1670s

The1670sdecade ran from January 1, 1670, to December 31, 1679.

Events

1670

January–March

• January 17–Raphael Levy,a Jewish resident of the city ofMetzinFrance,is burned at the stake after being accused of the September 25 abduction and ritual murder of a child who had disappeared from the village ofGlatigny.The prosecutor applies to KingLouis XIVfor an order expelling all 95 Jewish families from Metz, but the king refuses.
• January 27– TheMuslimemperorAurangzebof theMughal EmpireinIndiaissues an order for the destruction of allHindutemples and schools in the empire, including theKeshvadeva TempleinMathura.
• February 4– TheBattle of Sinhagadtakes place inIndia(in the modern-dayMaharashtrastate) as theMaratha Empirearmy, led byTanaji Malusare,leads an assault on the Kondhana Fortress that had been captured by theMughal Empire.Tanaji, called "The Lion" by his followers, captures the fortress by guiding the successful scaling of the walls of the fortress with ladders created from rope, but is killed in the battle. The Maratha emperorShivajiorders the fortress namedSinhagad,theMarathi languagewords for "Lion's Fort".
• February 9–Christian Vbecomes theking of Denmark-Norwayupon the death of his father,Frederick III.
• February 27– The royal wedding in Poland, betweenKing Michal Wisniowiecki(who is also theGrand Duke of Lithuania) andEleonore of Austria(daughter of the lateFerdinand III,Holy Roman Emperor), with ceremonies taking place at the Denhoff Palace inKruszyna.
• March 7–Oliver Plunkett,the Roman CatholicArchbishop of Armaghsince 1669, is allowed to return toIrelandfor the first time in more than 22 years, after a new policy of tolerance of Catholicism is enacted in England. Plunkett had departed for Rome in 1647 during theCromwellian conquest of Ireland.Executed in 1681 on false charges of plotting an invasion of Ireland, Plunkett is canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 1975.
• March 15– The first English settlers arrive at the modern-day U.S. state ofSouth Carolina,at this time the Province of Clarendon carved out of theProvince of Carolina,and construct a settlement at Albemarle Point on theAshley River.
• March 18–Petar Zrinski,theViceroy of Croatiawithin theHoly Roman Empire,issues a proclamation urging Croatians to rebel against the Habsburg rulers.The uprising fails and Zrinski and his brother-in-law, Krsto Frankopan, are quickly arrested. Both are beheaded in Vienna on April 30, 1671.
• March 31– The British warshipHMSSapphireis wrecked beyond repair when her captain, John Pearce, orders the ship to be run aground at Sicily while fleeing what he believes to be four Algerian pirate ships, rather than attempting to fight. The ships turn out to have been friendly, and Pearce and his lieutenant, Andrew Logan, are court-martialed for their cowardice and executed on September 17.

April–June

• April 18– King Christian V of Denmark firesChristoffer Gabel,who had been the corrupt chief adviser to King Frederick III, and replaces him withPeder Griffenfeld.
• April 29– After more than four months, thepapal conclaveto elect a successor to the latePope Clement IXselects Cardinal Emilio Albieri with 56 of the 59 votes. Altieri, 79 years old at the time, remains the oldest person ever to be elected pope.He announces that he will take the name ofPope Clement Xin honor of Clement IX, who had made him a cardinal. He serves for six years until his death in 1676 shortly after his 86th birthday.
• May 2– TheHudson's Bay Companyis granted a royal charter in England with the jurisdiction to control administration and commerce in "Rupert's Land",governed for the crown byRupert, Duke of Cumberland,the cousin of King Charles II. The land is a 1.5 million square mile area of what is nowCanadaaroundHudson Bay.The area controlled covers all of the modern province ofManitoba,most ofSaskatchewan,and significant portions ofAlbertaandNunavut,as well as parts of what are nowOntarioandQuebec,and parts of the U.S. states ofMinnesota,North DakotaandMontana.
• May 23–Cosimo III de' Medicibecomes theGrand Duke of Tuscany,at the time an independent nation in Italy, upon the death of his fatherFerdinando de' Medici.
• June 1– AtDover,England,Charles II of EnglandandLouis XIV of Francesign theSecret Treaty of Dover,ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against theDutch Republic(leading England into theThird Anglo-Dutch War), and convert to Catholicism himself. The treaty is ratified three days later. The terms will not become public until the early 19th century.Louis is represented in the negotiations by Charles' sisterPrincess Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans,who dies suddenly soon after returning to France.
• June 9– Taking advantage of amonsoon,theMarathaEmpire'sShivajiorders an attack on areas that had been turned over to the Mughal Empire and its emperorAurangazebin 1665. Within 15 days, the cities of Pune, Baramati, Supi and Indapur, along with theRohida fort,are recaptured by the Maratha Army.
• June 10– King Louis XIV of France issues an ordinance prohibiting the French colonies in the Americas from trading with any other nation except France.
• June 15– The first stone ofFort Ricasoliis laid down in Malta.

July–September

• July 11– Representatives ofEngland(led byKing Charles II) andDenmark(led byKing Christian V) sign a treaty of alliance and commerce, theTreaty of Copenhagen.
• July 18(July 8, O.S.) – TheTreaty of Madrid,also known as the Godolphin Treaty, is signed betweenEnglandandSpainto formally end hostilities left over from theAnglo-Spanish War,in the Caribbean, that ended ten years earlier. For the first time, Spain acknowledges that it is not entitled to all territory in the Americas west of Brazil, as provided by the1493line of demarcation decreed byPope Alexander VI,and by the1494Treaty of Tordesillasbetween Spain and Portugal. Spain acknowledges thatJamaicaand theCayman Islandsare English possessions.
• August 17– A joint fleet of warships from England (commanded by Commodore Richard Beach on HMSHampshire) and from the Dutch Republic (led by Admiral Willem Joseph van Ghent onSpiegel) rescue 250 Christian slaves and then sink sixAlgerianpirate ships in a battle in the Mediterranean Sea off of the coast ofMoroccoatCape Spartel.
• August 26– The Parliament of France enacts a uniform criminal code for the nation with the passage of theCriminal Ordinance of 1670,which takes effect on January 1. The code remains in force until October 9, 1789, when it is abrogated during theFrench Revolution.
• mid-August– Three Spanish frigates from Spanish Florida, sailing from St. Augustine and under the command of Juan Menendez Marques, arrive atCharlestonharbor, preparing to attack the English settlement in South Carolina. The English settlers have been warned in advance by Indians who had found out about the invasion. Because of a storm, and the English preparations for a siege, Captain Menendez abandons the colony without attempting an attack.
• September 5–William PennandWilliam Meadare found not guilty of violating theConventicles Act 1670,after a five day jury trial in London. The two had been arrested on August 14 in front of a meeting houseGracechurch Streetafter preaching a Quaker sermon outside following a ban on preaching indoors. The defiance by the jury leads to the landmark English decision inBushel's Case.

October–December

• October 3– In India,ChhatrapatiShivajimaharaj, the ruler of theMaratha Empire,leads an attack on the British settlement atSuratnearBombay.British GovernorGerald Aungiersecures the British fortress at Surat and saves the lives and property of British citizens.
• October 14–Le Bourgeois gentilhomme,a five-act comedy and ballet authored byMolière,is given its first performance, presented before KingLouis XIVat theChâteau de Chambord.Public performances begin on November 23 at theThéâtre du Palais-RoyalinParis.
• October 18– TheBattle of Kitombotakes place in southwest Africa inAngola,when colonial soldiers of theArmy of Portugalinvade Soyo, an independentBaKongokingdom, with the intent of annexing it to Portuguese West Africa.The 400 Portuguese troops, led by João Soares de Almeida, encounter a stiff resistance. Soyo's Estevao da Silva, whose army has the benefit of weapons supplied by the Dutch Republic, is joined in battle by troops from the neighboringKingdom of Ngoyoon the other side of theCongo River.General Soares de Almeida is killed, and most of his troops die or are captured; Soyo's General da Silva is killed in the process of winning the battle. Because of the defeat, Portugal makes no further attempt to conquer Soyo or Ngoyo.
• November 24–Louis XIV of Franceinaugurates the construction ofLes Invalides,a veterans' hospital inParis.
• December 15–Henry Morgan,aWelshprivateerin English service, recapturesSanta Catalina Island, Colombia.
• December 27– Henry Morgan capturesFort San Lorenzo,onPanama's Caribbean coast.
• December 31– The expedition ofJohn NarboroughleavesCorral Bayhaving surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.

Date unknown

• Stenka Razinbegins the rebellion ofCossacksin Russia.
• Niani, capital of theMali Empire,is sacked by theBambara peopleof the emerging Segou Empire.
• The first French settlers arrive on thePetite Côteof modern-daySenegal.

1671

January–March

• January 1– TheCriminal Ordinance of 1670,the first attempt at a uniform code of criminal procedure in France, goes into effect after having been passed on August 26, 1670.
• January 5– TheBattle of Salheris fought inIndiaas the first major confrontation between theMaratha Empireand theMughal Empire,with the Maratha Army of 40,000 infantry and cavalry under the command of GeneralPrataprao Gujardefeating a larger Mughal force led by GeneralDiler Khan.
• January 17– The balletPsyché,with music composed byJean-Baptiste Lully,premieres before the royal court of KingLouis XIVat theThéâtre des TuileriesinParis.
• January 28–Henry Morgan's Panama expedition- the city ofNuestra Señora de la Asunción de Panamá,founded more than 150 years earlier at theIsthmus of Panamaby Spanish settlers and the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Ocean, is destroyed by theWelshpirateHenry Morgan.The last surviving original structures are now part ofPanama City,capital of the Central American nation ofPanama.
• February 1– The TsarAlexis of RussiamarriesNataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina,who gives birth 16 months later to the futurePeter the Great.
• February 27– TheOrtenaumeteorite lands in Germany.
• March 3–Pomone,written byRobert Cambertand considered by modern scholars to be the firstFrenchopera,is given its first performance. Using innovative costumes, and machinery for special stage effects, the premiere performed by theAcadémie d'Opéraat theSalle de la Bouteilletheater in Paris is a success.
• March 11– TheDanish West India Company,a charter ship company whose operations includehuman traffickingof African slaves to the Western Hemisphere by its Danish Africa Company subsidiary, is founded.
• March 15–A tornado kills more than 600 peoplein the city ofCadizinSpain.
• March 22–Sabine baronetstitle is created in England for John Sabine.
• March 31– England'sRoyal Navylaunches its first warship to have a frame reinforced by iron bars rather than an all wooden ship, an innovation by naval architectAnthony Deane.The state of the art, 102-gun ship is commissioned on January 18, 1672, as the flagship for AdmiralEdward Montagubut is sunk less than five months later in theBattle of Solebay.Iron-framed ships are not attempted again for almost 50 years.
• March– In theBattle of Saraighatin India, fought in mid-March, GeneralLachit Borphukanof theAhom kingdom,located in what is now the Indian state ofAssamdefeats a larger force ofMughal Empiretroops on the outskirts of what is nowGuwahati.

April–June

• April 2– In Rome,Pope Clement XcanonizesRose of Lima,making her the firstCatholicsaintof the Americas.
• May 9–Thomas Blood,disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal theCrown Jewels of the United Kingdomfrom theTower of London.He is immediately caught, because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He is later condemned to death, and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled byKing Charles II.
• June 7– The coronation ceremony ofChristian V of Denmark-Norwaytakes place at theFrederiksborg CastleinHillerød,north ofCopenhagen.Christian had assumed the throne on February 9, 1670, upon the death of his father, Frederick III.
• June 22– TheOttoman Empiredeclareswar on Poland.

July–September

• July 24–Awashonks,the female sachem who leads theSakonnetIndians in what is now the U.S. state ofRhode Island,signs a peace agreement with the English leaders of the neighboringPlymouth Colony(now part ofMassachusetts), along with chiefs Totatomet, Tattacommett and Somagaonet.
• August 15–Jamaica's GovernorThomas Lynchoffers a general pardon to pirates who are willing to come under Jamaican jurisdiction.
• September 6– The Court of KingCharles II of Englanddispatches a letter to the "King of Formosa" (Zheng Jing,ruler of theKingdom of Tungning) confirming that English ships will be welcome to trade at the "City of Tywan", referring toTaipeion the island ofTaiwan.

October–December

• October 25– Italian-born French astronomerGiovanni Domenico CassinidiscoversIapetus,the second known moon of the planetSaturn.Christiaan Huygenshad discovered the Saturnian moonTitanon March 25, 1655.
• October 30– TheRepublic of Veniceand theOttoman Empiresign a treaty delineating the borders between their territories in modern-day Greece, with Venice acknowledging the loss of the island ofCretein theCretan War.
• November 8–Dionysius IV,bishop of Larissa, is elected as theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople,leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians, afterParthenius IVis sent into exile.
• November 9– TheDuke of York's Theatreis opened inLondonby the players of theDuke's Company,rivals to the "King's Company" at the Theatre Royal, which burns down two months later. The site is now the Dorset Garden Theatre.
• November 18– In southwest Africa, troops of the Army ofPortugal,under the command ofLuís Lopes de Sequeira,win theBattle of Pungo Andongo,capturing the fortress capital of theKingdom of Ndongoafter nine months and deposing King Ngola Hari. The kingdom is annexed into the Portuguese colony of Angola.
• November 19–Lê Gia Tông,age 10, is installed as the figureheadEmperor of Vietnam(a kingdom known asĐại Việtor Annam) by the warlordTrịnh Tạc,after the death, three days earlier, ofLê Huyền Tông.He reigns until his death on April 3, 1675.
• December 7– The firstSeventh Day Baptistchurch in America is founded with a service on a Saturday atNewport, Rhode Island,by Stephen Mumford and four Sabbatarians who believed that Christian church services should be held on Saturday, the seventh and last day of the week, in keeping with the commandment of remembering theSabbath.
• December 30– TheAcadémie royale d'architectureis founded byLouis XIV of FranceinParisas the world's first school ofarchitecture.

