1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections

California elections
3 seats
	Republican hold Republican gain

1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections
All 243 seats in theUnited States House of Representatives; 122 seats needed for a majority
	Results:; Democratic holdDemocratic gain; Republican holdRepublican gain; Conservative Gain
Speaker before election; James G. Blaine; Republican	Elected Speaker; James G. Blaine; Republican

The1870–71 United States House of Representatives electionswere held on various dates in various states between June 6, 1870, and October 6, 1871. Each state set its own date for its elections to theHouse of Representativesbefore or after the first session of the42nd United States Congressconvened on March 4, 1871. They occurred in the middle ofPresident Ulysses S. Grant's first term. Elections were held for all 243 seats, representing 37 states.

With Grant's administration rocked by a number of scandals (including a shady deal for gold speculation that led to a crash in the market and several business deals that saw high-ranking governmental officials gain kickbacks) andReconstructionwinding down, hisRepublican Partylost seats to the oppositionDemocratic Partybut retained an overall majority. Also, since white-supremacist governments controlled by the Democratic Party were reestablishing themselves in some portions of the South, the Democrats were able to make huge gains in this election.

Election summaries[edit]

↓
104	139
Democratic	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Republican
State	Type	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Mississippi^[d]^[e]	District	5	0		5
Alabama	District	6	3	1	3	1
Arkansas	District	3	1		2
California^[f]	District	3	0	2	3	2
Connecticut^[f]	District	4	1		3
Delaware	At-large	1	1		0
Florida	At-large	1	1	1	0	1
Georgia	District	7	4		3
Illinois	District + 1 at-large	14	6	2	8	2
Indiana^[d]	District	11	5	1	6	1
Iowa^[d]	District	6	0		6
Kansas	At-large	1	0		1
Kentucky	District	9	9		0
Louisiana	District	5	0		5
Maine^[d]	District	5	0		5
Maryland	District	5	5		0
Massachusetts	District	10	0		10
Michigan	District	6	1	1	5	1
Minnesota	District	2	0	1	2	1
Missouri	District	9	4	2	5^[g]	2
Nebraska^[d]	At-large	1	0		1
Nevada	At-large	1	1	1	0	1
New Hampshire^[f]	District	3	3	3	0	3
New Jersey	District	5	2	1	3	1
New York	District	31	16	3	15	3
North Carolina^[d]	District	7	5	4	2	4
Ohio^[d]	District	19	5	1	14	1
Oregon^[d]	At-large	1	1		0
Pennsylvania^[d]	District	24	11	3	13^[h]	3
Rhode Island	District	2	0		2
South Carolina^[d]	District	4	0		4
Tennessee	District	8	6	6	2	6
Texas^[f]	District	4	4	3	0	3
Vermont^[d]	District	3	0		3
Virginia	District	8	5	5^[i]	3
West Virginia^[d]	District	3	2	2	1	2
Wisconsin	District	6	2	1	4	1
Total		243	104 42.8%	37	139^[j] 57.2%	32

Popular vote

Conservative			2.92%
Democratic			44.53%
Independent			1.80%
Lib. Republican			1.01%
Republican			49.59%
Others			0.15%

House seats

Conservative			4.08%
Democratic			38.37%
Independent			0.41%
Lib. Republican			0.82%
Republican			56.33%

The previous election included 5Conservatives

Election dates[edit]

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for auniform nationwide datefor choosing Presidential electors.^[1]This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1870, there remained 12 States that held elections before Election Day, and 4 that held it after at this time:

Early elections:
- December 1, 1869:Mississippi(Mississippi was a special case, having held elections for both the41st Congressupon readmission and for the 42nd Congress on the same day)
- June 6:Oregon
- August 4:North Carolina
- September 6:Vermont
- September 12:Maine
- October 11:Indiana,Iowa,Nebraska,Ohio,Pennsylvania
- October 25:West Virginia
- November 1:South Carolina
Late elections:
- March 14, 1871:New Hampshire
- April 4, 1871:Connecticut
- August 6, 1871:Montana Territory
- September 6, 1871:California
- October 6, 1871:Texas

