1891
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1891(MDCCCXCI) was acommon year starting on Thursdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1891st year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 891st year of the2nd millennium,the 91st year of the19th century,and the 2nd year of the1890sdecade. As of the start of 1891, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]
- January 1
- A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.
- Germanytakes formal possession of its new African territories.
- January 4– TheEarl of Zetlandissues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland.
- January 5
- TheAustralian shearers' strike,that leads indirectly to the foundation of theAustralian Labor Party,begins.
- A fight between theUnited Statesand Indians breaks out near Pine Ridge agency.
- A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell,Scotland.
- January 7
- General Miles'forces surround the natives in thePine Ridge Reservation.
- Secretary Tracy relieves Commander Reiter of his ship, on account of the Barrundia Affair.
- The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets inWashington DC.
- January 9– The great shoe strike inRochester, New Yorkis called off.
- January 10– inFrance,the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference atBoulogne.The French government promptly takes loan.
- January 11
- 3,000 natives approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender.
- Mahoning Valley, Ohio,sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work.
- January 12
- Canadabrings suit before theUnited States Supreme Courtin re-seizures of vessels in theBering Sea.
- St. Mary's Cathedral dedicated inSan Francisco.
- January 14– Conference ofNative Americanchiefs with General Miles atPine Ridge Reservation,the natives agree to surrender.
- January 15– Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train nearGreenock, Scotland.
- January 16– TheChilean Civil War of 1891breaks out.[1]
- January 19
- January 20–Jim Hoggbecomes the first nativeTexanto be governor of that state.
- January 27–May 2– TheJamaica International Exhibitionis held.[2]
- January 29–Liliuokalaniis proclaimed Queen ofHawaii.
- January 31– The Portugueserepublicanrevolutionbreaks out, in the northern city ofPorto.
- February– TheTobacco Protestbegins inIran.
- February 14– In theFA Cupquarter final in EnglishAssociation football,a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on thegoal line.Anindirect free kickis awarded, since thepenalty kick,proposed the previous year byWilliam McCrum,has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously asan Irishman's motion.
- February 15–Allmänna Idrottsklubben(AIK) sports club is founded inStockholm,Sweden.
- February 21–Springhill, Nova Scotiasuffers aserious mining disaster.
- March 3– TheInternational Copyright Act of 1891is passed, by the51st United States Congress.
- March 5– 1stPrime Minister of Canada,Sir John A. Macdonaldwins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over theLiberal Party.
- March 9–12– TheGreat Blizzard of 1891in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions.[3]
- March 12–Djurgårdens IF(DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm.
- March 14– InNew Orleans,alynch mobstorms the Old Parish Prison, andlynches 11 Italiansarrested but found innocent of the murder of Police ChiefDavid Hennessy.
- March 17– The British steamshipSSUtopia,carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor ofGibraltarafter collision with the battleshipHMSAnson,killing 564.[4]
- March 18– The London–Paris telephone system officially opens.[5]
April–June
[edit]
- April 1
- TheWrigley Companyis founded in Chicago.
- The London–Paris telephone system is opened to the general public.[5]
- April 5–Census in the United Kingdom:15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more inEngland and Wales,and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the totalEnglishpopulation.
- April 12– The first official game in theAssociation footballleague ofArgentina(1891 Argentine Primera División) is held inCaballito, Buenos Aires.[6]
- April 23–Chilean Civil War of 1891:Chilean ironcladBlanco Encaladais sunk at theBattle of Caldera Baybytorpedo boats.[7]This is the firstironclad warshiplost to a self-propelledtorpedo.[8]
- May–Mirza Ghulam Ahmadclaims to be the PromisedMessiah(the second coming ofJesus) and theMahdiawaited inIslam.
- May 1
- Troops fire on a workers'May Daydemonstration in support of the 8-hour workday inFourmies,France, killing 9 and wounding 30.
- The firstFascio dei lavoratori(Workers League) is founded byGiuseppe De Felice GiuffridainCatania,Sicily.
- May 5– The Music Hall in New York (later known asCarnegie Hall) has its grand opening and first public performance, withPeter Tchaikovskyas guest conductor.[9]
- May 11–Ōtsu incident:TsesarevichNikolay Alexandrovich(the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.