Undated

• The first Jewish families settle inBerlin,moving from Vienna at the invitation ofFrederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.

1672

January–March

• January 2– After the government ofEnglandis unable to pay the nation's debts,King Charles IIdecrees theStop of the Exchequer,the suspension of payments for one year "upon any warrant, securities or orders, whether registered or not registered therein, and payable within that time, excepting only such payments as shall grow due upon orders on the subsidy, according to the Act of Parliament, and orders and securities upon the fee farm rents, both which are to be proceeded upon as if such a stop had never been made." The money saved by not paying debts is redirected toward the expenses of the upcoming war with theDutch Republic,but the effect is for the halt by banks for extending further credit to the Crown. Before the end of the year, the suspension of payments is extended from December 31 to May 31, and then to January 31, 1674.
• January 11– TheRoyal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,national science academy for England, electsIsaac Newtonto its membership, and then demonstrates Newton'sreflecting telescopeto King Charles II.
• January 13–Pope Clement Xissues regulations for the prerequisites of removingrelicsofRoman Catholic saintsfrom sacred cemeteries, requiring advance approval from theCardinal Vicarin Rome before the remains of the saint can be allowed for view. The Cardinal Vicar is directed to bar regular persons from viewing remains, and to limit inspection to high prelates and to princes.
• January 25– TheTheatre Royal,located at the time on Bridges Street in London, burns down.A replacement structure is built on Drury Lane in 1674.
• February 16(February 6, 1671 O.S.) –Isaac Newtonsends a paper for publication regarding his experiments on the refraction of light through glass prisms and makes the first identification of the "primary colors"ofvisible lighton theelectromagnetic spectrum,reporting that "The Original or primary colours are, Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and a Violet-purple, together with Orange, Indico, and an indefinite variety of Intermediate gradations."
• February 25–Willem, Prince of Orange,the 21-year-old Stadtholder of Gelderland and Utrecht, is approved by theStates General of the Dutch Republicto command theDutch States Armyfor the impending war with England.
• March 12–Action of 12 March 1672,a 2-day naval engagement between an English coastal patrol and a Dutch Smyrna convoy off the south coast of England. The English fleet suffers severe damage while most of the Dutch convoy escapes, although one of the Dutch commanders (De Haaze) is killed and one warship taken as a prize (Klein Hollandia) sinks; the latter will be rediscovered in 2019.
• March 15–Charles II of Englandissues theRoyal Declaration of Indulgence,suspending execution ofPenal LawsagainstProtestantnonconformistsandRoman Catholicsin his realms;this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from theParliament of England.
• March 16– At theSynod of Jerusalem,presided over byDositheos II of Jerusalem,the 68 bishops and representatives from the whole ofEastern OrthodoxChristendom close by approving the Orthodox dogma against the challenge ofProtestantism,declaring against "the falsehoods of the adversaries which they have devised against the Eastern Church" and making a goal of "reformation of their innovations and for their return to the catholic and apostolic church in which their forefathers also were."
• March 17– TheThird Anglo-Dutch Warbegins as theKingdom of Englanddeclares war on theDutch Republic.

April–June

• April 8–Francedeclareswar on the Dutch Republic,invading the country onApril 29.
• May 2–John Maitlandbecomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.
• June 1–MünsterandColognebegin their invasion of the Dutch Republic; hence 1672 becomes known ashetrampjaar( "the disaster year" ) in theNetherlands.
• June 7–Third Anglo-Dutch War–Battle of Solebay:An indecisive sea battle results, between the Dutch Republic, and the joined forces of England and France.
• June 12–Battle of Tolhuis:French forces under KingLouis XIVcross theRhineinto the Netherlands; the city ofUtrechtis occupied by theFrench Army.

July–September

• July 4–William III of Orangeis appointedStadtholderofHollandandZeeland.
• August 20–Johan de Witt,Grand PensionaryofHollandand his brotherCornelis de Wittare killed by an Orangist mob inThe Hague.
• September 10–William III of Orange,Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, dismisses nine of theregentenwho lead cities in the Netherlands, after being granted authority by the States-General.
• September 15– In India, AdmiralMai Nayak Bhandariof theMaratha Empirecaptures the island ofKhanderi.
• September 16– TheBoard of Tradeis created in England by a merger of the Council of Trade and the Council of Foreign Plantations, both of which had been created by King Charles II in 1660, under the name The Board of Trade and Plantations. TheEarl of Shaftesburyis appointed as the first Lord of Trade, administering the Board until its dissolution in 1676.
• September 26– GeneralRaimondo Montecuccoli,commander of the army of theHoly Roman Empire,joins forces with the Brandenburg troops commanded byFrederick William, Elector of Brandenburgand the two groups assemble atHalberstadt,to attack the French and the bishops ofMünsterandCologne.

October–December

• October 2–Manuel de Cendoya,Spain's Governor of Florida, breaks ground for the construction of theCastillo de San Marcos,a masonry fortress designed to protectSt. Augustine.Governor Cendoya follows on November 9 with the ceremonial laying for the first stone for the foundation.
• October 18– TheTreaty of Buchach,between theOttoman Empireand thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,is signed.
• November 24– Five-year-oldSikandar Adil Shahis enthroned as the lastSultan of Bijapur(located in southwestern India in what is now theKarnatakastate) upon the death of his father, the SultanAli Adil Shah II.In 1686, the sultanate of Bijapur is conquered and annexed by the Mughal Empire.
• November 28– After more than five years of administration of the Treasury of England by a five-member commission,Lord Clifford of Chudleigh,one of the commission members, becomes theLord High Treasurer of England.
• December 18
  • Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorpends her regency of the Swedish Empire after more than 12 years, having exercised power in the name of her minor son,Charles XI,since the death of her husbandKarl X Gustavin 1660. Hedwig Eleonora had served as the chair of the six-member Regency Council.
  • An English invasion force captures the Caribbean island ofTobagofrom Dutch colonists and destroys the settlement.
• December 23– French astronomerGiovanni Domenico CassinidiscoversRhea,a previously-unknown satellite of the planetSaturn.Rhea is the second-largest overall, and the thirdmoon of Saturnto be discovered by Earth astronomers, Titan having been found byChristiaan Huygenson March 25, 1655 andIapetusby Cassini on October 25, 1671.
• December 30– Troops of the Dutch Republic, under the command ofCarl von Rabenhaupt,are able to reclaim lost territory for the first time in theThird Anglo-Dutch War,liberatingCoevorden,which had been forced to surrender to France on July 1. The moment, a boost for morale in what is remembered in Dutch history as theRampjaar(the "Disaster Year" ), is later memorialized in a painting byPieter Wouwerman,The Storming of Coevorden.

Undated

• Richard Hoarebecomes a partner in theLondongoldsmith's business which, asprivate banking houseC. Hoare & Co., will survive through to the 21st century.
• Foundation of theChorina Comedy,the first theater in Russia.

1673

January–March

• January 22– ImporMary CarletonishangedatNewgate Prisonin London, for multiple thefts and returning frompenal transportation.
• February 10–Molière'scomédie-balletThe Imaginary Invalidpremiers in Paris. During the fourth performance, onFebruary 17,the playwright, playing the title rôle, collapses on stage, dying soon after.
• March 29–Test Act:Roman Catholicsand others who refuse to receive thesacramentof theChurch of Englandcannot vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities or assemble for meetings inEngland.OnJune 12,the king's Catholic brother,James, Duke of York,is forced to resign the office of Lord High Admiral because of the Act.

April–June

• April 27–Cadmus et Hermione,the first opera written byJean-Baptiste Lully,premières at theParis Operain France.
• May 17– In America, traderLouis JolietandJesuitmissionary-explorerJacques Marquettebegin exploring theMississippi Riverand theGreat Lakes.
• June 7– FirstBattle of Schooneveld:In a sea battle of theThird Anglo-Dutch War,fought off the Netherlands coast, theDutch Republicfleet (commanded byMichiel de Ruyter) defeats the allied Anglo-French fleet, commanded byPrince Rupert of the Rhine.
• June 14– SecondBattle of Schooneveld:The Dutch fleet again defeats the joint Anglo-French fleet.
• June 17–Frenchexplorers FatherJacques MarquetteandLouis Jolietreach the headwaters of theMississippi River,and descend toArkansas.

July–September

Kintai Bridgeofficially complete in Japan on October 3

• July 6– French troops conquerMaastricht.
• July 11– TheNetherlandsandDenmark-Norwaysign a defense treaty.
• July 24–Edmund HalleyentersThe Queen's College, Oxford,as an undergraduate.
• August 8– In the American colonies, a Dutch battle fleet of 23 ships demands the surrender ofNew York.
• August 9– Dutch forces under AdmiralCornelis Evertsen the YoungestrecaptureNew Yorkfrom the English; the city is known as New Orange until regained by the English in1674.
• August 21–Battle of Texel(Kijkduin): The Dutch fleet underMichiel de Ruyterdefeats the English and French fleet. This prevents England'sBlackheath Armyfrom landing inZeeland.
• August 30–Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor,Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.
• September 12–William, Prince of OrangeoccupiesNaarden,Netherlands.

October–December

• October 3–Kintai Bridgeis officially completed inIwakuni,Suō Province(modern-dayYamaguchi Prefecture), Japan.
• November 9– KingCharles II of EnglandremovesAnthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury,from his position as Lord Chancellor.
• November 11–Battle of Khotyn:PolishandLithuanianmilitary units, under the command of soon-to-be-kingJan Sobieski,defeat theTurkisharmy. In this battle, which takes place one day after the death of Poland and Lithuania's monarch,Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki,the rockets invented byKazimierz Siemienowiczare successfully used.
• November 13– Dutch troops commanded byRaimondo MontecuccoliandWilliam, Prince of OrangeconquerBonn.
• November 14–Christopher Wrenis knighted in England.
• November 23–James, Duke of York,marriesMary of Modena;they meet for the first time immediately before the ceremony inDover.
• December 8–Pedro Nuño Colón de Portugaldies only five days after arriving in Mexico City to take office as the newviceroy of New Spain.He is replaced on December 13 byPayo Enríquez de Rivera,the former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mexico.
• December 19– KingLouis XIVof France issues a decree recognizing the legitimacy of (and giving royal titles to) the three children whom he had sired through his mistress, theMarquise de Montespan:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine;Louis César, Count of Vexin;andLouise Françoise de Bourbon, Princess of Condé.
• December 28– In China, GeneralWu Sanguibegins theRevolt of the Three Feudatories,a rebellion against theMing dynastyby killing the Governor of theYunnanprovince, Zhu Guozhi. Within 10 days, he leads troops on an expedition to take over the neighboringGuizhouprovince and by 1676 controls 11 of China's provinces.

Date unknown

• France begins its expedition againstCeylon.
• Chelsea Physic Garden,the second oldest botanic garden in England, is founded by the Society of Apothecaries, for the study of medicinal and other plants.
• TheMitsuifamily's trading and banking house is founded inJapan.
• Thestalacticgrotto ofAntiparos(Aegean Sea) is discovered.
• ArchpriestPetrovich Avvakumwrites hisZhitie(Life), as the firstRussianautobiography.

1674

January–March

• January 2– TheFrench West India Companyis dissolved after less than 10 years.
• January 7– In the Chinese Empire, GeneralWu Sanguileads troops into the Giuzhou province, and soon takes control of the entire territory without a loss.
• January 15–The Earl of Arlington,a member of the English House of Commons, is impeached on charges ofpopery,but the Commons rejects the motion to remove him from office, 127 votes for and 166 against.
• January 19– The tragic operaAlceste,byJean-Baptiste Lully,is performed for the first time, presented by theParis Operacompany at theTheatre du Palais-RoyalinParis.
• February 19–Englandand theNetherlandssign theTreaty of Westminster,ending theThird Anglo-Dutch War.Its provisions come into effect gradually (seeNovember 10).
• March 14– Third Anglo-Dutch War:Battle of Ronas Voe– The EnglishRoyal Navycaptures theDutch East India CompanyshipWapen van RotterdaminShetland.

April–June

• April 10– In theAhom kingdomin what is now the northeastern Indian state ofAssam,Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar is installed by the Chief Minister, theBorbaruaDebera, as thefigureheadKing of Ahom.He takes theregnal nameSuhungand makes plans to have Debera killed. On April 30, Debera, having learned of the King's intentions, succeeds in having the royal physician poison Suhung's medicine, and installs another ruler.
• April 24– In India,Shivaji Bhonsale,theChhatrapatiof theMaratha Empire,captures theKenjalgad Fortin what is now theMaharashtrastate.
• April 26– In the Netherlands, the jurisdiction ofWillem, Prince of Orange,StadtholderofHolland(on the west coast, including Amsterdam and Rotterdam) andZeeland(southwest coast, includingMiddelburg, Zeeland), increases in theDutch Republicas his followers in the inland States of Utrecht (Utrecht,GelderlandandOverijssel) designate him as the hereditary stadtholder. In 1689, he becomes the King of England in addition to his role as the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.
• May 21–John III Sobieskiis elected by the nobility, as King of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth(to1696).
• June 6–Shivaji Maharajis crowned as Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj of theMaratha Empireat Raigad Fort inIndia.
• June 12– The BritishEast India Companyarranges a commercial treaty with theMaratha EmpireafterHenry Oxenden,the company's deputy governor, meets Emperor Shivaji for his recent coronation.

