1644
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1644(MDCXLIV) was aleap year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Mondayof theJulian calendar,the 1644th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 644th year of the2nd millennium,the 44th year of the17th century,and the 5th year of the1640sdecade. As of the start of 1644, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1644).
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 22– The RoyalistOxford Parliamentis first assembled by KingCharles I of England.[1]
- January 26–First English Civil War:Battle of Nantwich– TheParliamentariansdefeat theRoyalists,allowing them to end the 6-week siege of theCheshiretown.[2]
- January 30
- Dutch explorerAbel Tasmandeparts fromBataviain theDutch East Indies(modern-day Jakarta in Indonesia) on his second major expedition for theDutch East India Company,to map the north coast ofAustralia.Tasman commands three ships,Limmen,ZeemeeuwandBraek,and returns to Batavia at the beginning of August with no major discoveries.
- Battle of Ochmatów:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealthforces underhetmanStanisław Koniecpolskisecure a substantial victory over thehordeofCrimean TatarsunderTugay Bey.
- February 5– The firstlivestock brandinglaw in America is passed in Connecticut.[3]
- March 24–Roger Williamsis granted an official grant for hisRhode Island Colonyfrom the Parliament of England, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.
April–June[edit]
- April 18–Opchanacanoughleads thePowhatanIndians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English atJamestown.Although 300 of the English colonists are slain, the settlers pursue Opchanacanough, who is imprisoned in Jamestown for the rest of his life.[4]This is the last such Indian rebellion in the region.
- April 25– A popular Chinese rebellion led byLi Zichengsacks Beijing, promptingChongzhen,the last emperor of theMing dynasty,to commitsuicide.
- May 6–Johan Mauritiusresigns as Governor of Brazil.[3]
- May 25–MinggeneralWu Sanguiforms an alliance with the invadingManchusand opens the gates of theGreat Wall of ChinaatShanhaiguanPass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
- May 26–Battle of Montijo:TheKingdom of Portugalis victorious overHabsburg Spain,in the first major action between the two nations during thePortuguese Restoration War.
- May 27–Battle of Shanhai Pass:TheManchuQing dynastyandWu Sanguigain a decisive victory overLi Zicheng'sShun dynasty.
- June 3–Li Zichengproclaims himself emperor of China.
- June 6– The invadingQingarmy, with the help ofMinggeneralWu Sangui,captures Beijing inChina,marking the beginning of Manchu rule overChina proper.
- June 11– During theEnglish Civil War,Prince Rupertand his men takeLiverpool Castle.[5]Liverpool is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.
July–September[edit]
- July 1–Torstenson War:Battle of Colberger Heide– TheDano-NorwegianandSwedishfleets fight a naval battle off the coast ofSchleswig-Holstein.The battle is indecisive but represents a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet.
- July 2–English Civil War:Battle of Marston Moor– TheParliamentarianscrush theRoyalistsinYorkshire,endingCharles I's hold on the north of England.[6]
- September 1–English Civil War:Battle of Tippermuir–MontrosedefeatsLord Elcho'sCovenanters,reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.
- September 2– English Civil War: SecondBattle of Lostwithiel(inCornwall) –Charles Iand theRoyalistsgain their last major victory.[7]
- September 15–Pope Innocent XsucceedsPope Urban VIII,becoming the 236thpope.[8]
October–December[edit]
- October 1– The Jews ofMogilev,Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, are attacked duringTashlikh.
- November 8– TheShunzhi Emperor,the second emperor of theQing dynasty,is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of theMing dynastyas the first Qing emperor to rule overChina proper.
- November 23
- Battle of Jüterbog(December 3New Style):Sweden's forces defeat those of theHoly Roman Empire.
- Areopagitica,an appeal for freedom of speech written byJohn Milton,is published in London.
- November– TheCastle of Elvasin Portugal resists a 9-day siege by the Spanish during thePortuguese Restoration War.
- December 8(December 18New Style) – AsChristinacomes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden.
- December–Bubonic plaguebreaks out inEdinburgh(Scotland).
Date unknown[edit]
- A Spanish officer is murdered inSt. Dominic's Church, Macauduringmassby colonists loyal toPortugalduring thePortuguese Restoration War.
- Sigismund's Columnis erected inWarsawto commemorate KingSigismund III Vasa,who moved the capital of Poland fromKrakówto Warsaw in1596.
- PhilosopherRené DescartespublishesPrincipia Philosophiae(Principles of Philosophy) in Amsterdam.
- TheoperaOrmindois first performed in Venice (music byFrancesco Cavalli,and libretto byGiovanni Faustini).