- May 15–Pope Leo XIIIissues the encyclicalRerum novarum,on the rights and duties of capital and labor, resulting in the creation of manyChristian Democratparties throughout Europe.[10]
- May 20–Thomas Edison's prototypekinetoscopeis first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs.
- May 31N.S. (May 19O.S.) – In the Kuperovskaya district ofVladivostok,a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on theTrans-Siberian Railwayis carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, and a religious service held.
- June– Theclipper shipCromdaleis completed. She is the last fully rigged ship built for the Australianwool trade.
- June 1– TheJohnstown Inclined Planeopens inJohnstown, Pennsylvania.
- June 15–Minas Geraiswas granted in 1891.
- June 21– The first long-distance transmission ofalternating currentis made, from the Ames power plant nearTelluride, Colorado,by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
- June 25–Arthur Conan Doyle's detectiveSherlock Holmesappears inThe Strand Magazine(London) for the first time, in the issue dated July.[5]
July–September
[edit]- July 30– TheSpringboksrugby unionteam of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and lose by 4–0.
- August 5– The firstAmerican Expresstraveler's chequeis cashed.[11]
- August 27– France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.
- September 14– The firstpenalty kickis awarded in anAssociation footballmatch: John Heath scores it forWolverhampton Wanderersin England.
- September 18– TheChilean Civil War of 1891ends with the suicide of deposed PresidentJosé Manuel Balmacedaand victory for the Congressional party, beginning the country'sParliamentary Era.
- September 22– The firsthydropower plantofFinlandis commissioned along theTammerkoskirapids inTampere,Pirkanmaa.[12]
- September 28– Club AtléticoPeñarolis founded in Montevideo, under the name of theCURCC(Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club).
- September 29–Thyssen,predecessor of theThyssen Kruppworldwideconglomerate,is founded inDuisburg,Germany.[13]
October–December
[edit]- October–Eugène Duboisfinds the first fragmentary bones ofPithecanthropus erectus(later redesignatedHomo erectus),or "Java Man",atTrinilon theSolo River.[14]
- October 1
- Stanford UniversityinCaliforniaopens its doors.
October 1Stanford Universityopens its doors. - Skansenis established as the world's firstopen-air museumbyArtur Hazelius,on the island ofDjurgårdeninStockholm,Sweden.
- Stanford UniversityinCaliforniaopens its doors.
- October 28– The 8.0 Ms Mino–Owari earthquakestrikes theGifu regionof Japan. Thisoblique-slipevent kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and createsfault scarpsthat still remain visible.
- October 30– Apersonal care brandinJapanandAsia,Lion Corporationwas founded, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten ( tiểu lâm phú thứ lang thương điếm ).[citation needed]
- November 11–Jindandao Incident:The Chinese Juu Uda League inInner Mongoliamassacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in lateDecember.
- November 15– The constitution of theFirst Brazilian Republicis promulgated.
- November 28– TheInternational Brotherhood of Electrical Workersis organized inSt. Louis,Missouri.
- December 17–Drexel Universityis inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry inPhiladelphia.
- December 22– Asteroid323 Bruciabecomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.
Date unknown
[edit]- Brahmin teacher and nationalistBal Gangadhar Tilakbegins agitation forIndian Home Rule.
- James Naismithinventsbasketballin the United States.
- Seattle Universityis established as the Immaculate Conception school.
- Nikola Teslainvents theTesla coil.
- Michelinpatents the removable pneumaticbicycle tire.[15]
- Production of theSwiss Army KnifebyVictorinoxbegins.
- Philipsfounded inEindhoven,Netherlands,for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products.[16]
- New Mexico Military Instituteis founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory.