July–September

• July 4– A Dutch fleet underCornelis TrompCaptures the island of Noirmoutieron the French coast. For nearly three weeks, the Dutch occupied the French island and the Dutch fleet captured many French ships in the meantime. The whole coastline from Brest to Bayonne was in turmoil, and French forces gathered to prevent the Dutch from landing. On 23 July the island of Noirmoutier was however abandoned after the Dutch blew up the castle and demolished the coastal batteries.
• July 7– TheMessina revoltagainst Spanish rule begins on the island ofSicilyas the Italian residents besiege the palace of the Spanish Captain-General and drive out the Spanish garrison.
• July 16– In a major battle in theThird Anglo-Dutch War,a large fleet of 18 warships from theDutch Republic,along with 15 troop transports, nine storeships and 3,400 soldiers, arrives at the island ofMartiniquein theCaribbean Seafor the purpose ofinvasion and capture of Martinique from the French colonists.AdmiralMichiel de Ruyter,commander of the Dutch forces, waits for four days before coming ashore. The French defenders, under the direction of the Governor,Antoine André de Sainte-Marthe,take advantage of the situation to block the entrances to the harbor and to reinforce troops. The Dutch invasion force is forced to retreat after sustaining heavy losses.
• July 17– Two skeletons of children are discovered by workmen repairing a staircase at theWhite Tower (Tower of London),and believed at this time to be the remains of thePrinces in the Tower.The urns containing the bones are interred in1678inWestminster Abbey,with an inscription inLatinthat states "Here lie interred the remains of Edward V, King of England, and Richard, Duke of York, whose long desired and much sought after bones, after over a hundred and ninety years, were found interred deep beneath the rubble of the stairs that led up to the Chapel of the White Tower, on the 17 of July in the Year of Our Lord 1674."
• August 11– The French army underLouis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condéfights the Dutch–Spanish–Imperial army underWilliam III of OrangeatSeneffein a very bloody, but inconclusive battle.
• September 17–Sukjongof theJoseon Dynasty,age 13, becomes the new Emperor of Korea upon the death of his father, the EmperorHyeonjong.Sukjong reigns for more than 45 years until his death on July 12, 1720.
• September 27– French Navy CommanderJean-Baptiste de Valbellearrives at Sicily during theMessina revoltto help the Messinese expel the last Spanish defenders, taking the fort at Faro in the harbor entrance.

October–December

• October 4
  • TheBattle of Entzheimtakes place inFrancewith 35,000 Holy Roman Empire troops and 22,000 French defenders during theFranco-Dutch War,with the forces fighting nearEntzheimsouth ofStrasbourg.While the battle is inconclusive, the outnumbered French win a strategic victory by keeping the Germans from entering French territory.Most of the former battlefield now lies beneath theStrasbourg International Airport.
  • A second coronation is held by the Maratha Empire for theChhatrapatiShivaji Bhonsle,after the Vedic priest Nischal Puri Goswami decides that the June 18 coronation was "held under inauspicious stars".
• October 15– TheTorsåker witch trialsbegin in theTorsåker ParishinSweden,with over 100 men and women accused of witchcraft and the abduction of children. On June 1, 1675, the mass beheading of the 71 people convicted takes place at Häxberget, 65 of whom are women.The others are two men and four boys.
• October 27– The town ofGravesurrenders to a Dutch army aftera difficult siege.
• November 10– As provided in the Treaty of Westminster of February 19, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony ofNew Netherlandto England. This includes the colonial capital,New Orange,which is returned to its English name ofNew York.The colonies ofSurinam,EssequiboandBerbiceremain in Dutch hands.
• December 4– FatherJacques Marquette,along with Pierre Poteret and Jacque Poteret, sails southward along the shore ofLake Michigan,accompanied by nine canoes of Indians from thePotawatomitribe, and comes ashore at what is nowChicago.The three missionaries, the first Europeans to explore the area, camp there for the winter.Marquette notes in his journal "The land bordering it is of now value, except on the prairies," and adds "There are eight to ten quite fine rivers."A historical marker is now erected on the site of the landing.Father Marquette founds a mission (which will in time grow into the city ofChicago) on the shores ofLake Michigan,in order to create a Christian ministry to convent Native Americans in theIllinois Confederation.

Date unknown

• The firstDutch West India Companyis dissolved.

1675

January–March

• January 5–Franco-Dutch War–Battle of Turckheim:The French defeatAustriaandBrandenburg.
• January 29–John Sassamon,an English-educatedNative AmericanChristian,dies at Assawampsett Pond, an event which will triggera year-long warbetween theEnglish American colonistsofNew England,and theAlgonquianNative American tribes.
• February 4– The Italian operaLa divisione del mondo,byGiovanni Legrenzi,is performed for the first time, premiering in Venice at theTeatro San Luca.The new opera, telling the story of the "division of the world" after the battle between the Gods of Olympus and the Titans, becomes known for its elaborate and expensive sets, machinery, and special effects and is revived 325 years later in the year 2000.
• February 6–Nicolò Sagredois elected as the newDoge of Veniceand leader of theVenetian Republic,replacingDomenico II Contarini,who had died 10 days earlier.
• February 11– French Army MarshalLouis Victor de Rochechouart,Count of Vivonne, reinforces the rebels in theMessina revoltwith eight additional warships and three fireships to bring to 20 the number of ships that France has against the 15 warships of Spain, and breaks the Spanish blockade that had prevented food from reaching Messina.
• February 25– Netherlands scientistChristiaan Huygensfiles drawings of his invention of thebalance spring,the key component to the accuracy of portable clocks and pocket watches, in a letter to theJournal des Sçavants.
• February 27–Matthew Locke's "semi-opera"Psychepremieres at theDuke's Theatrein London.
• March 4–John Flamsteedis appointed by King Charles II as England's "astronomical observator", in effect, becoming the firstAstronomer Royal.
• March 25– England's first royal yacht,HMYMary,strikes rocks off of the coast ofAngleseywhile traveling fromDublintoChesterwith 74 passengers and crew, and quickly sinks, with the loss of 35 people.The other 39 are able to get to safety. The wreckage is not discovered until almost 300 years later, on July 11, 1971.
• March 30– The guild organisationMaîtresses couturièresis founded in Paris.

April–June

• April 13– KingCharles II of Englandsuspends Parliament after just nine weeks when the members refuse to vote additional funding to him.
• April 20– An uprising by theChaharsin the Chinese Empire region of Inner Mongolia, led by brothers Abunai Khan and Lubuzung Khan with 3,000 followers, is harshly put down by Imperial troops of the Manchu dynasty. Survivors of the battle, part of theRevolt of the Three Feudatories,are put to death.
• April 27–Lê Hy Tôngbecomes the new Emperor ofVietnamat the age of 12, after being appointed as a figurehead by the warlordTrịnh Tạcupon the death ofLê Gia Tông.
• April–EnglishmerchantAnthony de la Roché,blown off course after roundingCape Horneastabout, makes the first discovery of land south of theAntarctic Convergence,landing onSouth Georgiaand (probably)Gough Island.
• May 6– TheSiege of Ponda,an action by theMaratha Empirein southern India against theSultanate of Bijapur,ends after four weeks when theMughal Empirefails to send reinforcements. Most of the defenders are massacred after EmperorShivaji's troops storm the fortress in what is now a small city in the Indian state ofGoa.
• May 15– Afteran invasion and attempt to take overthe German principality ofBrandenburg,the army ofSwedenmakes its first conquest, forcing the surrender of the fortress atLöcknitz.
• May 18– Misirliohlu Ibrahim Pasha becomes the new ruler ofTripolitania,a province of the Ottoman Empire at the time and now part of the North African nation ofLibya.He reigns for 19 months as the Beylerbey of Tripoli.
• May 23–Sujinphaabecomes the new figurehead monarch of theAhom kingdomin northeastern India, enthroned at the capital atGarhgaon(now in the Indian state ofAssam), afterGobar Rojais deposed and executed by order of the nobles who control the nation.
• June 1– TheTorsåker witch trialsis concluded in Sweden with the execution of 71 people (65 of them women) executed on the same day at the village of Häxberget. The condemned prisoners are beheaded and their bodies are then burned.
• June 8–John Sassamon's alleged murderers are executed atPlymouth, Massachusetts.
• June 11– ArmedWampanoag warriorsare reported traveling aroundSwansea, Massachusetts.
• June 14– Colonial authorities ofRhode Island,Plymouth,andMassachusettsattempt a negotiation withMetacomet(King Philip), leader of the Wampanoags, and seek guarantees of fidelity from theNipmuckandNarragansetttribes. The negotiations end after 11 days, closing on June 25.
• June 21– Reconstruction ofSt Paul's Cathedralbegins inLondonunder the direction ofChristopher Wren,to replace the portion destroyed by theGreat Fire of Londonnine years earlier.
• June 24–King Philip's Warbreaks out, as the Wampanoags attack Swansea.
• June 26– The Wampanoag warriors begin a three-day assault on English colonial towns in theMassachusetts Bay Colonyin North America, with an assault on the villages ofRehobothandTaunton.At the same time, Massachusetts troops march to Swansea, to join thePlymouth Colonytroops. The warriors elude colonial troops and leave Mount Hope forPocasset, Massachusetts.TheMohegantribe travels toBoston,in order to assist the English colonists against the Wampanoags.
• June 28–Brandenburgdefeats theSwedish Armyin theBattle of Fehrbellin.

July–September

• July 15– TheNarragansett tribesigns a peace treaty withConnecticut.
• July 16–24– An envoy fromMassachusettsattempts to negotiate with theNipmucktribe.
• August 2–4– The Nipmucks attack Massachusetts troops and besiegeBrookfield, Massachusetts.
• August 10– KingCharles II of Englandplaces the foundation stone of theRoyal Greenwich ObservatorynearLondon;construction begins.
• August 13– The Massachusetts Council orders that Christian Indians are to be confined to designated praying towns.
• September 1–2– While Wampanoags and Nipmucks attackDeerfield, Massachusetts,Captain Samuel Moseley commands Massachusetts troops in an attack on thePennacooktribe.
• September 12– English colonists abandon Deerfield, Squakeag, and Brookfield due to a coalition of Indian attacks.
• September 15– TheBremen-Verden Campaignof theNorthern Warsbegins, with the invasion of Amt Wildeshausen by theMünsterarmy, and their advance onVerdenvia the city ofBremen.
• September 18– The Narragansetts sign a treaty with the English in Boston; meanwhile, Massachusetts troops are ambushed nearNorthampton, Massachusetts.
• September 20– In England, a fire destroys most of the town ofNorthampton.According to a contemporary account, "the market place (which was a very goodly one), the stately church of Allhallows, 2 other parish churches and above three-fourth parts of the whole town was consumed and laid in ashes.".

October–December

• October 5– ThePocomtuctribe attacks and destroys the English settlement atSpringfield, Massachusetts.
• October 13– The Massachusetts Council convenes and agrees that all Christian Indians should be ordered to move toDeer Island.
• October 29–Gottfried Leibnizmakes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.
• November 2– Commissioners of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony (which are later merged into Massachusetts) begin a 10-day discussion on organizing a united force to attack the Narragansett tribe.
• November 11
  • Guru Teg Bahadur,ninth of theSikh gurus,is executed by Mughal rulers, proclaiming that he prefers death rather than disavowing the right of Hindus to practice their own religion. He is succeeded byGuru Gobind Singh,who becomes the tenthGuru.
  • Gottfried Leibnizmakes the earliest known use ofinfinitesimal calculusin the breaking down of afunction.
• December 11–Antonio de Vea expeditionentersSan Rafael Lakein western Patagonia.
• December 19– United colonial forces attack the Narragansetts at theGreat Swamp Fight.
• December 24–1675–1676 Malta plague epidemicbegins.

Date unknown

• Giovanni Cassinidiscovers theCassini Divisionin therings of Saturn.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoekbegins to use amicroscopefor observing human tissues and liquids.

1676

January–March

• January 29–Feodor IIIbecomesTsarof Russia.
• January 31–Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala,the oldest institution ofhigher educationinCentral America,is founded.
• January– Six months intoKing Philip's War,Metacomet(King Philip), leader of theAlgonquiantribe known as theWampanoag,travels westward to theMohawk nation,seeking an alliance with the Mohawks against theEnglish colonistsofNew England;his efforts in creating such an alliance are a failure.
• February 10– After theNipmuctribe attacksLancaster, Massachusetts,colonistMary Rowlandsonis taken captive, and lives with the Indians untilMay.
• February 14– Metacomet and his Wampanoags attackNorthampton, Massachusetts;meanwhile, the Massachusetts Council debates whether a wall should be erected aroundBoston.
• February 23– While the Massachusetts Council debates how to handle the Christian Indians they had exiled toDeer IslandonOctober 13,1675,a coalition of Indians led by Metacomet attacks colonial settlements just 16 km (9.9 mi) outside of Boston.
• March 29–Providence, Rhode Islandis attacked and destroyed by Native Americans.

