1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 224[b]seats in theUnited States House of Representatives 113 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() House election results map.Redrepresents seats won by theRepublicansandbluedenotes those won by theDemocrats. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1866–67 United States House of Representatives electionswere held on various dates in various states between June 4, 1866, and September 6, 1867. They occurred duringPresidentAndrew Johnson's term just one year after theAmerican Civil Warended when theUniondefeated theConfederacy.Each state set its own date for its elections to theHouse of Representatives.Members were elected before or after the first session of the40th United States Congressconvened on March 4, 1867, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nebraska. Ten secessionist states still had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.
The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the earlyReconstructionera, in which President Johnson faced off against theRadical Republicansin a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished whiteSouth.
Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in theCapitoland aside from the delegation fromTennesseewho were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.
Background[edit]
Johnson, aWar Democrat,had been electedVice Presidentin the1864 presidential electionas therunning mateofAbraham Lincoln,aRepublican.(The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominateHannibal Hamlinfor a second term as vice president).
Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of theNational Union Party,which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-lineabolitionistRadical Republicans who backedJohn C. Frémont,who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to thePeace Democrats,or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).
After theassassination of Lincoln,Johnson became president. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to givefreedmen(the newly freedslaves)civil rights(and theright to vote).
Campaign and results[edit]
Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as theSwing Around the Circle;he generally supportedDemocratsbut his speeches were poorly received.
TheRepublicanswon in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only theborder statesofDelaware,Maryland,andKentuckyvoted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of theGreat Depressionin the 1930s.
Election summaries[edit]
Seven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies, but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867.[1]
44 | 4 | 147 |
Democratic | [f] | Republican |
State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Democratic | Conservative | Republican | Others | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
Oregon | At-large | June 4, 1866 | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Vermont | Districts | Sep 4, 1866 | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Maine | Districts | Sep 10, 1866 | 5 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Indiana | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 11 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Iowa | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Nebraska | At-large | Oct 9, 1866 | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Ohio | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 19 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
17 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 24 | 6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
18 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
West Virginia | Districts | Oct 25, 1866 | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | Nov 6, 1866 (Election Day)[h] |
1 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Illinois | District + 1 at-large |
14 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
11 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Kansas | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Maryland | Districts | 5 | 3 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Massachusetts | Districts | 10 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Michigan | Districts | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Minnesota | Districts | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Missouri | Districts | 9 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
New Jersey | Districts | 5 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
New York | Districts | 31 | 10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
21[e] | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Wisconsin | Districts | 6 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |
Late elections (after the March 4, 1867 beginning of Congress) | |||||||||||
New Hampshire | Districts | Mar 12, 1867 | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Connecticut | Districts | Apr 1, 1867 | 4 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | Districts | Apr 3, 1867 | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Kentucky | Districts | May 4, 1867 | 9[i] | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Tennessee | Districts | Aug 3, 1867 | 8 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
California | Districts | Sep 6, 1867 | 3 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Secessionist states not yet readmitted | |||||||||||
Alabama | Districts | — | 6 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Arkansas | Districts | — | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Florida | At-large | — | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Georgia | Districts | — | 7 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Louisiana | Districts | — | 5 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Mississippi | Districts | — | 5 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
North Carolina | Districts | — | 7 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
South Carolina | Districts | — | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Texas | Districts | — | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Virginia | Districts | — | 8 | 0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Total[b] | 193[l] | 44 22.8% |
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1 0.5% |
![]() |
147[e] 76.2% |
![]() |
0 0.0% |
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1866_House_results_by_voteshare.svg/450px-1866_House_results_by_voteshare.svg.png)
The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas's rejected elections are unknown.
Special elections[edit]
39th Congress[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 5 | Lovell Rousseau | Unconditional Unionist |
1865 | Incumbent resigned July 21, 1866 following his assault ofJosiah Grinnell. Incumbent re-electedSeptember 15, 1866. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
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Kentucky 6 | Green C. Smith | Unconditional Unionist |
1861 | Incumbent resigned July 13, 1866 to becomeGovernor of Montana Territory. New member electedSeptember 15, 1866. Democratic gain. |
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Kentucky 3 | Henry Grider | Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent died September 7, 1866. New member electedOctober 6, 1866. Democratic hold. |
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New York 3 | James Humphrey | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent died June 16, 1866. New member electedNovember 6, 1866. Democratic gain. |
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40th Congress[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 3 | Elijah Hise | Democratic | 1866(special) | Incumbent died May 6, 1867. New member electedAugust 5, 1867. Democratic hold. |
|
Ohio 2 | Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent resigned July 20, 1867 torun for Governor of Ohio. New member electedOctober 8, 1867. Independent Republican gain. |
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Pennsylvania 12 | Charles Denison | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent died June 27, 1867. New member electedOctober 8, 1867. Democratic hold. |
|
Missouri 3 | Thomas E. Noell | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent died October 3, 1867. New member electedNovember 5, 1867. Democratic hold. |
|
New York 21 | Roscoe Conkling | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent resigned March 3, 1867 whenelected U.S. senator. New member electedNovember 5, 1867. Republican hold. |
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California[edit]
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3 seats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Democratic gain Republican hold |
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 | Donald C. McRuer | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
California 2 | William Higby | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 3 | John Bidwell | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
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Colorado Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Connecticut[edit]
Dakota Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Delaware[edit]
Idaho Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Illinois[edit]
Indiana[edit]
Iowa[edit]
Kansas[edit]
Kentucky[edit]
Maine[edit]
Maryland[edit]
Massachusetts[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 3 | Alexander H. Rice | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper | Republican | 1861(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 5 | John B. Alley | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Nathaniel P. Banks | Republican | 1865(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 8 | John D. Baldwin | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 10 | Henry Laurens Dawes | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Michigan[edit]
Minnesota[edit]
Missouri[edit]
Montana Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Nebraska[edit]
There were two elections in the new state ofNebraskain 1866: on June 6 for the remainder of the current term, and October 9 for the next term.
