1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 243[c]seats in theUnited States House of Representatives 122 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Map of U.S. House elections results from 1868 elections for 41st Congress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1868–69 United States House of Representatives electionswere held on various dates in various states between June 1, 1868, and August 2, 1869. Each state set its own date for its elections to theHouse of Representativesbefore or after the first session of the41st United States Congressconvened on March 4, 1869. They coincided with the1868 United States presidential election,which was won byUlysses S. Grant.Elections were held for all 243 seats, representing 37 states. All of the formerConfederatestates were represented in Congress for the first time since they seceded from the Union.
TheDemocratsgained 20 seats, but Grant'sRepublican Partyretained a commanding majority in theReconstruction erafollowing theAmerican Civil War,holding onto a firm legitimacy through an association with victory. As more Southern states exited Reconstruction, more Democratic seats appeared in the South. However, Democratic gains in the South were limited, as the Republican power-brokers of Reconstruction held a great deal of influence. The smallConservative Party of Virginiaalso picked up several seats in Virginia, as it had support among wealthy Southern leaders who wanted to increase the region's power.
Election summary[edit]
Mississippi,Texas,andVirginiawere readmitted during this Congress, leaving Congress without vacant State delegations for the first time since 1860.Georgiahad been partially readmitted in the previous Congress, but was not initially admitted to the 41st Congress. With Georgia's final readmission in 1870, all formerConfederatestates were once more represented in Congress.
| 67 | 5 | 171 |
| Democratic | [d] | Republican |
| State | Type | Total seats |
Democratic | Conservative | Republican | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
| Alabama[e] | District | 6 | 2 |  2
|
0 | 
|
4 |  2
|
| Arkansas | District | 3 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
2 | 1
|
| California | District | 3 | 2 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
| Connecticut[e] | District | 4 | 1 | 2
|
0 |
|
3 | 2
|
| Delaware | At-large | 1 | 1 |
|
0 |
|
0 |
|
| Florida[f] | At-large | 1 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
| Georgia[g] | District | 7[h] | 4 | 2
|
0 |
|
3 | 1
|
| Illinois | District + 1 at-large |
14 | 4 | 1
|
0 |
|
10 | 1
|
| Indiana[f] | District | 11 | 4 | 1
|
0 |
|
7 | 1
|
| Iowa[f] | District | 6 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
6 |
|
| Kansas | At-large | 1 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
| Kentucky | District | 9[h] | 9 | 2
|
0 |
|
0 | 1
|
| Louisiana | District | 5 | 0 | 1
|
0 |
|
5 | 1
|
| Maine[f] | District | 5 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
5 |
|
| Maryland | District | 5 | 5 | 2
|
0 | 1
|
0 | 1
|
| Massachusetts | District | 10 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
10 |
|
| Michigan | District | 6 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
6 |
|
| Minnesota | District | 2 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
1 | 1
|
| Mississippi[g] | District | 5 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
5 | 5
|
| Missouri | District | 9 | 2 | 1
|
0 |
|
7 | 1
|
| Nebraska[f] | At-large | 1 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
| Nevada | At-large | 1 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
| New Hampshire[e] | District | 3 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
3 |
|
| New Jersey | District | 5 | 3 | 1
|
0 |
|
2 | 1
|
| New York | District | 31 | 12 | 2
|
0 |
|
19 | 2
|
| North Carolina | District | 7 | 1 | 1
|
0 | 1
|
6 |
|
| Ohio[f] | District | 19 | 6 | 3
|
0 |
|
13 | 3
|
| Oregon[f] | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
0 | 1
|
| Pennsylvania[f] | District | 24 | 6 |
|
0 |
|
18 |
|
| Rhode Island | District | 2 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
2 |
|
| South Carolina | District | 4 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
4 |
|
| Tennessee | District | 8 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
8 |
|
| Texas[g] | District | 4 | 1 | 1
|
0 |
|
3 | 3
|
| Vermont[f] | District | 3 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
3 |
|
| Virginia[g] | District | 8 | 0 |
|
5 | 5
|
3 | 3
|
| West Virginia[f] | District | 3 | 0 |
|
0 |
|
3 |
|
| Wisconsin | District | 6 | 1 |
|
0 |
|
5 |
|
| Total[c] | 243 | 67 27.6% |
22
|
5 2.1% |
3
|
171 70.4% |
6
| |
Election dates[edit]
Mississippiheldrejected electionson July 1, 1868. New (accepted) elections were held December 1, 1869.
In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for auniform nationwide datefor choosing presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to that date. 1868 was the first year in which the majority of States (20 of 37) held their elections on that date. There were still 9 states which held elections before that date and 4 that held regular elections after that date, in addition to 4 readmitted states that held elections after that date.