April–June

• April 2– ChiefCanonchetof theNarragansett peopleis captured by mercenaries of the Pequot, Mohegan and Niantic nations who have been hired by English settlers. He is offered a chance to live if he makes peace with the English, refuses, and is executed the next day inStonington, Connecticut.
• April 12–Richard Raynsfordbecomes the newLord Chief Justice of England and Wales.
• April 21–Sudbury Fight:The village ofSudbury, Massachusettsis attacked by Metacom'sWampanoagConfederation as one of the last major battles ofKing Phillip's War.Captain Samuel Wadworth and 28 of his men are killed in the defense of the town.
• April 22– TheBattle of Augustais fought in theMediterranean Seaoff of the coast ofSicilyduring theFranco-Dutch War.The French Navy and the combined Dutch Republic and Spanish forces each lose over 500 men.
• May 2–Mary Rowlandsonis ransomed from captivity by Native Americans by a subscription raised by women of Boston.
• May 19– Peskeomskut Massacre: Battle of Turner's Falls – Captain William Turner leads a raid at first light on an encampment consisting mainly of women and children. An estimated 300-400 lives are taken in less than half an hour, first from gunshot directly into the sleeping tents, then by sword and by drowning as the victims try to flee. This incident happens on the west bank of the Connecticut River, just above the falls known as Turner's Falls in Gill, Massachusetts.
• May 26– A fire destroys the town hall and 624 houses inSouthwark,London.
• May 31– The Massachusetts Council finally decides to move the Christian Indians from Deer Island toCambridge, Massachusetts(approximate date).
• June 1–Scanian War:Battle of Öland– A combined fleet of theDutch RepublicandDenmark–Norwaydecisively defeats theSwedish Navy,which loses itsflagshipKronan.
• June 12– The Indian coalition attacks Hadley, Massachusetts, but are repelled byConnecticuttroops.
• June 19– Massachusetts issues a declaration ofamnestyto any Indian who surrenders.
• June–Bacon's Rebellionbegins in theVirginia Colony.OnJuly 30,Nathaniel Baconand his followers issue theDeclaration of the People of Virginia.

July–September

• July 2– Major John Talcott and his troops begin sweepingConnecticutandRhode Island,capturing large numbers of Native Americans fromAlgonquiantribes and exporting them out of theEnglish coloniesas slaves.
• July 4– CaptainBenjamin Churchand his soldiers begin sweepingPlymouth Colony,for any remaining Wampanoag tribesmen.
• July 11– The Wampanoags attackTaunton, Massachusetts,but are repelled by colonists.
• July 17– In France,Madame de Brinvilliersis executed for poisoning her father and brothers. The case also scares KingLouis XIVinto starting a series of investigations about possible poisonings andwitchcraft(later called theAffair of the Poisons).
• July 27– Nearly 200Nipmuctribesmen surrender to the English colonists inBoston.
• July 30–VirginiacolonistNathaniel Baconand his makeshift army issue aDeclaration of the People of Virginia,instigatingBacon's Rebellionagainst the rule of GovernorWilliam Berkeley.
• August 2– Captain Benjamin Church captures Metacomet's wife and son.
• August 12– King Philip (Metacomet), chief of theWampanoagsthat had waged a war throughout southernNew Englandthat bore his name, is killed by an Indian named Alderman, a soldier led by Captain Benjamin Church.
• August 17–Battle of Halmstad(fought at Fyllebro): Sweden gains a decisive victory overDenmark–Norway.
• August 28– TheIrish Donation of 1676is shipped fromDublin,to relieveBostonin theMassachusetts Bay Colony.
• September 19
  • TheRusso-Turkish War (1676–1681)begins, with Russo-Ukrainian troops forcing pro-OttomanHetmanIvan Samoylovychto surrenderChyhyryn.
  • Bacon's Rebellion:Jamestownis burned to the ground by the forces ofNathaniel Bacon.
• September 21–Pope Innocent XIsucceedsPope Clement X,as the 240thPopeof theRoman Catholic Church.

October–December

• October 13–Battle of Gegodog:Trunajayadefeats theMataram Sultanate.
• October 17– TheTreaty of Żurawnois signed, between theOttoman (Turkish) EmpireandPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• November 16– A prison is founded onNantucket Island,in the English colony ofMassachusetts.
• November 27– A fire inBoston,Massachusetts, is accidentally set by a careless and sleepy apprentice, who drops a lighted candle, or leaves it too near some combustible substance; this is the largest fire known at this time in the district. The Rev.Increase Mather’s church, dwelling and a portion of his personal library are destroyed.
• December 4–Scanian War–Battle of Lund:Swedendefeats the forces of Denmark.
• December 7–Ole Rømermakes the first quantitative measurements of thespeed of light.
• December 21–Sands baronetscreated in theBaronetage of Ireland.

Date unknown

• EmperorYohannes IofEthiopiadecrees that Muslims must live separately from Christians throughout his realm.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoekdiscoversmicroorganisms.
• AnÅbo Lantdag(assembly) meets inTurku,Finland.
• TheFrench East India Companyfounds its principal Indian base atPondicherry,on theCoromandel Coast.
• The firstcoffeehousein North America opens inBoston.

1677

January–March

• January 1–Jean Racine'stragedyPhèdreis first performed, in Paris.
• January 21– The first medical publication in America (a pamphlet on smallpox) is produced inBoston.
• February 15– Four members of the EnglishHouse of Lordsembarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the "Cavalier Parliament"by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it had not met in more than a year. TheDuke of Buckingham,backed byLord Shaftesbury,Lord SalisburyandBaron Wharton,makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session. When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in theTower of London.
• February 26
  • The first arrests are made in the case that will develop into the "Affair of the Poisons"in France, asMagdelaine de La Grangeand her accused accomplice, Father Nail, are detained on suspicion of poisoning her lover, a Messr. Faurie.While in prison in the Bastille and awaiting trial Mademoiselle La Grange writes letters accusing other persons of carrying out murders by poison as well.
  • On the Indonesian island ofJava,Amangkurat IIof theMataram Sultanateagrees to bring his kingdom under the protection of theDutch East India Companyto drive out rebels.
• February 28– During theFranco-Dutch War,theSiege of Valenciennesby the French Army begins in theSpanish Netherlands(modern-day Belgium). The city surrenders on March 17.
• March 17–Franco-Dutch War:Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77)in theSpanish Netherlandsends with surrender of the town to the French.

April–June

• April 6–Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperorvisits theUniversity of Innsbruck.
• April 11–Franco-Dutch War:Battle of Cassel– A French force underPhilippe I, Duke of Orléans,defeats a combined Dutch-Spanish force underWilliam of OrangeinFrench Flanders.
• April 16– TheStatute of Fraudsis passed into English law.
• May 29– TheTreaty of Middle Plantationestablishes peace between theVirginiacolonistsand the localIndians.
• May 31–Scanian War:Battle of Møn–Danishships clash with aSwedishfleet underNiels Juel,betweenFehmarnandWarnemünde;the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.
• June 25–26–Scanian War:Siege of Malmö– Danish attackers fail to take the town from the Swedish.

July–September

• July 14–Battle of Landskrona:Swedenand its 13,000 troops, under the command ofKing Charles XI,successfully repel a 12,000-man invasion force fromDenmark,commanded byKing Christian V.
• August 14–William of Orange,the leader of theDutch Republic,is forced to end the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) city ofCharleroiafter six days.
• August 28– Duringwar between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire,Russian troops led byGrigory Romodanovskyand Ukrainian Cossacks led byIvan Samoylovycharrive at the besieged Ukrainian city ofChigirin(modern-day Chyhyryn) and inflict heavy casualties on the encamped Turkish and Tatar troops.Ibrahim Pasha, leader of the 45,000 member Ottoman force, retreats the next day and, by the time of the relief of Chigirin on September 5, the Ottoman Army has lost 20,000 men. Ottoman SultanMehmed IV,outraged by the defeat, sends 200,000 troops the following year and destroys the city.
• August– The French guild of theMaitresses bouquetieresis founded in Paris.
• September 10–Henry Purcellis appointed a musician to the court ofCharles II of England.
• September 17– Troops fromDenmarkinvade and capture the Swedish island ofRügenand drive out the local population. Five months later, on January 18, 1678, Sweden recaptures the island. Nine months later, troops from Denmark and Brandenburg invade for a third time and capture the island again on October 22, 1678. Eight months later, Denmark is given the island back under atreaty ending the Swedish-Brandenburg Waron June 29, but by then, the island of Rügen is in ruins. In modern times, the island becomes a vacation resort in Germany.
• September 18– theKangxi Emperorof China grants titles and ranks to all of his wives, and namesEmpress Xiaozhaorenas his consort.

October–December

• October 29–Michel le Tellierbecomes Chancellor of France.
• November 4– The futureMary II of EnglandmarriesWilliam of Orangein London.
• November 16–Frenchtroops occupyFreiburg.
• December 7– FatherLouis Hennepinof Belgium, exploring North America, becomes the earliest known European person to discoverNiagara Falls,and the first to report its existence. In his bookA New Discovery of a Vast Country in America,published in 1698, Hennepin writes "Betwixt the lakes Ontario and Eire there is a vast prodigious Cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, inasmuch that the Universe does not afford its parallel."
• December 9– The French Navy, led byCharles de Courbon de Blénacwith a land force of 950 men, lands at the Caribbean island ofTobago,lays siege to the Dutch fort defending the territory during theFranco-Dutch War,and destroys the structure when it fires a cannon overlooking the fort, striking the gunpowder arsenal. The explosion kills 250 of the defenders, including Dutch AdmiralJacob Binckesand 16 officers. Combined with the sinking of four ships of the Netherlands Navy, the victory at Tobago ends Dutch military power in the Antilles.
• December 15– The Siege of Stettin (the modern-day Polish city ofSzczecinbut, at this time, a possession of Sweden) ends after almost five months with Sweden's surrender of the city to Prussia'sFrederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.The siege, part of theScanian War,had begun on June 25.

Date unknown

• Yusuf Bey is replaced assanjak-beyofLajjun Sanjakby an Ottoman officer, ending the power of theTurabay dynasty.
• TheSecond London Baptist Confession of Faithis written (published in1689).
• Spinoza'sEthics(Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata) is published as part of hisOpera PosthumainAmsterdam.
• Robert PlotpublishesThe Natural History of Oxford-shire, Being an Essay Toward the Natural History of England,in which he describes the fossilised femur of a human giant, now known to be from thedinosaurMegalosaurus.
• Elias Ashmolegifts the collection that begins theAshmolean Museumto theUniversity of Oxfordin England.
• Jules Hardouin Mansartbeginsla place VendômeinParis(it is completed in1698).
• Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford,is created 1stEarl of Longfordin thePeerage of Ireland.
• The John Roan Schoolis established inGreenwich,London.
• Belgian missionaryLouis Hennepinobserves and describes theNiagara Falls,thus bringing them to the attention of Europeans.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnizgives a complete solution to thetangent problem.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoekobservesspermatozoaunder themicroscope.
• The use ofmale impotenceis ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings.
• Ice creambecomes popular in Paris.
• The population ofParisfirst exceeds 500,000.

1678

January–March

• January 10– England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.
• January 27– The firstfire enginecompany inNorth Americagoes into service inBoston.
• February 18– The first part of EnglishnonconformistpreacherJohn Bunyan'sChristianallegoryThe Pilgrim's Progressis published in London.
• March 21–Thomas Shadwell's comedyA True Widowis given its first performance, atThe Duke's Theatrein London, staged by theDuke's Company.
• March 23–Revolt of the Three Feudatoriesinsouthern China:rebel generalWu Sangui,lord of theYunnanfief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in theHunanprovince, withHengyangas his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against theKangxi Emperor.
• March 25– TheSpanish Netherlandscity ofYpresfalls aftera seven-day siegeby the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part ofBelgium.
• March 28– ThenovaV529 Orionisis discovered by Polish astronomerJohannes Hevelius(Jan Heweliusz).

April–June

• April 2–Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddinis enthroned as the Patriarch of theSyriac Catholic ChurchinAleppo,after receiving recognition by Ottoman SultanMehmed IVand byPope Innocent XI.
• April 12– TheTreaty of Casco Bayis signed between officials of theProvince of New Yorkand thePenobscottribe and theWabanaki Confederacy,bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end ofKing Philip's Warin the modern-day U.S. state ofMaine.Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.
• May 11– French admiralJean d'Estreesruns his whole fleet aground in either theLas Aves ArchipelagoorIsla de Aves,intending to reachCuraçao.
• June 10– FrenchbuccaneerMichel de Grammontarrives at Spanish-heldVenezuelawith six pirate ships, 13 smaller craft, and 2,000 men in a daring raid on the South American territory, then leads half of his force inward towardMaracaibo,which he takes on June 14. During the rest of the month, he and his soldiers march inland as far asTrujillo.Grammont and his pirates finally depart on December 3.
• June 25–Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopiabecomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from theUniversity of Padua.