Special elections[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Iowa 2
Michigan 4
South Carolina 1
Wisconsin 2	Benjamin F. Hopkins	Republican	1866	Incumbent died January 1, 1870. New member electedFebruary 15, 1870. Republican hold.	▌YDavid Atwood(Republican) 86.0% ▌Jared Comstock Gregory(Democratic) 5.6% ▌George Baldwin Smith(Ind. Democratic) 1.7% Scattering6.7%^[2]

Alabama[edit]

Arizona Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Arkansas[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Logan Roots	Republican	1868	Incumbent defeated. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YJames M. Hanks(Democratic) 61.4% ▌Logan Roots(Republican) 38.7%^[3]
Arkansas 2	Anthony A.C. Rogers	Democratic	1868	Incumbent defeated. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YOliver P. Snyder(Republican) 59.1% ▌Anthony A. C. Rogers(Democratic) 41.0%^[3]
Arkansas 3	Thomas Boles	Republican	1868	Incumbent defeated. New member elected. Liberal Republican gain.	▌YJohn Edwards(Liberal Republican) 53.7% ▌Thomas Boles(Republican) 46.3%^[3]

California[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Samuel Beach Axtell	Democratic	1867	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YSherman O. Houghton(Republican) 51.6% ▌Lawrence Archer (Democratic) 48.4%
California 2	Aaron Sargent	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YAaron Sargent(Republican) 54% ▌James W. Coffroth (Democratic) 46%
California 3	James A. Johnson	Democratic	1867	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YJohn M. Coghlan(Republican) 51.7% ▌George Pearce (Democratic) 48.3%

Colorado Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Connecticut[edit]

Dakota Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Delaware[edit]

District of Columbia[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Florida[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	Charles M. Hamilton	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YJosiah T. Walls(Republican) 51.3% ▌Silas L. Niblack(Democratic) 48.7%

Niblack subsequently successfully challenged Walls's election and was seated from Florida's at-large district on January 29, 1873.^[5]

Georgia[edit]

Idaho Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Illinois[edit]

Indiana[edit]

Iowa[edit]

Kansas[edit]

Kentucky[edit]

Louisiana[edit]

Maine[edit]

Maryland[edit]

Massachusetts[edit]

Michigan[edit]

Minnesota[edit]

Missouri[edit]

Montana Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Nebraska[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska at-large	John Taffe	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJohn Taffe(Republican) 60.84% ▌George B. Lake (Democratic) 42.00%^[6]

Nevada[edit]

New Hampshire[edit]

New Jersey[edit]

New York[edit]

North Carolina[edit]

New Mexico Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Ohio[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates^[7]
Ohio 1	Peter W. Strader	Democratic	1868	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YAaron F. Perry(Republican) 52.4% ▌Milton Sayler(Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 2	Job E. Stevenson	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJob E. Stevenson(Republican) 54.5% ▌Samuel F. Cary(Democratic) 45.5%
Ohio 3	Robert C. Schenck	Republican	1862	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YLewis D. Campbell(Democratic) 50.1% ▌Robert C. Schenck(Republican) 49.9%
Ohio 4	William Lawrence	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YJohn F. McKinney(Democratic) 50.5% ▌William B. McClung (Republican) 49.5%
Ohio 5	William Mungen	Democratic	1866	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌YCharles N. Lamison(Democratic) 57.4% ▌John B. Clark (Republican) 42.6%
Ohio 6	John Armstrong Smith	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJohn Armstrong Smith(Republican) 50.8% ▌James W. Denver(Democratic) 49.2%
Ohio 7	James J. Winans	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YSamuel Shellabarger(Republican) 52.8% ▌Hugh J. Jewett(Democratic) 47.2%
Ohio 8	John Beatty	Republican	1868(Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJohn Beatty(Republican) 52.9% ▌James Randolph Hubbell(Democratic) 47.1%
Ohio 9	Edward F. Dickinson	Democratic	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YCharles Foster(Republican) 51.5% ▌Edward F. Dickinson(Democratic) 48.5%
Ohio 10	Erasmus D. Peck	Republican	1870(Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YErasmus D. Peck(Republican) 52.5% ▌William F. Lockwood (Democratic) 47.5%
Ohio 11	John Thomas Wilson	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJohn Thomas Wilson(Republican) 52.4% ▌Ralph Leete (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 12	Philadelph Van Trump	Democratic	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YPhiladelph Van Trump(Democratic) 57.9% ▌Charles Elwood Brown(Republican) 42.1%
Ohio 13	George W. Morgan	Democratic	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YGeorge W. Morgan(Democratic) 54.1% ▌Charles W. Potwin (Republican) 45.9%
Ohio 14	Martin Welker	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YJames Monroe(Republican) 51.5% ▌Lyman R. Critchfield(Democratic) 48.5%
Ohio 15	Eliakim H. Moore	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YWilliam P. Sprague(Republican) 51.6% ▌John Cartwright (Democratic) 48.4%
Ohio 16	John Bingham	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJohn Bingham(Republican) 52.4% ▌Robert A. Chambers (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 17	Jacob A. Ambler	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJacob A. Ambler(Republican) 55.1% ▌John Ball (Republican) 44.9%
Ohio 18	William H. Upson	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YWilliam H. Upson(Republican) 62.2% ▌John M. Coffinberry (Democratic) 37.8%
Ohio 19	James A. Garfield	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJames A. Garfield(Republican) 65.1% ▌William Howard (Democratic) 34.9%

