politician (b.1539)

October–December

• October 10–Countess Maria of Nassau(b.1556)
• October 11–Aleksander Józef Lisowski,Polish noble (szlachcic) (b.1580)
• October 17–John Pitts,Catholic scholar and writer (b.1560)
• October 21–Sakazaki Naomori,Japanesedaimyō(b.1563)
• October 23–Leonhard Hutter,German theologian (b.1563)
• October 27–Johannes Praetorius,German astronomer and mathematician (b.1537)
• November 3–Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt,Abbess of Gernrode, Electress of Saxony, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Plön (b.1573)
• November 8–Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer,English politician (b.1551)
• November 14–William Harris,English knight (b.1556)
• November 20–Matsumae Yoshihiro,Japanese daimyo of Ezochi (Hokkaidō) (b.1548)
• December 6–Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi,Moroccan writer, judge and mathematician (b.1552)
• November 23–Richard Hakluyt,English author, editor and translator (b.1553)
• December 7–Guillaume Fouquet de la Varenne,French chef (b.1560)
• December 22–Jacob Le Maire,Dutch mariner (b.1585)
• December 24–György Thurzó,Palatine of Hungary (b.1567)
• December 31–Jan Szczęsny Herburt,Polish political writer (b.1567)

Date unknown

• Shimozuma Chūkō,Japanese monk of the Hongan-ji (b.1551)
• Meir Lublin,Polish rabbi (b.1558)

Probable

• Hendrick Christiaensen,Dutch explorer
• Krzysztof Klabon,Polish Renaissance composer (b.1550)
• Alexander Whitaker,Virginia Colony religious leader (b.1585)

External links

• Clifford, Anne (2006). Acheson, Katherine O (ed.).The Memoir of 1603 and The Diary of 1616–19.New York: Broadview Press.ISBN1-55111-339-2.
• Christensen, Thomas (Spring 2012).1616: The World in Motion.Counterpoint Press.Author's website.