July–September

• July 23– TheBattle of Ortenbach,one of the last major engagements of theFranco-Dutch War,takes place nearOffenburgat theRhineriver in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command ofFrançois de Créquyoverwhelm a larger force ofHoly Roman Empiretroops commanded by theDuke of Lorraine,Karl V Leopold.
• July 29–Muhammad Azam Shahis appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the EmperorAurangzeb,but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled fromDhaka.
• August 10– TheTreaties of Nijmegenend theFranco-Dutch War.TheCounty of Burgundyis ceded to theKingdom of France.
• August 14–15– TheBattle of Saint-Denisis fought after the signing of peace in the Franco-Dutch War.
• August 21– On the island ofJavain modern-day Indonesia, theKediri campaignbegins asMataram SultanateandDutch East India Company(VOC) forces under the command of VOC CaptainFrançois Tackbegin marching fromJeparatowardKedirito suppress theTrunajaya rebellionthat had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.
• September 5– SultanAmangkurat IIof Mataram sets off from Jepara with the main force in theKediri campaign,leading native troops, along with VOC forces under the command ofAnthonio Hurdt,leader of the campaign.
• September 6–Titus Oatesbegins to present allegations of the "Popish Plot",a supposedRoman Catholicconspiracy to assassinate kingCharles II of England.Oates applies the termToryto those who disbelieve his allegations.
• September 17– TheFranco-Dutch Warbetween theKingdom of Franceand theDutch Republic(and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as theTreaties of Nijmegenbring about a ceasefire.

October–December

• October 17– English magistrate SirEdmund Berry Godfreyis found murdered inPrimrose Hill,London.His death is seen as proof of the "Popish Plot"to the public.
• November 11(November 1 O.S.) – England's House of Commons votes to begin impeachment proceedings against five Roman Catholic members of the House of Lords,Viscount Stafford,theMarquess of Powis,Baron Arundell,Baron PetreandBaron Belasyseaccused by Protestant members as participating in a "Popish Plot".Viscount Stafford is convicted and executed, while the other four are imprisoned in theTower of Londonfor more than five years.
• November 25– TheKediri campaignis successfully concluded in Indonesia asAnthonio Hurdtand SultanAmangkurat IIcapture Kediri and force the rebel Prince Trunajaya to flee.
• November 26– William Staley, an English banker and a Roman Catholic, becomes the first person to be executed in connection with the "Popish Plot"arrests.
• December 1– TheTest Actprovides that members of both theHouse of LordsandHouse of Commons of Englandmust swear ananti-Catholicoath, before taking office.

Date unknown

• About 1,200 Irish families sail fromBarbadostoVirginiaand theCarolinas.
• InIreland,the vacantBishopric of Leighlinis given to theBishop of Kildarein commendam; it will later be formed into theRoman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.

1679

January–March

• January 24– KingCharles II of Englanddissolves the "Cavalier Parliament",after nearly 18 years.
• February 3– Moroccan troops from Fez are killed, along with their commander Moussa ben Ahmed ben Youssef, in a battle against rebels in theJbel Saghromountain range, but Moroccan SultanIsmail Ibn Sharifis able to negotiate a ceasefire allowing his remaining troops safe passage back home.
• February 5– TheTreaty of Celleis signed between France and Sweden on one side, and the Holy Roman Empire, at the town ofCellein Saxony (in modern-day Germany). Sweden's sovereignty overBremen-Verdenis confirmed and Sweden cedes control ofThedinghausenandDörverdento the Germans.
• February 19–Ajit Singh Rathorebecomes the new Maharaja of theJodhpur Statea principality in India also known as Marwar, located in the modern-dayRajasthanstate.
• March 6– In England, the "Habeas Corpus Parliament"(or" First Exclusion Parliament ") is opened.
• March 12–Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin,commonly called "La Voisin" and the suspected killer of over 1,000 people in France by poisoning, is arrested outside of the Church ofNotre-Dame-de-Bonne-NouvelleinParisand imprisoned atVincennesfor the next 11 months. After her conviction, she is publicly burned at the stake on February 22, 1680.

April–June

• April 3–Aurangazeb,theMuslimruler of theMughal EmpireinIndia,decrees the imposition of thejizya,an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarilyHindus.The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.
• April 8– In the Italian region ofPiedmont,a landslide causes the village ofBosiato sink into the ground and then get buried, killing 200 inhabitants. The village is then rebuilt at another site and continues to exist.
• April 10– Atotal eclipse of the Suntakes place overNorth America,with its peak over the region occupied by theLakota Siouxpeople in modern-daySouth Dakota.
• May 3–James Sharp,theChurch of Scotland'sArchbishop of St Andrews,is assassinated atMagus MuirinFife,when his coach is ambushed by a group of nine of the ScottishCovenanters.Only two of the assassins,David Hackstonand Andrew Guillan, are captured.
• May 27– TheParliament of Englandpasses theHabeas Corpus Act,"for the better securing the liberty of the subject" and then adjourns.
• June 1–Battle of Drumclog:A group of 200 ScottishCovenantersoverwhelm a small Scottish Army unit, that had been pursuing them for the murder of Archbishop Sharp. The Covenanters, led by 19-year-oldWilliam Cleland,kill 36 of the Scottish soldiers.
• June 4– A6.4 magnitude earthquake in Armeniastrikes nearYerevan,at the time part of thePersian Empire.
• June 22–Battle of Bothwell BridgeinScotland:Royal forces led byJames Scott, 1st Duke of MonmouthandJohn Graham of Claverhousesubdue the Scottish Covenanters.

July–September

• July 12– In England, the "Habeas Corpus Parliament"(or" First Exclusion Parliament ") is dissolved, while in recess, byKing Charles II.The King exercises hisroyal prerogativeof dissolution to prevent the parliament from passing a bill that would exclude non-Anglicans from thesuccession to the English throne,specifically the king's Roman Catholic brother,James, Duke of York,as part of theExclusion Crisis.
• August 7– ThebrigantineLe Griffon,commissioned byRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle,is towed to the southern end of theNiagara River,to become the first ship to sail the upperGreat Lakesof North America.
• September 2– The 8.0M_wmagnitudeSanhe-Pinggu earthquakedevastatesBeijingandHebeiinChina.
• September 18– TheProvince of New Hampshireis separated from theMassachusetts Bay Colony.

October–December

• October 4–Bil'arab bin Sultanbecomes the newImam of Omanupon the death of his father,Sultan bin Saif.
• October 6– Mughal EmperorAurangzebreturns control ofBengalto the localNawab of Murshidabadafter removing his son,Prince Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam,from the position of Mughal Governor ofDhaka.
• October 12– Representatives of theDutch Republicand theKingdom of Swedensign the last of the nineTreaties of Nijmegen,ending the last of the conflicts that began during theFranco-Dutch War.
• October 18– A sea battle is fought between England's Royal Navy and the navy of India'sMaratha Empire(under the command ofMai Nayak Bhandari), with English bombardment driving the Maratha occupation of the island fortress atKhanderi(off of the western Indian coast south ofMumbai).
• November 27– A fire inBoston,Massachusetts,burns all of the warehouses, 80 houses, and all of the ships in the dockyards.
• December 3– French explorersRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle(commonly called "La Salle" ) andHenri de Tontiset off from their fort nearNiagara Fallsin North America on the first European expedition to explore the upperMississippi River.
• December 10
  • More than 200 captives on the shipThe Crown of London,all ScottishCovenantersarrested after the battle of Bothwell Bridge, are killed when the ship is wrecked on theOrkney Islandswhile transporting the group to exile in North America.
  • A peace treaty is signed between Ali Bey al-Muradi, Bey of Tunis; his brother whom he had overthrown in 1678,Muhammad Bey al-Muradi;and their uncle, Muhammad al-Hafsi al-Muradi, the Pasha of Tunis, after mediation by theDey of Algiers.
• December 16(December 6 O.S.) –Oliver Plunkett,the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh, is arrested on false charges of plotting to aid a French invasion of the British Isles, the so-called "Popish Plot".Executed in 1681, Plunkett will be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint almost 300 years later in 1975.
• December 26– In modern-day Indonesia, theTrunajaya rebellioncomes to an end with the surrender of PrincePanembahan Maduretnoto the SultanAmangkurat II of Mataram,ruler of the entire island ofJava.While treated with respect as a prisoner of the occupying forces of theDutch East India Company(Verenigde Oostindische Compagnieor VOC), Panembahan is killed seven days later by Amangkurat after the VOC allows him to attend a ceremonial visit to the sultan's palace.

Date unknown

• TheTibet–Ladakh–Mughal war(1679–84) begins with the Tibetan invasion of Ladakh.
• French explorerDaniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut,explores theSaint Louis River;the city ofDuluth, Minnesota,will take its name from him.
• Malpas Tunnelon theCanal du MidiinHérault,France, Europe's first navigable canal tunnel, is excavated byPierre-Paul Riquet(169 metres (554 ft), concrete lined).

Births

1670

Augustus II the Strong

• January 24–William Congreve,English playwright (d.1729)
• February 25–Maria Margarethe Kirch,German astronomer (d.1720)
• February 28–Benjamin Wadsworth,American president of Harvard University (d.1737)
• May 8–Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans,English soldier (d.1726)
• May 12– KingFrederick Augustus I of Poland(d.1733)
• June 22–Eva von Buttlar,German mysticsectarian (d.1721)
• July 18–Giovanni Bononcini,Italian composer (d.1747)
• July 19–Richard Leveridge,English bass player and composer (d.1758)
• August 21–James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick,French military commander (d.1734)
• November 15–Bernard Mandeville,Dutch-born economic philosopher (d.1733)
• December 4–John Aislabie,English politician, director of the South Sea Company (d.1742)
• date unknown– Sultan Abdullah Khan Abdali, Persian Governor of Herat, Shah of Herat (d.1721)

1671

Jean-Baptiste Rousseau

• January 11–François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie,French military leader (d.1745)
• February 26–Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury,English politician and philosopher (d.1713)
• March 7–Rob Roy MacGregor,Scottish folk hero (d.1734)
• April 6–Jean-Baptiste Rousseau,French poet (d.1741)
• April 21–John Law,Scottish economist (d.1729)
• May 24–Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany(d.1737)
• June 8–Tomaso Albinoni,Italian composer (d.1751)
• June 21–Christian Detlev Reventlow,Danish diplomat and military leader, brother-in-law of kingFrederick IV of Denmark(d.1738)
• July 9–Margareta von Ascheberg,Swedish land owner, countess and actingregimentalcolonel(d.1753)
• July 14–Jacques d'Allonville,French astronomer and mathematician (d.1732)
• October 1–Guido Grandi,Italian mathematician (d.1742)
• October 11– KingFrederick IV of Denmark(d.1730)
• November 6–Colley Cibber,English actor-manager and poet laureate (d.1757)
• November 15(bapt.)–Anne Bracegirdle,English actress (d.1748)

1672

Peter I of Russia

• January 4–Hugh Boulter,Irish Archbishop of Armagh (d.1742)
• January 18–Antoine Houdar de la Motte,French writer (d.1731)
• February 13–Étienne François Geoffroy,French chemist (d.1731)
• February 26–Antoine Augustine Calmet,French theologian (d.1757)
• May 1–Joseph Addison,English politician and writer (d.1719)
• June 9– EmperorPeter I of Russia(d.1725)
• June 11–Francesco Antonio Bonporti,Italian priest and composer (d.1749)
• July 13–Nicolás Salzillo,Spanish artist (d.1727)
• August 2–Johann Jakob Scheuchzer,Swiss scholar (d.1733)
• September 8–Nicolas de Grigny,French organist and composer (d.1703)
• October 11–Pylyp Orlyk,Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossackstarshina,diplomat (d. 1742)
• October 21–Ludovico Antonio Muratori,Italian historian, scholar (d.1750)
• October 27–Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna,Swedish writer (d.1737)
• date unknown
  • Ann Baynard,English natural philosopher (d.1697)
  • José Antonio Nebra Mezquita,Spanish organist and harpist (d.1748)

1673

Louis de Montfort

• January 31–St. Louis Maria Grignion de Montfort,French missionary priest (d.1716)
• April 27–Claude Gillot,French artist (d.1722)
• July 20–John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair,Scottish soldier and diplomat (d.1747)
• August 8–John Ker,Scottish informer (d.1726)
• August 10–Johann Konrad Dippel,German alchemist (d.1734)
• August 11–Richard Mead,English physician (d.1754)
• August 18–Louise Élisabeth de Joybert,politically active Canadian governors' wife (d.1740)
• October 26–Dimitrie Cantemir,Moldavian linguist and scholar (d.1723)
• December 30–Ahmed III,Ottoman Sultan(d.1736)

1674

Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

• January 12–Alexis Simon Belle,French portrait painter (d.1734)
• January 15–Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon,French writer (d.1762)
• January 24–Thomas Tanner,English bishop and antiquarian (d.1735)
• March –Jethro Tull,English agriculturist (d.1741)
• June 3–Matthias Buchinger,German artist (d.1740)
• July 12–Abigail Williams,American accuser in the Salem witch trials (d.1765)
• July 17–Isaac Watts,English hymnist (d.1748)
• August 2–Philippe II, Duke of Orléans,regent of France (d.1723)
• August 16–Catharine Trotter Cockburn,English novelist, dramatist and philosopher (d.1749)
• August 19–František Maxmilián Kaňka,Czech architect (d.1766)
• December 25–Thomas Halyburton,Scottish theologian (d.1712)
• Date unknown
  • Jeremiah Clarke,English baroque composer (suicide1707)
  • Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington,Prime Minister of Great Britain (d.1743)

