1906 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 391 seats in theUnited States House of Representatives[b] 196 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1906 United States House of Representatives electionswere held for the most part on November 6, 1906, with Oregon, Maine, and Vermont holding theirs early in either June or September. They occurred in the middle ofPresidentTheodore Roosevelt's second term. Elections were held for 386 seats of theUnited States House of Representatives,representing 45 states, to serve in the60th United States Congress(Oklahomawould latergain statehoodin 1907 and increase the House membership to 391).
As in many midterm elections, the President'sRepublican Partylost seats to the oppositionDemocratic Party,but retained a large overall majority. Dissatisfaction with working conditions and resentment towardunion bustingamong industrial laborers in theMid-AtlanticandMidwestcaused these groups to turn out to the polls in large numbers in support of the Democratic Party. However, gains in these regions were not enough to remove the Republican majority or the firm support that the party held among the middle class.
Special elections[edit]
District | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | First elected | |||
Alaska Territory at-large | None | New seat. New delegate electedAugust 14, 1906to finish the current term. Democratic gain. Successor would not run for election to the next term,see below. |
| ||
California 1 | James Gillett | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent resigned. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Georgia 1 | Rufus E. Lester | Democratic | 1888 | Incumbent died. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Democratic hold. |
|
Illinois 13 | Robert R. Hitt | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent died September 20, 1906. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Indiana 12 | Newton W. Gilbert | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent resigned November 6, 1906, after being appointed judge of the court of first instance atManila, Philippines. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
New York 8 | Timothy Sullivan | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent resigned July 27, 1906. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Pennsylvania 2 | Robert Adams Jr. | Republican | 1893 | Incumbent died June 1, 1906. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Pennsylvania 3 | George A. Castor | Republican | 1903 | Incumbent died February 19, 1906. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Pennsylvania 12 | George R. Patterson | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent died March 21, 1906. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Virginia 5 | Claude A. Swanson | Democratic | 1892 | Incumbent resigned January 30, 1906, after being electedGovernor of Virginia. New member electedNovember 6, 1906. Democratic hold. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Henry C. Adams | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent died July 9, 1906. New member electedSeptember 4, 1906. Republican hold.[3] |
|
Massachusetts 3 | Rockwood Hoar | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent died November 1, 1906. New member electedDecember 18, 1906. Republican hold. |
|
Election summaries[edit]
167 | 1 | 223 |
Democratic | [d] | Republican |
State | Type | Total seats |
Democratic | Republican | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
Alabama | District | 9 | 9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Arkansas | District | 7 | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
California | District | 8 | 0 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
Colorado | District +at-large |
3 | 0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Connecticut | District +at-large |
5 | 0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Florida | District | 3 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Georgia | District | 11 | 11 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Idaho | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Illinois | District | 25 | 5 | ![]() |
20 | ![]() |
Indiana | District | 13 | 4 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() |
Iowa | District | 11 | 1 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
Kansas | District[e] | 8 | 0 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
Kentucky | District | 11 | 7 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
Louisiana | District | 7 | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Maine[f] | District | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
Maryland | District | 6 | 3 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Massachusetts | District | 14 | 3 | ![]() |
11 | ![]() |
Michigan | District | 12 | 0 | ![]() |
12 | ![]() |
Minnesota | District | 9 | 1 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() |
Mississippi | District | 8 | 8 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Missouri | District | 16 | 12 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
Montana | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Nebraska | District | 6 | 1 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
New Hampshire | District | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
New Jersey | District | 10 | 4 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
New York | District | 37 | 11 | ![]() |
26[c] | ![]() |
North Carolina | District | 10 | 10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
North Dakota | District | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Ohio | District | 21 | 5 | ![]() |
16 | ![]() |
Oregon[f] | District | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | District | 32 | 7 | ![]() |
25 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | District | 2 | 1 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
South Carolina | District | 7 | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
South Dakota | At-large | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Tennessee | District | 10 | 8 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Texas | District | 16 | 16 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Utah | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Vermont[f] | District | 2 | 0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Virginia | District | 10 | 9 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Washington | At-large | 3 | 0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
West Virginia | District | 5 | 0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
Wisconsin | District | 11 | 2 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() |
Wyoming | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
Total[b] | 386 | 167 42.2% |
![]() |
223[c] 57.8% |
![]() |
Election dates[edit]
In 1906, three states, with 8 seats among them, held elections early:
Oklahoma was admitted in 1907 and held itsfirst congressional electionson September 17, 1907.