Births
[edit]January–March
[edit]
- January 1–Charles Bickford,American actor (d.1967)[17]
- January 7–Zora Neale Hurston,African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d.1960)[18]
- January 8–Walther Bothe,German physicist,Nobel Prize in Physics(d.1957)[19]
- January 13–Miguel Pro,MexicanJesuit priest,martyr and blessed (d.1927)[20]
- January 15–Ray Chapman,American baseball player (d.1920)
- January 22
- Antonio Gramsci,Italian Communist writer, politician (d.1937)[21]
- Bruno Loerzer,German aviator, air force general (d.1960)
- January 23
- Marjorie Maynard,British artist and farmer (died 1975)
- Pavlo Tychyna,Ukrainian poet, translator, publicist, public activist, academician, and statesman. (d. 1967)
- January 24–Walter Model,German field marshal (d.1945)[22]
- January 27–Ilya Ehrenburg,Russian writer (d.1967)
- February 1–Shigeru Fukudome,Japanese admiral (d.1971)
- February 2–Antonio Segni,Italian politician, 34thPrime Minister of Italy(1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4thPresident of the Italian Republic(d.1972)
- February 9–Ronald Colman,English actor (d.1958)
- February 13–Grant Wood,American painter (d.1942)[23]
- February 17–Abraham Fraenkel,German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of theIsrael Prize(d.1965)
- February 21–Seán Heuston,Irish rebel (d.1916)
- February 27–David Sarnoff,Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d.1971)
- March 3–Fritz Rumey,German World War I fighter ace (d.1918)
- March 9–José P. Laurel,3rdPresident of the Philippines(d.1959)[24]
- March 10–Sam Jaffe,American actor (d.1984)[25]
- March 16–Patsy Gallacher,Irish footballer (d.1953)
- March 19–Earl Warren,American politician andChief Justice of the United States(d.1974)
- March 24–Rudolf Berthold,German fighter pilot (d.1920)
- March 29–Yvan Goll,French lyricist, dramatist (d.1950)
April–June
[edit]
- April 2–Max Ernst,German painter (d.1976)
- April 5–Laura Vicuña,ChileanRoman Catholicholy figure and blessed (d.1904)
- April 7
- Ole Kirk Christiansen,Danish founder ofThe Lego Group(d.1958)
- Minoru Ōta,Japanese admiral (d.1945)
- April 13–Nella Larsen,American novelist (d.1964)
- April 14–B. R. Ambedkar,Indian jurist and politician (d.1956)
- April 15–Wallace Reid,American actor (d.1923)[26]
- April 17–George Adamski,Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d.1965)
- April 23–Sergei Prokofiev,Soviet composer (d.1953)
- April 29–Bharathidasan,Tamil poet and rationalist (d.1964)[27]
- May 10
- Anton Dostler,German general (d.1945)
- Mahmoud Mokhtar,Egyptian sculptor (d.1934)
- May 15
- Mikhail Bulgakov,Russian writer (d.1940)[28]
- Nipo T. Strongheart,Native American filmmaker (d.1966)[29]
- May 16
- Richard Tauber,Austrian tenor (d.1948)
- Adolf Ritter von Tutschek,German fighter ace (d.1918)
- May 18–Rudolf Carnap,German philosopher (d.1970)
- May 19–Oswald Boelcke,German World War I fighter ace (d.1916)
- May 23–Pär Lagerkvist,Swedish writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1974)
- May 24–William F. Albright,American archeologist, Biblical scholar (d.1971)
- June 2–Takijirō Ōnishi,Japanese admiral (d.1945)
- June 4–Leopold Vietoris,Austrian mathematician (d.2002)
- June 9–Cole Porter,American composer, songwriter (d.1964)
- June 18–Ahmad bin Yahya,King of Yemen (d.1962)
- June 20–John A. Costello,secondTaoiseachof Ireland (d.1976)
- June 21–Hermann Scherchen,German conductor (d.1966)
- June 24–Devere Allen,American socialist, pacifist political activist, and journalist (d.1955)[30]
- June 28–Carl Spaatz,American general (d.1974)
- June 30–Man Mountain Dean,American professional wrestler (d.1953)
July–September
[edit]
- July 5–John Howard Northrop,American chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1987)
- July 7–Tadamichi Kuribayashi,Imperial Japanese Army general (d.1945)
- July 12–Jetta Goudal,Dutch-American actress (d.1985)
- July 18–Gene Lockhart,Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d.1957)
- July 21–Elmer Ripley,American basketball coach (d.1982)
- July 28–Joe E. Brown,American actor, comedian (d.1973)
- July 29–Bernhard Zondek,German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d.1966)
- July 30–Roderic Dallas,Australian World War I fighter ace (d.1918)