1675

Guillaume Delisle

• January 16–Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon,French writer (d.1755)
• January 27–Erik Benzelius the younger,Swedish priest (d.1743)
• February 21–Franz Xaver Josef von Unertl,Bavarian politician (d.1750)
• February 28–Guillaume Delisle,French cartographer (d.1726)
• March 31–Pope Benedict XIV(d.1758)
• May 29–Humphry Ditton,English mathematician (d.1715)
• June 1–Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei,Italian archaeologist (d.1755)
• July 5–Mary Walcott,American accuser at the Salem witch trials
• July 12–Evaristo Abaco,Italian composer (d.1742)
• July 14–Claude Alexandre de Bonneval,French soldier (d.1747)
• September 2–William Somervile,English poet (d.1742)
• September 3–Paul Dudley,Attorney-General of Massachusetts (d.1751)
• September 27–Dorothea Krag,Danish General Postmaster and noble (d.1754)
• October 11–Samuel Clarke,English philosopher (d.1729)
• October 21–Emperor Higashiyamaof Japan (d.1710)
• October 24–Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham,English soldier and politician (d.1749)
• date unknown
  • William Jones,Welsh mathematician (d.1749)
  • Tarabai,Indian queen regent of the Maratha Empire (d.1761)
  • Cille Gad,Norwegian poet (d.1711)

1676

Robert Walpole

• March 17–Thomas Boston,Scottish church leader (d.1732)
• March 27–Francis II Rákóczi,Hungarian rebel against theHabsburgs(d.1735)
• April 23– KingFrederick I of Sweden(d.1751)
• May 26–Maria Clara Eimmart,German astronomer, engraver and designer (d.1707)
• May 28–Jacopo Riccati,Italian mathematician (d.1754)
• June 17–Louise de Maisonblanche,illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France (d.1718)
• June 21–Anthony Collins,English philosopher (d.1729)
• July 3–Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau,Prussian field marshal (d.1747)
• July 14–Caspar Abel,German theologian, historian, poet (d.1763)
• August 26–Robert Walpole,firstPrime Minister of the United Kingdom(d.1745)
• September 13–Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans,duchess and regent of Lorraine (d.1744)
• September 18–Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg(d.1733)
• October 8–Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro,Spanish scholar (d.1764)
• October 19–Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, 1st Marquis of Abrantes,Portuguese diplomat (d.1733)
• November 8–Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon,duchess of Maine, daughter in law of Louis XIV (d.1753)
• date unknown–Alexander Selkirk,Scottish sailor (d.1721)

1677

Françoise Marie de Bourbon

KingStanisław Leszczyński

• February 3–Jan Santini Aichel,Czech architect (d.1723)
• February 4–Johann Ludwig Bach,German composer (d.1731)
• February 8–Jacques Cassini,French astronomer (d.1756)
• May 4–Françoise-Marie de Bourbon,youngest daughter ofLouis XIV(d. 1749)
• August 27–Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun,Austrian field marshal (d.1748)
• September 17–Stephen Hales,English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (d.1761)
• October 20–Stanisław Leszczyński,King of Poland (d.1766)
• date unknown
  • William Dummer, acting Governor of theMassachusetts Bay Colony(d.1761)

1678

Antonio Vivaldi

Amaro Pargo

• March 4–Antonio Vivaldi,Italian composer (d.1741)
• March 7–Filippo Juvarra,Italian architect (d.1736)
• April 14–Abraham Darby I,one of the English fathers of the Industrial Revolution (d.1717)
• May 3–Amaro Pargo,Spanish corsair (d.1747)
• May 16–Andreas Silbermann,German organ builder (d.1734)
• July 26–Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1711)
• September 16–Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke,English statesman and philosopher (d.1751)
• September 29–Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles,French soldier (d.1766)
• October 10–John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll,Scottish soldier (d.1743)
• October 16–Anna Waser,Swiss painter (d.1714)
• November 26–Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan,French geophysicist (d.1771)
• December 8–Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton,English diplomat (d.1757)
• December 13–Yongzheng Emperorof China (d.1735)
• December 14–Daniel Neal,English historian (d.1743)
• December 30–William Croft,English composer (d.1727)
• date unknown
  • George Farquhar,Irish dramatist (d.1707)
  • Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt,German architect (d.1753)
  • John Senex,British geographer (d. 1740)
  • Maria Faxell,Swedish vicar's wife and war heroine (d.1738),
  • Pierre Fauchard,French physician and author, consideredThe father of modern dentistry(d.1761)
  • Thomas Micklethwaite,Lord Commissioner of the Treasury(d. 1718)

1679

Antonio Farnese

• January 24–Christian Wolff,German philosopher (d.1754)
• March 18–Matthew Decker,English merchant and writer (d.1749)
• March 29–Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore,colonial governor of Maryland(d.1715)
• May 29–Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma(d.1731)
• August 16–Catharine Trotter Cockburn,English novelist, dramatist, philosopher (d.1749)
• August 22–Pierre Guérin de Tencin,French cardinal (d.1758)
• October 13–Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst,Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (d.1740)
• October 16–Jan Dismas Zelenka,Bohemian composer (d.1745)
• October 18–Ann Putnam, Jr.,American accuser in the Salem witch trials (d.1716)
• November 11–Firmin Abauzit,French scientist (d.1767)
• date unknown
  • James Erskine, Lord Grange,Scottish judge (d.1754)
  • George Psalmanazar,French-born imposter and essayist (d.1763)
  • Francesco Zerafa,Maltese architect (d.1758)

Deaths

1670

Jacob Westerbaen

• January 3–George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle,English soldier (b.1608)
• January 6
  • Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill,English politician (b.1587)
  • Charles of Sezze,Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b.1613)
• January 21
  • Claude Duval,French-bornhighwayman(b.1643)
  • Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan,French aristocrat (b.1589)
• January 25–Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine(b.1609)
• February 9– KingFrederick III of Denmark(b.1609)
• February 12–Niklaus Dachselhofer,Swiss politician (b.1595)
• February 17–Elizabeth Barnard,granddaughter of William Shakespeare (b.1608)
• March 1–Giovanna Maria Bonomo,beatified Italian Catholic nun (b.1606)
• March 2–François-Henri Salomon de Virelade,French lawyer (b.1620)
• March 10
  • Johann Glauber,German chemist (b.1604)
  • Ludovicus a S. Carolo,French monk (b.1608)
• March 15–John Davenport,Connecticut pioneer (b.1597)
• April–AhomKing SwargadeoChakradhwaj SinghaorSupangmungofAssam,India
• April 5–Leonora Baroni,Italian singer (b.1611)
• April 12–George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(b.1582)
• April 23–Loreto Vittori,Italian singer and composer (b.1600)
• May 10–Claude Vignon,French painter (b.1593)
• May 21
  • Niccolò Zucchi,Italian astronomer and physicist (b.1586)
  • Giovanni Andrea Sirani,Italian painter (b.1610)
• May 19–Ferdinando Ughelli,Italian Cistercian monk, church historian (b.1595)
• May 23–Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany(b.1610)
• May 31–Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland,English noble (b.1644)
• June 12–Hasanuddin of Gowa,16th Ruler of theSultanate of Gowa(b.1631)
• June 25–Lorens von der Linde,Swedish field marshal (b.1610)
• June 27–Thomas Bennet,English civil lawyer (b.1592)
• June 28–Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh,Dutch painter (b.1610)
• June 30
  • Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans,English and French princess (b.1644)
  • Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode(b.1613)
• July 16–Abraham Diepraam,Dutch painter (b.1622)
• August 24–William Neile,English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (b.1637)
• September 11–Jeanne Chezard de Matel,French mystic (b.1596)
• September 16–William Penn,English admiral and politician (b.1621)
• September 26–Abraham Teniers,Flemish painter (b.1629)
• September 28–Alexander Morus,Franco-Scottish Calvinist preacher (b.1616)
• August 10–Richard Ottley,English politician (b.1626)
• October 3–Sir Henry Yelverton, 2nd Baronet,English Member of Parliament (b.1633)
• October 27–Vavasor Powell,Welsh non-conformist leader (b.1617)
• November 8–Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen,German prince of the House of Ascania (b.1631)
• November 15–Comenius,Czech writer (b.1592)
• November 21–William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel(b.1651)
• November 22–Landgravine Sophie of Hesse-Kassel,Countess of Schaumburg-Lippe (b.1615)
• December 4–Emilie of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst,Regent of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1646–1662) (b.1614)
• date unknown–Alena Arzamasskaia,Russian rebel leader (b. year unknown)

1671

Giovanni Battista Riccioli

BlessedAntonio Grassi

• January 6–Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh(b.1643)
• January 24–Philipp, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen(b.1616)
• January 25–Henry X, Count of Reuss-Lobenstein,Rector of the University of Leipzig (b.1621)
• February 18–John Mennes,English Royal Navy admiral (b.1599)
• February 22–Adam Olearius,German scholar (b.1599)
• February 19–Tokugawa Yorinobu,Japanese nobleman (b.1602)
• March 1
  • Marzio Ginetti,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1585)
  • Leopold Wilhelm of Baden-Baden,Imperial Field Marshal (b.1626)
• March 7–Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli,Grandee of Spain (b.1607)
• March 15–Axel Urup,Danish general (b.1601)
• March 31–Anne Hyde,wife of the futureJames II of England(b.1637)
• April 20–Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon,French mathematician (b.1596)
• April 23–Theodorick Bland of Westover,American politician (b.1629)
• April 30
  • Petar Zrinski,CroatianBan (title)and nobleman (b.1621)
  • Fran Krsto Frankopan,Croatian poet and nobleman (b.1643)
• May 5–Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester,English politician (b.1602)
• May 8–Sébastien Bourdon,French painter and engraver (b.1616)
• May 12–Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco,Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Lima, then Bishop of Arequipa (b.1589)
• May 16–Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet,English Member of Parliament (b.1584)
• May 19–John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore,English politician and Viscount (b.1601)
• June 2
  • Edward Leigh,English writer (b.1602)
  • Sophia Eleonore of Saxony,German duchess (b.1609)
• June 9–Sebastian von Rostock,German bishop (b.1607)
• June 25–Giovanni Battista Riccioli,Italian astronomer (b.1598)
• July 4–Jan Cossiers,Flemish painter (b.1600)
• July 14–Méric Casaubon,English classical scholar (b.1599)
• July 30–Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise(b.1650)
• August 3–Antonio Barberini,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1607)
• August 10–Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet, of Godstone,English noble (b.1633)
• September 1–Hugues de Lionne,French statesman (b.1611)
• September 11–Roshanara Begum,Mughal princess (b.1617)
• September 19–Gilbert Ironside the elder,English bishop (b.1588)
• October 5–Joachim Ernest, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön(1622–1671) (b.1595)
• October 26–Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1593)
• November 12–Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron,English Civil War general (b.1612)
• November 20–Thomas Trenchard,English politician (b.1640)
• December 13–Antonio Grassi,ItalianRoman Catholicpriest andbeatus(b.1592)
• December 18–Samuel Gott,English politician (b.1614)
• December 28–Johann Friedrich Gronovius,German classical scholar (b.1611)

1672

Johan de Witt

Anne Bradstreet

• January–Denis Gaultier,French lutenist and composer (b.1603)
• January 15–John Cosin,English clergyman (b.1594)
• January 21–Adriaen van de Velde,Dutch painter (b.1636)
• January 28–Pierre Séguier,Chancellor of France (b.1588)
• February 17–Madeleine Béjart,French actress and theatre director (b.1618)
• February 19–Charles Chauncy,English-born president of Harvard College (b.1592)
• February 28
  • Christian, Duke of Brieg,Duke of Legnica (1663–1672) and Brieg (1664–1672) (b.1618)
  • Sir Ralph Hare, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1623)
• March–Archibald Armstrong,court jester toJames I of EnglandandCharles I of England
• March 4–Luis Guillermo de Moncada, 7th Duke of Montalto,Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1614)
• March 8–Thomas Tyrrell,English judge and politician (b.1594)
• March 18–Agneta Horn,Swedish writer (b.1629)
• April 2
  • Pedro Calungsod,Filipino saint (b.1654)
  • Diego Luis de San Vitores,Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (b.1627)
• April 4–Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg(b.1593)
• April 13–Marguerite of Lorraine,princess of Lorraine, duchess of Orléans (b.1615)
• April 14
  • Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg(b.1657)
  • KingPye Minof Burma (b.1619)
• April 17–Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska,Polish noble (b.1623)
• April 21–Antoine Godeau,French bishop and poet (b.1605)
• April 22–Georg Stiernhielm,Swedish poet (b.1598)
• April 26–Lionel Lockyer,English alchemist, quack doctor (b.1600)
• April 30–Marie of the Incarnation,French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec (b.1599)
• May 5–Samuel Cooper,English painter (b.1609)
• May 8–Jean-Armand du Peyrer,Comte de Tréville and French Officer (b.1598)
• May 11–Charles Seton, 2nd Earl of Dunfermline,English royalist (b.1615)
• May 28
  • Frescheville Holles,English Member of Parliament (b.1642)
  • Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich(b.1625)
  • John Trevor,Welsh politician (b.1626)
• June 7–Willem Joseph van Ghent,Dutch admiral (b.1626)
• June 14–Matthew Wren,English politician (b.1629)
• June 17–Orazio Benevoli,Italian composer (b.1605)
• June 27–Roger Twysden,English antiquarian and royalist (b.1597)
• July 3–Francis Willughby,English biologist (b.1635)
• July 21–Captain John Underhill,English settler and soldier (b.1597)
• August 2–Amable de Bourzeys,French writer and academic (b.1606)
• August 8–Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1619)
• August 20
  • Johan de Witt,Dutch politician (b.1625)
  • Cornelis de Witt,Dutch politician (b.1623)
• September 9–François-Joseph Bressani,Italian missionary (b.1612)
• September 12–Tanneguy Lefebvre,French classical scholar (b.1615)
• September 14–Henri Charles de La Trémoille,son of Henry de La Trémoille (b.1620)
• September 16–Anne Bradstreet,American colonial writer (b. c.1612)
• October 8–Johan Nieuhof,Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil (b.1618)
• October 24–John Webb,English architect (b.1611)
• November 4–Lucas van Uden,Dutch painter (b.1595)
• November 6–Heinrich Schütz,German composer (b.1585)
• November 16–Esaias Boursse,Dutch painter (b.1631)
• November 19
  • Franciscus Sylvius,Dutch physician and scientist (b.1614)
  • John Wilkins,English Bishop of Chester (b.1614)
• December 6
  • KingJohn II Casimir of Poland(b.1609)
  • Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemos,Viceroy of Peru (b.1632)
• December 7–Richard Bellingham,Massachusetts colonial magistrate (b.1592)
• December 8–Johann Christian von Boyneburg,German politician (b.1622)
• December 19–Dorothea Diana of Salm,German noblewoman (b.1604)
• December 21–Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby,English noble (b.1628)
• December 27–Jacques Rohault,French philosopher (b.1618)
• December 30–Hendrick Bloemaert,Dutch painter (b.1601)