- The West India Company[which?]displays greater interest in profit than in colonization.[vague]
Births[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 9–Robert Gibbes,English-born landgrave in South Carolina (d.1715)
- January 10
- Louis François, duc de Boufflers,Marshal of France (d.1711)
- Celestino Sfondrati,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1696)
- January 11–Hayashi Hōkō,Japanese philosopher (d.1732)
- January 14–Thomas Britton,English concert promoter (d.1714)
- January 18–John Partridge,English astrologer (d.1708)
- January 23–Jonas Budde,Norwegian army officer (d.1710)
- January 25–Antoine Thomas,Jesuit missionary priest and astronomer (d.1709)[9]
- January 26–Thomas Boylston,American colonial doctor (d.1695)
- February 2
- Isaac Chayyim Cantarini,Italian rabbi (d.1723)
- Johannes Hancke,German writer (d.1713)
- February 7–Nils Bielke,member of the High Council of Sweden (d.1716)
- February 8–Pierre de La Broue,American bishop (d.1720)
- February 12–Jakob Ammann,Swiss founder of the Amish sect (d.1712)
- February 24–Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt,German mother of Johann Sebastian Bach (d.1694)
- March 1–Simon Foucher,French polemicist (d.1696)
- March 15–Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld,German iron and cobalt magnate (d.1715)
- March 21–Sir Walter Bagot, 3rd Baronet,English politician (d.1704)
- March 22
- Otto Mencke,German philosopher and scientist (d.1707)
- Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1698)
- March 25–Heinrich von Cocceji,German jurist from Bremen (d.1719)
- March 31–Henry Winstanley,English engineer (d.1703)
April–June[edit]
- April 6–António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas,Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d.1721)
- April 7
- Nathaniel Johnson,American politician (d.1713)
- François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy,French soldier (d.1730)
- April 11–Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours,Duchess of Savoy (d.1724)
- April 17–Abraham Storck,Dutch painter (d.1708)
- April 21–Conrad von Reventlow,Danish statesman, first Grand Chancellor of Denmark (d.1708)
- May 2–Robert Cotton,English politician (d.1717)
- May 4–Juan Caballero y Ocio,Spanish priest remarkable for lavish gifts to the Catholic Church and charity (d.1707)
- May 5–Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet,English landowner (d.1710)
- May 26–Michael Ettmüller,German physician (d.1683)
- June 2–William Salmon,English medical writer (d.1713)
- June 7–Johann Christoph Volkamer,German botanist (d.1720)
- June 16–Henrietta Anne Stuart,Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland and Duchess of Orléans (d.1670)[10]
- June 17–Johann Wolfgang Franck,German baroque composer (d.1710)
July–September[edit]
- July 2–Abraham a Sancta Clara,German Augustinian friar (d.1709)
- July 4–Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland,English noble (d.1670)
- July 7–Joan Geelvinck,Dutch politician (d.1707)
- July 10–Miguel Bayot,Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cebu (from 1697) (d.1700)
- July 22–Peter Drelincourt,Irish chaplain (d.1722)
- August 6
- Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth(1655–1712) (d.1712)
- Louise de La Vallière,French mistress ofLouis XIV of France(d.1710)[11]
- August 12–Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber,Bohemian composer and violinist (d.1704)
- August 28(bapt.)–Gilles Schey,Dutch admiral (d.1703)
- August 29–Anne Bourdon,nun in New France (d.1711)
- August 30–Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet,English politician (d.1729)
- September 3–Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford,English politician (d.1723)
- September 6–Juan Bautista Cabanilles,Spanish composer (d.1712)
- September 11–Jacob Rotius,Dutch painter (d.1681)
- September 22–Jacques Échard,French Dominican, historian of the Order (d.1724)
- September 25–Ole Rømer,Danish astronomer (d.1710)
October–December[edit]
- October 1–Jean Rousseau,French viol player (d.1699)
- October 2–François-Timoléon de Choisy,Frenchabbé,author and cross-dresser (d.1724)
- October 3–Adriaen Frans Boudewijns,landscape painter (d.1719)
- October 12–Christopher Sandius,Dutch Arian writer (d.1680)
- October 13–Sipihr Shikoh,Mughal Emperor (d.1708)
- October 14–William Penn,English Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania (d.1718)
- October 26–Mathias Steuchius,Swedish archbishop (d.1730)
- November 23(bapt.)–Cornelia van der Gon,Dutch art collector (d.1701)
- December 8–Maria d'Este,Italian noble (d.1684)
- December 9–Robert Kirk,Scottish folklorist, Bible translator, Gaelic scholar (d.1692)
- December 23–Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco,Spanish composer, musician and organist (d.1728)
- December 25–Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras,Scottish nobleman (d.1693)
- December 29–Philips van Almonde,Dutch Lieutenant Admiral (d.1711)
Date unknown[edit]
- Matsuo Bashō,Japanese poet (d.1694)
- Pietro Erardi,Maltese chaplain and painter (d.1727)[12]
- Antonio Stradivari,Italian violin maker (d.1737)[13]