Oregon[edit]

Pennsylvania[edit]

Rhode Island[edit]

South Carolina[edit]

Tennessee[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Roderick R. Butler	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YRoderick R. Butler(Republican) 47.05% ▌James White (Democratic) 42.72% ▌Nathaniel G. Taylor(Independent Republican) 10.23%^[8]
Tennessee 2	Horace Maynard	Republican	1865	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YHorace Maynard(Republican) 51.49% ▌A. Blizard (Democratic) 48.51%^[9]
Tennessee 3	William B. Stokes	Republican	1865	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YAbraham E. Garrett(Democratic) 69.73% ▌William B. Stokes(Republican) 30.27%^[10]
Tennessee 4	Lewis Tillman	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YJohn M. Bright(Democratic) 86.52% ▌James Mullins(Republican) 13.48%^[11]
Tennessee 5	William F. Prosser	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YEdward I. Golladay(Democratic) 47.16% ▌William F. Prosser(Republican) 32.04% ▌Balie Peyton(Ind. Democratic) 20.80%^[12]
Tennessee 6	Samuel M. Arnell	Republican	1865	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YWashington C. Whitthorne(Democratic) 67.78% ▌T. J. Cypert (Republican) 21.52% ▌J. B. Frierson (Republican) 10.70%^[13]
Tennessee 7	Isaac R. Hawkins	Republican	1865	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YRobert P. Caldwell(Democratic) 81.66% ▌John Norman (Republican) 18.34%^[14]
Tennessee 8	William J. Smith	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YWilliam W. Vaughan(Democratic) 61.83% ▌William J. Smith(Republican) 23.63% ▌E. Shaw (Ind. Republican) 14.54%^[15]

Texas[edit]

Utah Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Vermont[edit]

Virginia[edit]

Washington Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

West Virginia[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
West Virginia 1	Isaac H. Duval	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YJohn J. Davis(Democratic) 52.39% ▌Nathan Goff Jr.(Republican) 47.61%^[16]
West Virginia 2	James McGrew	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YJames McGrew(Republican) 52.67% ▌O. P. Downey (Democratic) 47.33%^[17]
West Virginia 3	John Witcher	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YFrank Hereford(Democratic) 54.85% ▌John Witcher(Republican) 45.15%^[18]

Wisconsin[edit]

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1870.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin 1	Halbert E. Paine	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌YAlexander Mitchell(Democratic) 57.5% ▌William P. Lyon(Republican) 42.5%
Wisconsin 2	David Atwood	Republican	1870(special)	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YGerry Whiting Hazelton(Republican) 54.5% ▌Amasa G. Cook (Democratic) 45.5%
Wisconsin 3	Amasa Cobb	Republican	1862	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YJ. Allen Barber(Republican) 58.5% ▌John Strachan(Democratic) 41.5%
Wisconsin 4	Charles A. Eldredge	Democratic	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YCharles A. Eldredge(Democratic) 62.4% ▌Jerome Anthony Watrous(Republican) 37.6%
Wisconsin 5	Philetus Sawyer	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YPhiletus Sawyer(Republican) 59.3% ▌Joseph Stringham (Democratic) 40.7%
Wisconsin 6	Cadwallader C. Washburn	Republican	1866	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	▌YJeremiah McLain Rusk(Republican) 61.3% ▌Alexander Meggett (Democratic) 38.7%

Wyoming Territory[edit]

SeeNon-voting delegates,below.