1673

Molière

Margaret Cavendish

• January 11–Bartholomew Mastrius,Italian theologian (b.1602)
• January 22–Mary Carleton,Englishwoman who used false identities (b.1642)
• January 26–Jérôme Lalemant,French Jesuit priest and missionary to Canada (b.1593)
• February 2–Kaspar Förster,German singer and composer (b.1616)
• February 12,–Johann Philipp von Schönborn,Archbishop-Elector of Mainz (1647– (b.1605)
• February 17–Molière,French writer and actor (b.1622)
• February 22–Anna Magdalene of Hanau,German countess (b.1600)
• March 6–Isaack Luttichuys,Dutch Golden Age painter (b.1616)
• March 12–Margaret Theresa of Spain(b.1651)
• March 15–Salvator Rosa,Italian painter and poet (b.1615)
• March 20
  • Anna Margareta von Haugwitz,Swedish countess (b.1622)
  • Augustyn Kordecki,Polish prior (b.1603)
• April 21–Ignace-Gaston Pardies,French physicist (b.1636)
• May 14–Sir Gerrard Napier, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1606)
• May 6–Werner Rolfinck,German physician, chemist, botanist, philosopher (b.1599)
• May 9–Jacques Vallée, Sieur Des Barreaux,French poet (b.1599)
• May 27–Henry Hungerford,English politician (b.1611)
• May 30–Sir Edward Bagot, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1616)
• June 6–Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons,Italian noble (b.1635)
• June 18–Jeanne Mance,French Canadian settler (b.1606)
• June 28–Johan Schatter,Dutch member of theHaarlem schutterij(b.1594)
• June 25–Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan,French soldier (b.1611)
• July 4–Robert Moray,English Freemason (b.1608or1609)
• July 15–Helena Fourment,Dutch model, second wife of Peter Paul Rubens (b.1614)
• August 17–Regnier de Graaf,Dutch physician and anatomist (b.1641)
• August 21
  • Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford,English soldier (b. c.1599)
  • Daniel Pawłowski,Polish writer (b.1627)
  • Isaac Sweers,Dutch admiral (b.1622)
• August 25–Bartram de Fouchier,Dutch painter (b.1609)
• September 6–Jan Thomas van Ieperen,Flemish engraver and painter (b.1617)
• September 21–Lorenzo Imperiali,Italian cardinal (b.1612)
• October 5–Francesco Grue,Italian artist (b.1618)
• October 13–Christoffer Gabel,Danish statesman (b.1617)
• October 17–Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh,English statesman (b.1630)
• November 6–Robert Harley,English politician (b.1626)
• November 10–Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki,King of Poland (b.1640)
• November 17–Thomas Wendy,English politician (b.1614)
• November 29–Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche,French nobleman (b.1637)
• December 15–Margaret Cavendish,English writer (b.1623)
• December 21–Joan Blaeu,Dutch cartographer (b.1596)
• December 29–Manuel da Câmara III,Portuguese noble (b.1630)
• December 31–Oliver St John,English statesman and judge (b. c.1598)

1674

Nicolaes Tulp

John Milton

• January 3–Claude Maltret,French Jesuit (b.1621)
• January 5–Ebba Brahe,Swedish countess, landowner, and courtier (b.1596)
• January 10–Jacob de Witt,Mayor of Dordrecht (b.1589)
• January 12–Giacomo CarissimiItalian composer (b.1605)
• January 21
  • Cornelis Bisschop,Dutch painter (b.1630)
  • Henri de La Trémoille,French general and noble (b.1598)
• February 13–Jean de Labadie,17th-century French pietist (b.1610)
• February 14–Carlo de Tocco,Italian nobleman (b.1592)
• February 22
  • Jean Chapelain,French writer (b.1595)
  • John Wilson,English composer (b.1595)
• February 24–Matthias Weckmann,German composer (b.1616)
• February 26–Jean Pecquet,French anatomist (b.1622)
• March 2–Salomon Sweers,Dutch businessman (b.1611)
• March 8–Charles Sorel, sieur de Souvigny,French writer (b.1597)
• March 15–Edward Digges,English barrister and colonist, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b.1620)
• March 19–Queen Inseon,Korean royal consort (b.1619)
• March 23–Henry Cromwell,4th son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier (b.1628)
• March 29–Ove Bjelke,Norwegian civil servant (b.1611)
• April 18–John Graunt,English demographer (b.1620)
• April 24–Frances Seymour, Duchess of Somerset(b.1599)
• June 1–Beata Rosenhane,Swedish writer (b.1638)
• June 4–Jan Lievens,Dutch painter (b.1607)
• June 8–Henry Hildyard,English Member of Parliament (b.1610)
• June 14–Marin le Roy de Gomberville,French writer (b.1600)
• June 16–Empress Xiaochengren,Chinese Qing Dynasty empress (b.1653)
• June 25
  • Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever(b.1606)
  • Mauritia Eleonora of Portugal,Princess of Portugal and countess consort of Nassau-Siegen (b.1609)
• July 2–Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg(b.1614)
• July 29–Eva Krotoa,Khoi translator and interpreter (b.1643)
• July 30
  • Hans Conrad Werdmüller,Swiss military commander (b.1606)
  • Francisco Ignacio Alcina,Jesuit missionary and historian (b.1610)
• August 8–Maeda Toshitsugu,Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period (b.1617)
• August 12–Philippe de Champaigne,French painter (b.1602)
• September 12–Nicolaes Tulp,Dutch anatomist and politician (b.1593)
• September 17–Hyeonjong of Joseon,18th monarch of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (b.1641)
• September 22–Herman Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg,High Chamberlain of the Elector of Bavaria (b.1627)
• September 27–Robert Arnauld d'Andilly,French writer (b.1589)
• September 29–Gerbrand van den Eeckhout,Dutch painter (b.1621)
• October 2–George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen,officer in the Dutch Army (b.1606)
• October 12–Jeremias van Rensselaer,Dutch colonial governor (b.1632)
• October 15–Robert Herrick,English poet (b.1591)
• October 27–Hallgrímur Pétursson,Icelandic poet (b.1614)
• November 8–John Milton,EnglishPuritanpoet (b.1608)
• November 16–Isbrand van Diemerbroeck,Dutch physician (b.1609)
• November 18–Charles Lallemant,French Jesuit (b.1587)
• December 9–Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon,English statesman and historian (b.1609)
• December 10–John Vaughan,English judge (b.1603)
• December 28–John Oxenbridge,English Nonconformist divine (b.1608)
• Date unknown
  • Hu Zhengyan,Chinese artist, printmaker, calligrapher and publisher (b. c.1584)
  • Thomas Traherne,English poet (b. c.1637)

1675

Gerrit Dou

Guru Tegh Bahadur

Johannes Vermeer

• January 9–Francesco Maria Brancaccio,Catholic cardinal (b.1592)
• January 26–Domenico II Contarini,Doge of Venice (b.1585)
• February 8–Anna Moroni,Italian educator (b.1613)
• February 9–Gerhard Douw,Dutch painter (b.1613)
• February 10–Gervase Holles,English Member of Parliament (b.1607)
• March 14–Francis Davies,British bishop (b.1605)
• March 18–Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall,Irish soldier (b.1606)
• April 8–Veit Erbermann,German theologian (b.1597)
• April 10–Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg,Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg by births and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach (b.1601)
• April 12–Richard Bennett,British Colonial Governor of Virginia (b.1609)
• May 1–Jonathan Rashleigh,English politician (b.1591)
• May 6–August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck,Danish-German prince and member of the House of Oldenburg (b.1612)
• May 18
  • Stanisław Lubieniecki,Polish Socinian theologian (b.1623)
  • FatherJacques Marquette,French missionary and explorer (b.1636)
• May 27–Gaspard Dughet,French painter (b.1613)
• June 5–John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt,English politician (b.1626)
• June 11
  • Sir Anthony Cope, 4th Baronet,English Member of Parliament (b.1632)
  • Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar, Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz,by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz (b.1641)
• June 12–Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy(b.1634)
• July 14–Daniel Hallé,French painter (b.1614)
• July 20–Giles Strangways,English politician (b.1615)
• July 25–Johan Stiernhöök,Swedish lawyer (b.1596)
• July 27–Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne,Marshal of France (b.1611)
• July 28–Bulstrode Whitelocke,English lawyer (b.1605)
• August 5–Brynjólfur Sveinsson,Icelandic bishop and scholar (b.1605)
• August 16–António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva,Portuguese general and noble (b.1596)
• August 29–Joachim Irgens von Westervick,Dano–Norwegian nobleman (b.1611)
• September 8
  • Amalia of Solms-Braunfels,Princess consort toFrederick Henry(b.1602)
  • Frederick, Count of Nassau-Weilburg,ruling Count of Nassau-Weilburg (b.1640)
• September 18–Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine(b.1604)
• September 23–Valentin Conrart,French founder of theAcadémie française(b.1603)
• October 10–Tommaso Tamburini,Italian theologian (b.1591)
• October 15–William Wadsworth,American colonial pioneer (b.1594)
• October 26–William Sprague,English co-founder of Charlestown, Massachusetts (b.1609)
• October 27–Gilles de Roberval,French mathematician (b.1602)
• November–Feodosia Morozova,Russian religious dissident martyr (b.1632)
• November 1–Guru Tegh Bahadur,9th Sikh Guru (b.1621)
• November 4–Remigius van Leemput,painter from the Southern Netherlands (b.1607)
• November 10–Leopoldo de' Medici,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1617)
• November 11–Thomas Willis,English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy (b.1621)
• November 15–Preben von Ahnen,German-born civil servant and landowner in Norway (b.1606)
• November 21–George William, Duke of Liegnitz(b.1660)
• November 28–Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh,English Civil War soldier (b. c.1608)
• November 28–Leonard Hoar,American President of Harvard University (b.1630)
• November 30
  • Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore,colonial Governor of Maryland (b.1605)
  • Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Lowther,English politician (b.1605)
• December 6–John Lightfoot,English churchman, scholar (b.1602)
• December 15(bur.)–Johannes Vermeer,Dutch painter (b.1632)
• December 16–Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force,Marshal of France (b.1580)
• December 23–Caesar, duc de Choiseul,French marshal and diplomat (b.1602)
• date unknown–Margareta Beijer,director of the Swedish Royal Post Office (b.1625)