- August 1–Karl Kobelt,2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d.1968)
- August 11–Stancho Belkovski,Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d.1962)
- August 13–Ethel Roosevelt Derby,youngest daughter ofTheodore Roosevelt(d.1977)
- August 14–Ralph Barton,American artist (d.1931)
- August 17–Dulcie Mary Pillers,English medical illustrator (d.1961)
- August 21–Emiliano Mercado del Toro,Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d.2007)
- August 23–Minna Craucher,Finnish socialite andspy(d.1932)[31]
- August 29–Michael Chekhov,Russian-American actor, theatre director (d.1955)
- September 12–Pedro Albizu Campos,advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d.1965)
- September 14–William F. Friedman,American cryptographer (d.1969)
- September 16
- Teruo Akiyama,Japanese admiral (d.1943)
- Karl Dönitz,German admiral, brieflyPresident of Germany(d.1980)
- Stephanie von Hohenlohe,Austrian-born German World War II spy (d.1972)
- September 22–Hans Albers,German actor, singer (d.1960)
- September 22–Alma Thomas,African-American painter (d.1978)
- September 26
- Charles Munch,French conductor, violinist (d.1968)
- William McKell,12th Governor-General of Australia (d.1985)
October–December
[edit]
- October 12–Fumimaro Konoe,Prime Minister of Japan(d.1945)
- October 13–Irene Rich,American actress (d.1988)
- October 15–Tadashige Daigo,Japanese admiral (d.1947)
- October 20–James Chadwick,English physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1974)
- October 24–Rafael Trujillo,dictator of the Dominican Republic (d.1961)
- October 25–Charles Coughlin,American Catholic priest, anti-Semitic radio host (d.1979)
- October 28–Ormer Locklear,American stunt pilot, film actor (d.1920)
- November 4–Orlando Ward,American general (d.1972)
- November 7
- Miriam Cooper,Americansilent filmactress (d.1976)
- Genrikh Yagoda,Soviet police and intelligence official (d.1938)
- November 10–Carl W. Stalling,American musician (d.1972)
- November 12–Władysław Bortnowski,Polish historian and general (d.1966)
- November 14–Frederick Banting,Canadian physician, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1941)
- November 15
- Vincent Astor,American philanthropist (d.1959)
- Erwin Rommel,German field marshal (d.1944)
- November 19–Juan Yagüe,Spanish general (d.1952)
- November 24–Mariano Ospina Pérez,Colombian politician, 17thPresident of Colombia(d.1976)
- November 28–Gregorio Perfecto,Filipino jurist, politician (d.1949)
- November 29–Julius Raab,Chancellor of Austria(d.1964)
- December 4–T. V. Soong,Taiwanesebusinessman, politician (d.1971)
- December 6
- Masatomi Kimura,Japanese admiral (d.1960)
- Gotthard Sachsenberg,German World War I naval aviator, fighter ace (d.1961)
- December 9–Maksim Bahdanovič,Belarusian poet (d.1917)[32]
- December 10
- Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis,British field marshal (d.1969)
- Nelly Sachs,German writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1970)[33]
- December 14–Katherine MacDonald,American silent screen actress (d.1956)
- December 17–Hu Shih,Chinese liberal (d.1962)
- December 19–Edward Bernard Raczynski,President of Poland(d.1993)
- December 24–Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky,Russian illustrator (d.1970)
- December 25
- Kenneth Anderson,British general (d.1959)
- Clarrie Grimmett,New Zealand-Australian cricketer (d.1980)
- December 26–Henry Miller,American novelist (d.1980)[34]
- December 29–Béla Imrédy,32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1946)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 4–Charles Keene,English artist and illustrator (b.1823)
- January 5–Emma Abbott,American opera singer (b.1849)
- January 11
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann,French city planner (b.1809)
- Carl Johan Thyselius,Swedish politician, 3rdPrime Minister of Sweden(b.1811)
- January 15–John Wellborn Root,American architect (b.1850)
- January 16–Léo Delibes,French composer (b.1836)
- January 20–Kalākaua,last reigningKing of Hawaii(b.1836)
- January 21
- Calixa Lavallée,Canadian composer (b.1842)
- James Timberlake,American lawman (b.1846)
- January 25–Theo van Gogh,Dutch art dealer (b.1857)
- January 26–Nicolaus Otto,German engineer (b.1832)