Deaths[edit]
- January 20–Stefano Amadei,Italian painter (b.1580)
- January 30–William Chillingworth,controversial English churchman (b.1602)
- January 31–Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl,German nobleman (b.1588)
- February 28–Guru Har Gobind,the SixthSikh Guru(b.1595)
- March 15–Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau,Regent of Bohemia (b.1576)
- March 24–Cecilia Renata of Austria,Queen of Poland (b.1611)
- March 29–Lord John Stewart,Scottish aristocrat, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b.1621)
- April 2–Diego Salcedo,Spanish bishop (b.1575)
- April 10– ReverendWilliam Brewster,English Pilgrim leader (b.1567)
- April 25–Chongzhen,lastMingEmperor ofChina(suicide) (b.1611)
- April 28–Zsófia Bosnyák,Hungarian noblewoman (b.1609)
- May 26–Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena,Italian noble (b.1591)
- June 17
- Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis,French countess (b.1577)
- John of St. Thomas,Portuguese philosopher (b.1589)
- July 4–Brian Twyne,English archivist (b.1581)
- July 7–Hedwig of Hesse-Kassel,countess consort of Schaumburg (b.1569)
- July 16–Giovanni Biliverti,Italian painter (b.1585)
- July 25–Amar Singh Rathore,Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar (b.1613)
- July 29–Pope Urban VIII(b.1568)[14]
- August 25–Johann Heinrich Alting,German Lutheran theologian (b.1583)
- September 4–Johannes Wtenbogaert,Dutch leader of the Remonstrants (b.1557)
- September 7
- Guido Bentivoglio,Italian statesman and historian (b.1579)[15]
- Ralph Corbie,Irish Jesuit (b.1598)
- September 8
- October 6–Elisabeth of France,queen ofPhilip IV of Spain(b.1602)
- October 19–Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein(b.1587)
- October 30–Jorge de Cárdenas y Manrique de Lara,Spanish noble (b.1584)
- November 6–Thomas Roe,English diplomat (b. c.1581)
- November 10–Luis Vélez de Guevara,Spanish writer (b.1579)
- November 20–Nathaniel Foote,American colonist (b.1592)
- November 24–Deodat del Monte,Flemish painter, architect (b.1582)
- December 20–Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach(from 1640) (b.1599)
- December 23–Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1609)
- December 28–John Bankes,Attorney General and Chief Justice to King Charles I of England (b.1589)
- December 30–Jan Baptist van Helmont,Flemish chemist (b.1577)
References[edit]
- ^Braddick, Michael J. (2015).The Oxford handbook of the English revolution.Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103.ISBN9780199695898.
- ^Coward, Barry (1994).The Stuart age: England, 1603-1714.London New York: Longman. p. 223.ISBN9780582067226.
- ^ab"What Happened In 1644".hisdates.com.RetrievedMarch 3,2016.
- ^Edward S. Ellis, et al.,The People's History of the World; Including Two Volumes on the Races of Mankind,Volume 5: United States (Chicago: The History Publishing Association, 1902) p. 127 ( "The second outbreak occurred April 18th, 1644... Opechankano was taken prisoner, and died in Jamestown while a captive" )
- ^"Rupert, Prince", by Charles Harding Firth, inThe Dictionary of National Biography,Volume 17 (Oxford University Press, 1922) p. 408 ( "Rupert returned to Wales.. Defeating the parliamentarians at Stockport, he forced his way into Lancashire, stormed Bolton on 28 May, and captured Liverpool on 11 June", quoting Ormerod,Civil War Tracts of Lancashire,p. 187)
- ^Levene, Mark (1999).The massacre in history.New York: Berghahn Books. p. 93.ISBN9781571819345.
- ^Jeremy Black (1996).The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792.Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
- ^Levillain, Philippe (2002).The papacy: an encyclopedia.New York: Routledge. p. 801.ISBN9780415922289.
- ^Walle, Willy (2003).The history of the relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing era (1644-1911.Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press Ferdinand Verbiest Foundation. p. 90.ISBN9789058673152.
- ^Lowther, Kenneth (1979).Dartmoor, Exeter...London: Ward Lock. p. 35.ISBN9780706357929.
- ^Dumas, Alexandre (1998).The Vicomte de Bragelonne.Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 674.ISBN9780192834638.
- ^Schiavone, Michael J. (2009).Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F.Pietà:Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. p. 756.ISBN9789993291329.
- ^Fetis, FirstName (2013).Anthony Stradivari the Celebrated Violin Maker.Newburyport: Dover Publications. p. x.ISBN9780486316529.
- ^Baker, Christopher (2002).Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720: a biographical dictionary.Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 382.ISBN9780313308277.
- ^John Evelyn (2000).The Diary of John Evelyn: 1620-1649.Clarendon Press. p. 379.
- ^Venning, Timothy (2005).Compendium of British office holders.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118.ISBN9780230505872.
- ^Baker, Christopher (2002).Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720: a biographical dictionary.Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 313.ISBN9780313308277.