- Early dates (1868):
- June 1:Oregon
- September 1:Vermont
- September 14:Maine
- October 13:Indiana,Iowa,Nebraska,Ohio,Pennsylvania
- October 22:West Virginia
- ▌Late dates (regular elections):
- December 29, 1868:Florida
- March 9, 1869:New Hampshire
- April 5, 1869:Connecticut
- August 2, 1869:Alabama
- Readmitted states:
- July 6, 1869:Virginia
- December 1, 1869:Mississippi(also held elections to the 42nd Congress on the same day)
- December 3, 1868:Texas
- December 20–22, 1870:Georgia
Special elections[edit]
There were special elections in 1868 and 1869 to the40th United States Congressand41st United States Congress.
Special elections are sorted by date then district.
40th Congress[edit]
Readmission of state are treated here as regular (late) elections, not special elections.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio 8 | Cornelius S. Hamilton | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent died December 22, 1867. New member electedJanuary 27, 1868. Republican hold. Winner would later be re-elected to the next term;see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 9 | Thaddeus Stevens | Republican | 1848 | Incumbent died August 11, 1868. New member electedOctober 13, 1868. Republican hold. Winner was also elected the same day to the next term;see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 20 | Darwin A. Finney | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent died August 25, 1868. New member electedOctober 13, 1868. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for the same day's election to the next term;see below. |
|
| Missouri 5 | Joseph W. McClurg | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent resigned in July 1868. New member electedNovember 3, 1868. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for the same day's election to the next term;see below. |
|
| Arkansas 2 | James M. Hinds | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent died October 22, 1868. New member elected on anunknown date. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to the next term;see below. |
|
41st Congress[edit]
Readmission of state are treated here as regular (late) elections, not special elections.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent resigned March 12, 1869, after being appointedUnited States Secretary of the Treasury. New member electedNovember 2, 1869. Republican hold. |
|
| Illinois 3 | Elihu B. Washburne | Republican | 1852 | Incumbent resigned March 6, 1869, to becomeU.S. Secretary of State. New member electedDecember 6, 1869. Republican hold. |
|
Alabama[edit]
1868 elections to finish the term[edit]
![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=hv){kind=small} | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
1869 elections to the next term[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Arkansas[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas 1 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Arkansas 2 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected. Democratic gain. |
| ||
| Arkansas 3 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected. Republican gain. |
| ||
California[edit]
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 3 seats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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 Democratic hold Republican hold | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
California's delegation remained at two Democrats and one Republican.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| California 1 | Samuel Beach Axtell | Democratic | 1867 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| California 2 | William Higby | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| California 3 | James A. Johnson | Democratic | 1867 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Colorado Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Dakota Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Connecticut[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Delaware[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Florida[edit]
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Florida's single seat in theU.S. House of Representatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Florida had been unrepresented in Congress since January 21, 1861, when its sole member and both senators withdrew from Congress following the secession of Florida from the Union. Following the end of theCivil War,an election had been held in1865,but it was rejected by Congress. In 1868, Congress readmitted Florida followingReconstruction.
Election to the current term[edit]
The first election, for the duration of the 40th congress, was held May 5, 1868.[9]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Florida at-large | None | State readmitted. New member electedMay 5, 1868to finish the term and seated July 1, 1868. Republican gain.[10] Winner was laterre-elected to the next term. |
| ||
Hamilton was seated on July 1, 1868,[10]during the 2nd session of the 40th Congress.
Election to the next term[edit]
Florida elected its one at-large member on December 29, 1868, re-electing Hamilton, who had just been elected in May to finish the current term.[11]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Florida at-large | Charles M. Hamilton | Republican | 1868[i] | Re-elected |
|
Georgia[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Idaho Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Illinois[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Indiana[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Iowa[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Kansas[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Kentucky[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Louisiana[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Maine[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Maryland[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Massachusetts[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 3 | Ginery Twichell | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper | Republican | 1861(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 5 | Benjamin Butler | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 6 | Nathaniel P. Banks | Republican | 1865(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | George F. Hoar | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected.[12] |
|
Michigan[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Minnesota[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Mississippi[edit]
1868 rejected elections[edit]
Mississippi elected its members July 1, 1868, but that election was later rejected by the House.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi 1 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected, but election rejected by the House. |
| ||
| Mississippi 2 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected, but election rejected by the House. |
| ||
| Mississippi 3 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected, but election rejected by the House. |
| ||
| Mississippi 4 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected, but election rejected by the House. |
| ||
| Mississippi 5 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected, but election rejected by the House. |
| ||
1869 accepted elections[edit]
Mississippi then held new elections December 1, 1869 both: to finish the term in the 40th Congress and to the next term (starting in 1871) in the 41st Congress. Both elections had the same vote totals and were accepted by the House. The new members were seated in 1870.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi 1 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected to finish the term and to the next term. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Mississippi 2 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected to finish the term and to the next term. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Mississippi 3 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected to finish the term and to the next term. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Mississippi 4 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected to finish the term and to the next term. Republican gain. |
| ||
| Mississippi 5 | None, seat not admitted | New member elected to finish the term and to the next term. Republican gain. |
| ||
Missouri[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Montana Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Nebraska[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Nebraska at-large | John Taffe | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nevada[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
New Hampshire[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
New Jersey[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
New Mexico Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
New York[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
North Carolina[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Ohio[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[29] | |
| Ohio 1 | Benjamin Eggleston | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Ohio 2 | Samuel F. Cary | Ind-Republican | 1867(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 4 | William Lawrence | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 5 | William Mungen | Democratic | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 6 | Reader W. Clarke | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 7 | Samuel Shellabarger | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 8 | John Beatty | Republican | 1868(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 9 | Ralph P. Buckland | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Ohio 10 | James M. Ashley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Ohio 11 | John Thomas Wilson | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 12 | Philadelph Van Trump | Democratic | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 13 | Columbus Delano | Republican | 1866[j] | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Ohio 14 | Martin Welker | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 15 | Tobias A. Plants | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 16 | John Bingham | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Oregon[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Pennsylvania[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Rhode Island[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
South Carolina[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Tennessee[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | Roderick R. Butler | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 2 | Horace Maynard | Republican | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | William B. Stokes | Republican | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 4 | James Mullins | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Tennessee 5 | John Trimble | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | Samuel M. Arnell | Republican | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 7 | Isaac R. Hawkins | Republican | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 8 | David A. Nunn | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent Republican. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Texas[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Utah Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
Vermont[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Virginia[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2020) |
Washington Territory[edit]
Seenon-voting delegates,below.