- February 4–Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos,Roman Catholicarchbishopand Mexican politician who served asregentduring theSecond Mexican Empire,1863-1864 (b.1816)[35]
- February 10–Sofia Kovalevskaya,Russian mathematician (b.1850)
- February 13–David Dixon Porter,American admiral (b.1813)
- February 14–William Tecumseh Sherman,American general (b.1820)
- March 13–Théodore de Banville,French writer (b.1823)[36]
- March 15–Sir Joseph Bazalgette,English civil engineer (b.1819)[37]
- March 17–Eduard Clam-Gallas,Austrian general (b.1805)
- March 27–James A. Ekin,Union Army general (b.1819)
- March 29–Georges Seurat,French painter (b.1859)
- April 2–Ahmed Vefik Pasha,Turkish statesman (b.1823)
- April 7–P. T. Barnum,American showman (b.1810)
- April 9–George Cavendish-Bentinck,British Conservative politician (b.1821)
- April 24–Helmuth von Moltke the Elder,Prussian field marshal (b.1800)
- April 25–Nathaniel Woodard,English educationalist (b.1811)
- May 2–Albany James Christie,BritishJesuitpriest and academic (b.1817)
- May 8
- Helena Blavatsky,Russian-born author, theosophist (b.1831)
- Sir John Robertson,Australian politician,Premier of New South Wales(b.1816)
- May 16–Ion C. Brătianu,2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b.1821)
- June 6–John A. Macdonald,1stPrime Minister of Canada,Father of Confederation (b.1815)
- June 19–David Settle Reid,American politician (b.1813)
- June 23–Samuel Newitt Wood,American politician (b.1825)
- June 24–Wilhelm Eduard Weber,German physicist (b.1804)
July–December
[edit]
- July 1–Mihail Kogălniceanu,3rd Prime Minister of Romania (b.1817)
- July 4–Hannibal Hamlin,15thVice President of the United States(b.1809)
- July 20–Sir Frederick Weld,6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1823)
- July 24–Hermann Raster,German-bornForty-Eighter,editor-in-chief of theIllinois Staats-Zeitung(b.1827)
- August 12–James Russell Lowell,American poet and essayist (b.1819)[38]
- August 14–Sarah Childress Polk,First Lady of the United States(b.1803)
- August 27–Samuel C. Pomeroy,American politician, railroad executive (b.1816)
- August 29–Pierre Lallement,French inventor of thebicycle(b.1843?)
- September 4–José María Urvina,5th President of Ecuador (b.1808)
- September 7–Lorenzo Sawyer,9th Chief Justice of theSupreme Court of California(b.1820)
- September 11–Antero de Quental,Portuguese poet (b.1842)
- September 15–Ivan Goncharov,Russian author (b.1812)[39]
- September 19–José Manuel Balmaceda,10thPresident of Chile(b.1840)
- September 28–Herman Melville,American novelist (b.1819)[40]
- September 30–Georges Ernest Boulanger,French general, politician (b.1837)
- October 6
- Charles I of Württemberg(b.1823)
- Charles Stewart Parnell,Irish nationalist leader (b.1846)
- October 15–Lawrence Dudley Bailey,Americanabolitionistand jurist who served on theKansas Supreme Courtfrom 1861 to 1869 (b.1819)
- October 23–Ambrose of Optina,Russian Orthodox saint (b.1812)
- October 25–Prince Kuni Asahikoof Japan (b.1824)
- November 6–J. Gregory Smith,Vermont governor (b.1818)
- November 10–Arthur Rimbaud,French poet (b.1854)[41]
- November 17–George H. Cooper,United States Navy admiral (b.1821)
- November 28–Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet,British politician (b.1826)
- December 4–Frederick Whitaker,English-New Zealand lawyer, politician and 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1812)
- December 5–Pedro II,2nd and lastEmperor of Brazil(b.1825)
- December 6–Émile Bayard,French artist (b.1837)
- December 7–Mary Crane,American activist; mother of the writer,Stephen Crane(b.1827)
- December 12–Julia A. Ames,American reformer (b.1861)
- December 17–José María Iglesias,Mexican lawyer and journalist, interim president from1876to 1877 (b.1823)[42]
- December 20–William Robert Woodman,British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (b.1828)
- December 29–Leopold Kronecker,Polish-born German mathematician, academic (b.1823)
- December 31–Samuel Ajayi Crowther,1st African Anglican bishop, linguist and legendary missionary (b.1809)
Date unknown
[edit]- Anna Sprengel,German countess (alleged death)
References
[edit]- ^Naval Institute Proceedings.U.S. Naval Institute. 1962. p. 60.