Non-voting delegates[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large	Richard C. McCormick	Republican	1869	Incumbent re-elected.	▌YRichard C. McCormick(Republican) 100%^[19]
Colorado Territory at-large	Allen A. Bradford	Republican	1868	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination. New delegate elected. Republican hold.	▌YJerome B. Chaffee(Republican) 56.05% [FNU] Miller 43.95%^[20]
Dakota Territory at-large	Solomon L. Spink	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat. New delegate elected. Independent Democratic gain.	▌YMoses K. Armstrong(Ind. Democratic) 34.27% ▌Walter A. Burleigh(Republican) 34.09% ▌Solomon L. Spink(Republican) 31.64%^[21]
District of Columbia at-large	New district			New seat. New delegate elected in 1871. Republican gain.	▌YNorton P. Chipman(Republican) [data missing]^[22]
Idaho Territory at-large	Jacob K. Shafer	Democratic	1868	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌YSamuel A. Merritt(Democratic) 59.24% ▌T. J. Butler (Republican) 40.74% ▌J. L. Butler (Independent) 0.02%^[23]
Montana Territory at-large	James M. Cavanaugh	Democratic	1859(Minn.) 1861(lost) 1868	Incumbent lost renomination. New delegate elected August 7, 1871. Republican gain.	▌YWilliam H. Clagett(Republican) 52.04% ▌Edwin W. Toole(Democratic) 47.96%^[24]
New Mexico Territory at-large	José F. Chaves	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌José M. Gallegos(Democratic) 100% ▌José F. Chaves(Republican) 0%^[25]
Utah Territory at-large	William H. Hooper	Democratic	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌William H. Hooper(Democratic) 93.75% ▌George R. Maxwell (Republican) 6.25%^[26]
Washington Territory at-large	Selucius Garfielde	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected June 6, 1870.	▌YSelucius Garfielde(Republican) 54.56% ▌James D. Mix(Democratic) 43.00% ▌Marshall Blinn(Ind. Republican) 2.44%^[27]
Wyoming Territory at-large	Stephen F. Nuckolls	Democratic	1869	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	▌YWilliam T. Jones(Republican) 52.13% ▌John Wanless (Democratic) 45.03% ▌[FNU] Murrin (Ind. Democratic) 2.85%^[28]

Notes[edit]

^Majority of states held elections on November 8, 1870 (i.e.Election Day).
^Note that Dubin (p. 221) records 9–10 "Conservatives", and approximately 94 Democrats, as being elected to the 42nd Congress. This contrasts with Martis (pp. 124–125) which offers no separate accounting of "Conservatives" from Democrats and thus records a total of 104 Democratic members of the 42nd Congress.
^Includes 1Independent Republican.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lElections held early.
^Elections held at the same time as elections for41st Congress.
^^a ^b ^c ^dElections held late.
^Includes 2Liberal Republicans:Gustavus A. Finkelnburgelected toMissouri's 2nd district,andJames G. Blairelected toMissouri's 8th district.
^Includes 1Independent Republican,John V. Creely,elected toPennsylvania's 2nd district.
^Previous election had 5Conservatives.
^Includes 2Liberal Republicansand 1Independent Republican.

References[edit]

^Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
^"Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results"(PDF).Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 5, 2012.RetrievedAugust 27,2014.
^^a ^b ^cGuide to U.S. Elections.Vol. II (6th ed.).Washington, D.C.:CQ Press.2010. p. 1046.ISBN 9781604265361.LCCN 2009033938.OCLC 430736650.
^^a ^bInitial result, Democratic candidate successfully challenged Republican victory
^"Forty-Second Congress (membership roster)"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 9, 2013.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1870".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedSeptember 19,2021.
^Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898).History of the Republican Party in Ohio.Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 277, 278.
^"TN - District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 04".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 05".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 06".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 07".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"TN - District 08".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.
^"WV District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.
^"WV District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.
^"WV District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.
^"AZ Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"CO Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"DK Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"DC Delegate - Initial Election".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"ID Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"MT Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"NM Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"UT Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"WA Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.
^"WY Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

Bibliography[edit]

Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998).United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses.McFarland and Company.ISBN 978-0786402830.
Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989.Macmillan Publishing Company.ISBN 978-0029201701.
Moore, John L., ed. (1994).Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections(Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc.ISBN 978-0871879967.
"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present".Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.RetrievedJanuary 21,2015.