West Virginia[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| West Virginia 1 | Chester D. Hubbard | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| West Virginia 2 | Bethuel Kitchen | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
| West Virginia 3 | Daniel Polsley | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin[edit]
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 3, 1868.[41]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Wisconsin 1 | Halbert E. Paine | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 2 | Benjamin F. Hopkins | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 5 | Philetus Sawyer | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin 6 | Cadwallader C. Washburn | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Non-voting delegates[edit]
Colorado Territory[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Colorado Territory at-large | George M. Chilcott | Independent Republican |
1866 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination. New delegate elected. Republican gain. |
|
Montana Territory[edit]
The election date is speculative.[43]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Montana Territory at-large | James M. Cavanaugh | Democratic | 1868 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Idaho Territory[edit]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Idaho Territory at-large | Edward D. Holbrook | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent retired. New delegate elected August 10, 1868. Democratic hold. |
|
Wyoming Territory[edit]
On July 25, 1868, an act of Congress gave Wyoming Territory the authority to elect acongressional delegate,although the first delegate did not take his seat until 1869.[45]
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Wyoming Territory At-large | None, new district. | Territory organized in previous congress. New delegate elected December 6, 1869. Democratic gain. |
| ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Excludes states readmitted after the start of Congress.
- ^The majority of States held elections on November 3, 1868 (i.e. "Election Day") for the first time.
- ^abIncluding late elections.
- ^Conservativeswon 5 seats.
- ^abcElections held late.
- ^abcdefghijElections held early.
- ^abcdReadmitted state.
- ^abPrevious election had one vacancy.
- ^Late election to40th Congress.
- ^Columbus Delanolost election in 1866 toGeorge W. Morgan,contested the election and was seated June 1868.
References[edit]
- ^"Our Campaigns - OH District 08 - Special Election Race - Jan 27, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - PA District 9 - Special Election Race - Oct 13, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - PA District 20 - Special Election Race - Oct 13, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MO District 5 - Special Election Race - Nov 03, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - IL District 3-Special Race - Dec 06, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^abcGuide to U.S. Elections.Vol. II (6th ed.).Washington, D.C.:CQ Press.2010. p. 1042.ISBN9781604265361.LCCN2009033938.OCLC430736650.
- ^May results shown here, see article for December election results
- ^"Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - May 05, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ab"40th Congress membership roster"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 9, 2013.RetrievedMay 13,2019.
- ^"Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Dec 29, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^abBen. Perley Poore (1869). "Massachusetts".Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Forty-First Congress(2nd ed.). Washington DC: Government Printing Office.hdl:2027/nyp.33433081796686.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 Race - Jun 30, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Jun 30, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Jun 30, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Jun 30, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Jun 30, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 - Special Election Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Nov 30, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 13, 1868".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedSeptember 19,2021.
- ^Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898).History of the Republican Party in Ohio.Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 258, 259.
- ^"TN - District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 04".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 05".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 06".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 07".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"TN - District 08".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
- ^"WV District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 14,2021.
- ^"WV District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 14,2021.
- ^"WV District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 14,2021.
- ^"Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results"(PDF).Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 5, 2012.RetrievedAugust 27,2014.
- ^"Our Campaigns - CO Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 03, 1868".
- ^ab"Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 02, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"ID Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 3,2021.
- ^"House History".Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives.RetrievedApril 15,2010.
- ^"Our Campaigns - WY Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Sep 02, 1869".www.ourcampaigns.com.
Bibliography[edit]
- Ben. Perley Poore (1869). "Massachusetts".Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Forty-First Congress(2nd ed.). Washington DC: Government Printing Office.hdl:2027/nyp.33433081796686.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998).United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses.McFarland and Company.ISBN978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989.Macmillan Publishing Company.ISBN978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994).Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections(Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc.ISBN978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present".Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.RetrievedJanuary 21,2015.
External links[edit]
- Office of the Historian(Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)