39th Congress[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | New state | New seat. Republican gain. New member seated March 2, 1867. |
|
40th Congress[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | Turner M. Marquett | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Nevada[edit]
New Hampshire[edit]
New Jersey[edit]
New Mexico Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
New York[edit]
Ohio[edit]
Democrats gained one seat this election inOhio.It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[13] | |
Ohio 1 | Benjamin Eggleston | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 2 | Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 4 | William Lawrence | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 5 | Francis C. Le Blond | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Ohio 6 | Reader W. Clarke | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 7 | Samuel Shellabarger | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 8 | James Randolph Hubbell | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Ohio 9 | Ralph P. Buckland | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 10 | James M. Ashley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 11 | Hezekiah S. Bundy | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Ohio 12 | William E. Finck | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Ohio 13 | Columbus Delano | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent lost re-election New member elected. Democratic gain.[n] |
|
Ohio 14 | Martin Welker | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 15 | Tobias A. Plants | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 16 | John Bingham | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Oregon[edit]
Pennsylvania[edit]
Rhode Island[edit]
Tennessee[edit]
Elections held late, on August 1, 1867.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Nathaniel G. Taylor | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 2 | Horace Maynard | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 3 | William B. Stokes | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 4 | Edmund Cooper | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 5 | William B. Campbell | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 6 | Samuel M. Arnell | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 7 | Isaac R. Hawkins | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee 8 | John W. Leftwich | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Utah Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Vermont[edit]
Washington Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
West Virginia[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Chester D. Hubbard | Unconditional Unionist |
1864 | Incumbent re-elected. Republican gain. |
|
West Virginia 2 | George R. Latham | Unconditional Unionist |
1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
West Virginia 3 | Kellian Whaley | Unconditional Unionist |
1863 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
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Wisconsin[edit]
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1866.[25]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Halbert E. Paine | National Union |
1864 | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Ithamar Sloan | National Union |
1862 | Incumbent was not a candidate for re-election. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb | National Union |
1862 | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 5 | Philetus Sawyer | National Union |
1864 | Incumbent won re-election as a Republican. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 6 | Walter D. McIndoe | National Union |
1862(Special) | Incumbent was not a candidate for re-election. New member elected. Republican hold. |
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Non-voting delegates[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Colorado Territory at-large | |||||
Dakota Territory at-large | |||||
Idaho Territory at-large | Edward D. Holbrook | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Montana Territory at-large | Samuel McLean | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New delegate elected. Democratic hold. |
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New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Utah Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Excludes states readmitted after the start of Congress.
- ^abIncluding late elections.
- ^Represents the results of the National Union coalition in the last election cycle.
- ^In comparison to the vote for the National Union coalition in the last election cycle.
- ^abcIncludes 1Independent Republican,Lewis Selye,and 1 Conservative Republican,Thomas E. Stewart.
- ^Conservatives in Virginiatook 4 seats
- ^abPrevious election had 3 Unionists.
- ^In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
- ^One seat remained vacant throughout the 40th Congress.
- ^Previous election had 4 Unionists.
- ^8 Unionists in previous election.
- ^50 vacancies from secessionist states
- ^Previous election had 18 Unionists.
- ^abcMorgan (Democratic) was initially seated (and thus is counted towards the party totals at this article), but the election was contested and the seat was subsequently awarded to Delano (Republican) during the 40th Congress's second session.
References[edit]
- ^Martis, pp. 120–121; Dubin, p. 209.
- ^"KY - District 05 - Special Election Race - Sep 15, 1866".Our Campaigns.March 1, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"KY - District 06 - Special Election Race - Sep 15, 1866".Our Campaigns.March 2, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"KY - District 03 Special Election Race - Oct 06, 1866".Our Campaigns.February 24, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"NY District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 06, 1866".Our Campaigns.March 12, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"KY - District 03 Special Election Race - Aug 05, 1867".Our Campaigns.February 24, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"OH District 02 - Special Election Race - Oct 08, 1867".Our Campaigns.April 16, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"PA District 12 - Special Election Race - Oct 08, 1867".Our Campaigns.January 17, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"MO District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1867".Our Campaigns.November 24, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"NY District 21 - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1867".Our Campaigns.February 20, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Jun 02, 1866".
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 09, 1866".
- ^Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898).History of the Republican Party in Ohio.Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 228, 229.
- ^"TN - District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 04".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 05".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 06".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 07".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 08".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"WV District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 13,2021.
- ^"WV District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 13,2021.
- ^"WV District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 13,2021.
- ^"Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results"(PDF).Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 5, 2012.RetrievedAugust 27,2014.
- ^"ID Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 3,2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 05, 1867".www.ourcampaigns.com.
Bibliography[edit]
- Beale, Howard K.(1930).The Critical Year.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998).United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses.McFarland and Company.ISBN978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989.Macmillan Publishing Company.ISBN978-0029201701.
- ▌McPherson, Edward(1875).The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction.Solomons & Chapman.
mcpherson period of reconstruction.
,large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online (the copyright has expired) - Moore, John L., ed. (1994).Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections(Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc.ISBN978-0871879967.
- Riddleberger, Patrick W. (1979).1866, the critical year revisited.
- Trefousse, Hans L. (1989).Andrew Johnson: A Biography.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present".Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.RetrievedJanuary 21,2015.
External links[edit]
- Office of the Historian(Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)