External links[edit]

Office of the Historian(Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

[1] Majority of states held elections on November 8, 1870 (i.e.Election Day).

[Dubin-2] Note that Dubin (p. 221) records 9–10 "Conservatives", and approximately 94 Democrats, as being elected to the 42nd Congress. This contrasts with Martis (pp. 124–125) which offers no separate accounting of "Conservatives" from Democrats and thus records a total of 104 Democratic members of the 42nd Congress.

[IR-3] Includes 1Independent Republican.

[early-4] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lElections held early.

[5] Elections held at the same time as elections for41st Congress.

[late2-6] Elections held late.

[7] Includes 2Liberal Republicans:Gustavus A. Finkelnburgelected toMissouri's 2nd district,andJames G. Blairelected toMissouri's 8th district.

[8] Includes 1Independent Republican,John V. Creely,elected toPennsylvania's 2nd district.

[9] Previous election had 5Conservatives.

[Rs-10] Includes 2Liberal Republicansand 1Independent Republican.

[11] Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.

[12] "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results"(PDF).Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 5, 2012.RetrievedAugust 27,2014.

[guse-13] Guide to U.S. Elections.Vol. II (6th ed.).Washington, D.C.:CQ Press.2010. p. 1046.ISBN 9781604265361.LCCN 2009033938.OCLC 430736650.

[challenge-14] Initial result, Democratic candidate successfully challenged Republican victory

[roster-15] "Forty-Second Congress (membership roster)"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 9, 2013.RetrievedJune 4,2016.

[16] "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1870".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedSeptember 19,2021.

[17] Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898).History of the Republican Party in Ohio.Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 277, 278.

[18] "TN - District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[19] "TN - District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[20] "TN - District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[21] "TN - District 04".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[22] "TN - District 05".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[23] "TN - District 06".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[24] "TN - District 07".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[25] "TN - District 08".Our Campaigns.RetrievedFebruary 19,2021.

[26] "WV District 01".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.

[27] "WV District 02".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.

[28] "WV District 03".Our Campaigns.RetrievedApril 15,2021.

[29] "AZ Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[30] "CO Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[31] "DK Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[32] "DC Delegate - Initial Election".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[33] "ID Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[MT1871-34] "MT Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[35] "NM Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[36] "UT Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[37] "WA Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

[38] "WY Territorial Delegate".Our Campaigns.RetrievedMarch 5,2021.

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Election summaries[edit]

Election dates[edit]

Special elections[edit]

Alabama[edit]

Arizona Territory[edit]

Arkansas[edit]

California[edit]

Colorado Territory[edit]

Connecticut[edit]

Dakota Territory[edit]

Delaware[edit]

District of Columbia[edit]

Florida[edit]

Georgia[edit]

Idaho Territory[edit]

Illinois[edit]

Indiana[edit]

Iowa[edit]

Kansas[edit]

Kentucky[edit]

Louisiana[edit]

Maine[edit]

Maryland[edit]

Massachusetts[edit]

Michigan[edit]

Minnesota[edit]

Missouri[edit]

Montana Territory[edit]

Nebraska[edit]

Nevada[edit]

New Hampshire[edit]

New Jersey[edit]

New York[edit]

North Carolina[edit]

New Mexico Territory[edit]

Ohio[edit]

Oregon[edit]

Pennsylvania[edit]

Rhode Island[edit]

South Carolina[edit]

Tennessee[edit]

Texas[edit]

Utah Territory[edit]

Vermont[edit]

Virginia[edit]

Washington Territory[edit]

West Virginia[edit]

Wisconsin[edit]

Wyoming Territory[edit]

Non-voting delegates[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]