1676

John Clarke

Michiel de Ruyter

Matthew Hale

• January 7–Marco Faustini,Italian opera manager (b.1606)
• January 13–Isaac Commelin,Dutch historian (b.1598)
• January 14–Francesco Cavalli,Italian composer (b.1602)
• January 16–Georg Arnold,Austrian musician (b.1621)
• January 29– TsarAlexis of Russia(b.1629)
• February 3–François Chauveau,French painter (b.1613)
• February 14–Abraham Bosse,French engraver and artist (b. c.1604)
• February 20–Hugh Forth,English politician (b.1610)
• March 2–Juan de Almoguera,Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Lima (1673–1676) and Bishop of Arequipa (1659–1673) (b.1605)
• March 21–Henri Sauval,French historian (b.1623)
• March 22–Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford(b.1590)
• March 23–Paul Würtz,Swedish general (b.1612)
• March 27–Bernardino de Rebolledo,Spanish poet, soldier and diplomat (b.1597)
• April 5–John Winthrop the Younger,Governor of Connecticut (b.1606)
• April 8–Claudia Felicitas of Austria,Holy Roman Empress (b.1653)
• April 20–John Clarke,English physician (b.1609)
• April 29–Michiel de Ruyter,Dutch admiral (b.1607)
• May 5–Sir Richard Lloyd,English politician (b.1606)
• May 7–Henri Valois,French historian (b.1603)
• May 25–Johann Rahn,Swiss mathematician (b.1622)
• May 26–Thomas Rouse,English politician (b.1608)
• June 1–Karl Kaspar von der Leyen,German Catholic archbishop (b.1618)
• June 7–Paul Gerhardt,German hymnist (b.1606)
• June 13–Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy,wife of Ferdinand Maria (b.1636)
• June 16–Nathaniel Dickinson,American settler (b.1601)
• June 29–Hendrik van der Borcht II,German painter (b.1614)
• July–Jesse Whartoncolonial governor of Maryland
• July 5–Carl Gustaf Wrangel,Swedish soldier (b.1613)
• July 8–Francis I Rákóczi,Hungarian prince of Transylvania (b.1645)
• July 12–Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg,German poet composer and (by marriage) Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.1613)
• July 22–Pope Clement X(b.1590)
• July 25–François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac,French writer (b.1604)
• July 17–Madame de Brinvilliers,French murderer (b.1630)
• August 11–Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen,German writer (b.1621)
• August 14–Nicolò Sagredo,105th Doge of Venice (b.1606)
• August 28–Margravine Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg,Duchess of Courland by marriage (1645–1676) (b.1617)
• August 31–Lars Stigzelius,Swedish Lutheran archbishop (b.1598)
• September 4–John Ogilby,Scottish-born impresario and cartographer active in Dublin and London (b.1600)
• September 9–Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve,French military officer, founder of Montreal in New France (b.1612)
• September 10–Gerrard Winstanley,English religious reformer (b.1609)
• September 11–Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria(b.1616)
• September 17–Sabbatai Zevi,Montenegrin rabbi, kabbalist and founder of the JewishSabbateanmovement (b.1626)
• September 28–Anna Maria Antigó,Spanish Catholic nun (b.1602)
• October 6–Claudia Rusca,Italian composer, singer, and organist (b.1593)
• October 7–Richard Neville,English soldier and MP (b.1615)
• October 10–Sebastian Knüpfer,German composer (b.1633)
• October 13–Juan de Arellano,Spanish artist (b.1614)
• October 15–Simon de Vos,Flemish painter (b.1603)
• October 26–Nathaniel Bacon,Virginian colonist and instigator of Bacon's Rebellion (b. circa 1640s)
• October 28–Jean Desmarets,French writer (b.1595)
• November 1–Gisbertus Voetius,Dutch theologian (b.1589)
• November 9–Allart Pieter van Jongestall,Dutch jurist, politician, and diplomat (b.1612)
• November 12–Shang Kexi,Chinese general (b.1604)
• December 11–Roland Fréart de Chambray,French writer (b.1606)
• December 12–William Morice,English politician (b.1602)
• December 18–Edward Benlowes,English poet (b.1603)
• December 19–Adolph, Prince of Nassau-Schaumburgand Count of Nassau-Schaumburg (1653–1676) (b.1629)
• December 25
  • Matthew Hale,Lord Chief Justice of England (b.1609)
  • William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,English soldier, politician, writer (b.1592)

1677

Baruch Spinoza

Barbara Strozzi

• January 8–Sir John Fowell, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1623)
• January 18–Jan van Riebeeck,Dutch founder of Cape Town (b.1619)
• January 31–Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach(b.1617)
• February 9–George Horner,English politician (b.1605)
• February 21–Baruch Spinoza,Dutch philosopher (b.1632)
• March 18–Marie Luise von Degenfeld,morganatic second wife ofCharles I Louis, Elector Palatineof Germany (b.1634)
• March 28–Václav Hollar,Czech-born actor (b.1607)
• April 22–Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz,Austrian field marshal and prince (b.1609)
• May 4–Isaac Barrow,English mathematician (b.1630)
• May 20–George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol,English statesman (b.1612)
• May 22–William, Margrave of Baden-Baden(b.1593)
• May 23–John, Count of Nassau-Idstein(1629–1677) (b.1603)
• May 24–Anders Bording,Danish writer (b.1619)
• June 11–Jacques Esprit,French writer (b.1611)
• June 23–Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg(b.1647)
• June 18–Johann Franck,German poet and hymnist (b.1618)
• June 26–Francesco Buonamici,Italian architect, painter and engraver (b.1596)
• July 11–Timothy Turner,English judge, actor (b.1585)
• July 27–Johannes Loccenius,German historian (b.1598)
• July 30–Fabian von Fersen,Swedish soldier (b.1626)
• August
  • Matthew Locke,English composer (b.1621)
  • Joseph Pardo,English-Jewish hazzan (b. c.1624)
• August 1–George Christian, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg(1669–1671) (b.1626)
• August 20–Pierre Petit,French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (b.1594)
• August 28–Wallerant Vaillant,painter of the Dutch Golden Age (b.1623)
• September 11–James Harrington,English political philosopher (b.1611)
• September 12
  • Tønne Huitfeldt,Norwegian landowner and military officer (b.1625)
  • Camillo Massimo,Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (b.1620)
• October 9–Gustav Adolph, Count of Nassau-Saarbrückenand general sergeant of the Holy Roman Empire at the Rhine (b.1632)
• October 14–Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic,Polish poet (b.1597)
• November 2–Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester,English politician (b.1595)
• November 9–Aernout van der Neer,Dutch painter (b.1603)
• November 11
  • Johann Weikhard of Auersperg,Austrian prime minister (b.1615)
  • Barbara Strozzi,Italian singer and composer (b.1619)
• November 14–Matthias Abele,Austrian jurist, mine official (b.1618)
• December 13–Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk,English noble (b.1627)
• December 14–Christian Albert, Burgrave and Count of Dohna,German nobleman and general in the army of Brandenburg (b.1621)
• December 26–Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach,Swedish general, Prince-Abbot and cardinal (b.1631)
• date unknown–Gilbert Sheldon,Archbishop of Canterbury(b.1598)

1678

Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten

Andries de Graeff

• January 4–Joan Maetsuycker,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1606)
• January 11–Ferrante III Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla,Italian noble (b.1618)
• January 12–Robert Ellison,English politician (b.1614)
• January 23– SirWilliam CurtiusFRS, German magistrate and English baronet (b.1599)
• January 27–Maria Overlander van Purmerland,Dutch noble (b.1603)
• January 29–Jeronimo Lobo,Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b.1593)
• February 7–Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1607)
• November 20–Daniel Clasen,German academic (b.1622)
• March 3–Philip Bell,British colonial governor (b.1590)
• March 10–Jean de Launoy,French historian (b.1603)
• March 27–Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, conde de Baños,Spanish noble (b.1604)
• April 12–Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick,7th daughter of Richard Boyle (b.1625)
• April 23–Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar,second and eldest surviving son of Walter Aston (b.1609)
• April 24–Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt(1661–1678) (b.1630)
• April 27–Nicolas Roland,French priest and founder (b.1642)
• May 2–Willem Nieupoort,Dutch politician, and diplomat (b.1607)
• May 3–Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena,German noble (b.1638)
• May 4orMay 14–Anna Maria van Schurman,Dutch poet and scholar (b.1607)
• May 16–Tamura Muneyoshi,Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (b.1637)
• May 18–Miyamoto Iori,Japanese samurai (b.1612)
• June 2–Pieter de Groot,Dutch diplomat (b.1615)
• June 17–Giacomo Torelli,Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (b.1608)
• June 19–Benedict Arnold,Rhode Island colonial governor (b.1615)
• June 24–Charles de Lorme,French physician (b.1584)
• August 5–Juan García de Zéspedes,Mexican musician and composer (b.1619)
• August 16–Andrew Marvell,English writer (b.1621)
• August 17–Guillaume Herincx,Flemish theologian, Bishop of Ypres (b.1621)
• August 28–John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton,English soldier (b.1602)
• August 31–Louis VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt(b.1658)
• September 1–Jan Brueghel the Younger,Flemish painter (b.1601)
• September 8–Pietro della Vecchia,Italian painter (b.1603)
• September 19–Christoph Bernhard von Galen,Westphalian Catholic prince-bishop of Münster and military leader (b.1606)
• September 18–Maurizio Cazzati,Italian composer (b.1616)
• October 5–Hedevig Ulfeldt,daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark and Kirsten Munk (b.1626)
• October 11–Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet,British historian (b.1614)
• October 12
  • Pieter Codde,Dutch painter (b.1599)
  • Edmund Berry Godfrey,English magistrate (b.1621)
• October 14–Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1602)
• October 16–Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff,Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (b.1650)
• October 18–Jacob Jordaens,Flemish painter (b.1593)
• October 19–Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten,Dutch painter (b. c.1627)
• November 1–William Coddington,first Governor of Rhode Island (b.1601)
• November 4–Solomon Swale,English politician (b.1610)
• November 5–Giovan Battista Nani,Italian historian and diplomat (b.1616)
• November 10–Daniel Zwicker,German physician (b.1612)
• November 30–Andries de Graeff,Dutch politician (b.1611)
• December 3–Edward Colman,English Catholic courtier under Charles II (b.1636)
• December 20–Matthew Marvin, Sr.,Connecticut settler (b.1600)

1679

Jan Steen

Joost van den Vondel

Dorothy, Lady Pakington

Thomas Hobbes

Anne Geneviève de Bourbon

John Maurice

• January 1–Jan Steen,Dutch painter (b. c.1626)
• January 8–Raymond Breton,French missionary (b.1609)
• January 14–Jacques de Billy,French Jesuit mathematician (b.1602)
• January 15–Pierre Lambert de la Motte,French bishop (b.1624)
• January 24
  • Ulderico Carpegna,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1595)
  • Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar(1653–1679) (b.1626)
• January 29–Carlo Ceresa,Italian painter (b.1609)
• February 5–Joost van den Vondel,Dutch dramatist and poet (b.1587)
• February 6–Margherita de' Medici,Italian duchess regent of Parma (b.1612)
• February 18–Lady Anne Finch Conway,English philosopher (b.1631)
• February 19–Henricus Regius,Dutch philosopher (b.1598)
• February 19–Thomas Hales,Connecticut settler (b.1610)
• February 22–Henrik Rysensteen,Dutch military engineer (b.1624)
• March 11
  • Sir John Covert, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1620)
  • Luise Marie of the Palatinate,German princess (b.1647)
• March 16
  • John Leverett,Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b.1616)
  • Johan Frederik von Marschalck,German-born landowner, Chancellor of Norway (b.1618)
  • Johannes Schefferus,Alsatian-born humanist (b.1621)
• March 27–Abraham Mignon,Dutch golden age painter (b.1640)
• April–Thomas Notley,Colonial governor of Maryland(b.1632)
• April 5–Anne Geneviève de Bourbon,French princess and political activist (b.1619)
• May 3–James Sharp,Scottish archbishop (assassinated) (b.1613)
• May 5–Magnus Celsius,Swedish astronomer and mathematician (b.1621)
• May 6–Peregrine Hoby,English politician (b.1602)
• May 10–Dorothy, Lady Pakington,English religious writer (b.1623)
• May 14–August of Legnica,Silesian nobleman (b.1627)
• May 26–Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria(b.1636)
• June 3–Francisque Millet,Flemish-French painter (b.1642)
• June 7–Princess Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg,German noblewoman (b.1638)
• June 15–Guillaume Courtois,French painter (b.1628)
• June 27–Pablo Bruna,blind Spanish composer and organist (b.1611)
• July 4–Antoine Garaby de La Luzerne,French poet (b.1617)
• July 11–William Chamberlayne,English poet (b.1619)
• July 19–Francis Anderson,English politician (b.1614)
• July 26–Edward Bayntun,English politician (b.1618)
• August–Catherine Lepère,French midwife (b.1601)
• August 6–John Snell,English royalist (b.1629)
• August 12–Marie de Rohan,French courtier and political activist (b.1600)
• August 20–Jacob Alting,Dutch linguist (b.1618)
• August 24–Jean François Paul de Gondi,Cardinal de Retz, French churchman and agitator (b.1614)
• August 28–Alfonso Litta,Cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (b.1608)
• August 29–Margaret Mostyn,EnglishCarmelitenun (b.1625)
• September 9–John Gurdon,English politician (b.1595)
• September 11–Nicolaes Visscher I(buried), Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher (b.1618)
• September 17–John of Austria the Younger,Spanish general (b.1629)
• September 25–Philips Augustijn Immenraet,Flemish painter (b.1627)
• September 29–John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland,English politician when he inherited the peerage (b.1604)
• October 1–Antonia of Württemberg,princess, literary figure, patron, and Christian Kabbalist (b.1613)
• October 2–Sir William Bowyer, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1612)
• October 3–Hugh Bethell,EnglishMember of Parliamentand High Sheriff (b.1615)
• October 12–William Gurnall,English writer (b.1617)
• October 26–Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery,British soldier, statesman, and dramatist (b.1621)
• November 11–Rosina Schnorr,German businessperson (b.1618)
• November 19–Roger Conant,Massachusetts governor, founder ofSalem, Massachusetts(b.1592)
• November 27–Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington,Scottish judge (b.1616)
• December 4–Thomas Hobbes,English philosopher (b.1588)
• December 10–Francesco Barberini,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1597)
• December 20–John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen(b.1604)
• December 18–John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg (1665–1679) (b.1625)
• December 21–Claude Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne,Spanish general and prince (b.1618)
• December 28
  • Peder Winstrup,Bishop of Lund (b.1605)
  • Andrzej Trzebicki,nobleman and priest in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (b.1607)
• December 31–Giovanni Alfonso Borelli,Italian physiologist and physicist (b.1608)