- ^Revista Interamericana: Interamericana Review.Inter American University Press. 1983. p. 130.
- ^Woodward, Antony; Penn, Robert (2007).The Wrong Kind of Snow.London: Hodder & Stoughton.ISBN978-0-340-93787-7.
- ^562 passengers and crew fromUtopiaand two rescue sailors fromHMSImmortalité-"The Dead of the Utopia"(PDF).The New York Times.March 20, 1891.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^abcPenguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
- ^Iwanczuk, Jorge (1992).Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina.Autores Editores.ISBN9504343848.
- ^"Blanco Encalada, fragata blindada (1º)"(in Spanish). Armada de Chile. Archived fromthe originalon 3 December 2009.Retrieved27 October2009.
- ^Stem, Robert (2008).Destroyer Battles: Epics of Naval Close Combat.Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. p. 22.ISBN978-1473813564.
- ^Stagebill.B & B Enterprises, Incorporated. 1985. p. 17.
- ^Pope Leo XIII (2002) [1891].Rerum Novarum: Encyclical on the Rights and Duties of Capital and Labour.Catholic Truth Society.ISBN978-1-86082-153-0.
- ^"Host With The Most".Time.April 9, 1959. Archived fromthe originalon June 16, 2010.
- ^Vesistörakentamisen historiaa - Suomen Kalakirjasto(in Finnish)
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- ^Carroll, Sean B. (2009).Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species.London: Quercus. pp. 90–91.ISBN978-1-84916-072-8.
- ^Lloyd, John;Mitchinson, John (2010).The Second Book of General Ignorance.London: Faber. p. 163.ISBN978-0-571-26965-5.
- ^Heerding, A. (1986).The Origin of the Dutch Incandescent Lamp Industry.The history of N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabriek, vol.1.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-32169-7.
- ^Ellenberger, Allan (2001).Celebrities in Los Angeles cemeteries: a directory.Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 225.ISBN9780786409839.
- ^Bloom, Harold (2003).Zora Neale Hurston.Philadelphia: Chelsea House. p. 129.ISBN9781438115535.
- ^1891at theEncyclopædia Britannica
- ^Br. Dominic, MICM, Tert. (October 7, 2004)."Saint Miguel Pro, A Modern Martyr".Catholicism.org.RetrievedNovember 29,2021.
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- ^Forczyk, Robert (2011).Walther Model: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict.London: Bloomsbury. pp. 6–7.ISBN978-1-84908-357-7.OCLC668188562.
- ^Magill, Frank (1999).Dictionary of world biography.London: Routledge. p. 4045.ISBN9781579580483.
- ^David Steinberg (August 1965). "Jose P. Laurel: A" Collaborator "Misunderstood".The Journal of Asian Studies.24(4). Cambridge University Press: 651–665.doi:10.2307/2051111.JSTOR2051111.S2CID159495188.
- ^Flint, Peter B. (March 25, 1984)."Sam Jaffe, A Character Actor On Stage and Film, Dies at 93".The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon February 14, 2015.
- ^Fleming, E.J. (February 8, 2007).Wallace Reid: The Life And Death of a Hollywood Idol.McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0786428151.
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[edit]- Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1891: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry(1892); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online.