Alabama[edit]
Arkansas[edit]
California[edit]
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
California 1 | James Gillett | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent retired torun for Governor of California. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
California 2 | Duncan E. McKinlay | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 3 | Joseph R. Knowland | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 4 | Julius Kahn | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 5 | Everis A. Hayes | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 6 | James C. Needham | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 7 | James McLachlan | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 8 | Sylvester C. Smith | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Colorado[edit]
Connecticut[edit]
Delaware[edit]
Florida[edit]
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Florida 1 | Stephen M. Sparkman | Democratic | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Florida 2 | Frank Clark | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Florida 3 | William B. Lamar | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Georgia[edit]
Idaho[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Idaho at-large | Burton L. French | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Illinois[edit]
Indiana[edit]
Iowa[edit]
Kansas[edit]
Kentucky[edit]
Louisiana[edit]
Maine[edit]
Maryland[edit]
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maryland 1 | Thomas Alexander Smith | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
Maryland 2 | J. Frederick C. Talbott | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 3 | Frank C. Wachter | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Maryland 4 | John Gill Jr. | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 5 | Sydney Emanuel Mudd I | Republican | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 6 | George A. Pearre | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | George P. Lawrence | Republican | 1897(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 2 | Frederick H. Gillett | Republican | 1892 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 3 | Vacant | Incumbent died November 1, 1906. New member elected. Republican hold. |
| ||
Massachusetts 4 | Charles Q. Tirrell | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 5 | Butler Ames | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Augustus Peabody Gardner | Republican | 1902(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 7 | Ernest W. Roberts | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 8 | Samuel W. McCall | Republican | 1892 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | John A. Keliher | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 10 | William S. McNary | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Massachusetts 11 | John Andrew Sullivan | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Massachusetts 12 | John W. Weeks | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 13 | William S. Greene | Republican | 1898(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 14 | William C. Lovering | Republican | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan[edit]
Minnesota[edit]
Mississippi[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | Ezekiel S. Candler Jr. | Democratic | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 2 | Thomas Spight | Democratic | 1898(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 3 | Benjamin G. Humphreys II | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 4 | Wilson S. Hill | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 5 | Adam M. Byrd | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 6 | Eaton J. Bowers | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 7 | Frank A. McLain | Democratic | 1898(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi 8 | John S. Williams | Democratic | 1892 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri[edit]
Montana[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Montana at-large | Joseph M. Dixon | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent retired torun for U.S. senator. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Nebraska[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska 1 | Ernest M. Pollard | Republican | 1905 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nebraska 2 | John L. Kennedy | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Nebraska 3 | John McCarthy | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Nebraska 4 | Edmund H. Hinshaw | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nebraska 5 | George W. Norris | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nebraska 6 | Moses Kinkaid | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Nevada[edit]
New Hampshire[edit]
New Jersey[edit]
New York[edit]
North Carolina[edit]
North Dakota[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
North Dakota at-large 2 seats on ageneral ticket |
Thomas F. Marshall | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Asle Gronna | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Ohio[edit]
Oregon[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Oregon 1 | Binger Hermann | Republican | 1903(special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Oregon 2 | John N. Williamson | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Pennsylvania[edit]
Rhode Island[edit]
South Carolina[edit]
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Carolina 1 | George Swinton Legaré | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 2 | James O'H. Patterson | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 3 | Wyatt Aiken | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 4 | Joseph T. Johnson | Democratic | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 5 | David E. Finley | Democratic | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 6 | J. Edwin Ellerbe | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 7 | Asbury F. Lever | Democratic | 1901(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Dakota[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Dakota at-large (2 seats elected on ageneral ticket) |
Charles H. Burke | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Eben Martin | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent retired torun for U.S. senator. New member elected. Republican hold. |
Tennessee[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Walter P. Brownlow | Republican | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 2 | Nathan W. Hale | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 3 | John A. Moon | Democratic | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 4 | Mounce G. Butler | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Tennessee 5 | William C. Houston | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 6 | John W. Gaines | Democratic | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 7 | Lemuel P. Padgett | Democratic | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 8 | Thetus W. Sims | Democratic | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 9 | Finis J. Garrett | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 10 | Malcolm R. Patterson | Democratic | 1900 | Incumbent retired torun for Governor. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Texas[edit]
Utah[edit]
Vermont[edit]
Virginia[edit]
District | Incumbent | Party | First elected |
Result | Candidates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virginia 1 | |||||
Virginia 2 | |||||
Virginia 3 | |||||
Virginia 4 | |||||
Virginia 5 | |||||
Virginia 6 | Carter Glass | Democratic | 1902(special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 7 | |||||
Virginia 8 | |||||
Virginia 9 | |||||
Virginia 10 |
Washington[edit]
West Virginia[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Blackburn B. Dovener | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
West Virginia 2 | Thomas B. Davis | Democratic | 1905(special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain. |
|
West Virginia 3 | Joseph H. Gaines | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
West Virginia 4 | Harry C. Woodyard | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
West Virginia 5 | James A. Hughes | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin[edit]
Wisconsin elected eleven members of congress on Election Day, November 6, 1906.[3][39]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Henry Allen Cooper | Republican | 1892 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | John M. Nelson | Republican | 1906 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 3 | Joseph W. Babcock | Republican | 1892 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
Wisconsin 4 | Theobald Otjen | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent lost re-nomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 5 | William H. Stafford | Republican | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 6 | Charles H. Weisse | Democratic | 1902 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 7 | John J. Esch | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 8 | James H. Davidson | Republican | 1896 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 9 | Edward S. Minor | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent lost re-nomination. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 10 | Webster E. Brown | Republican | 1900 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 11 | John J. Jenkins | Republican | 1894 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wyoming[edit]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wyoming at-large | Frank W. Mondell | Republican | 1898 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Non-voting delegates[edit]
District of Alaska[edit]
District | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | First elected | |||
Alaska Territory at-large | Frank Hinman Waskey | Independent | 1906 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Independent hold. |
|
New Mexico Territory[edit]
New Mexico Territory elected its non-voting delegate November 6, 1906.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Mexico Territory at-large | William Henry Andrews | Republican | 1904 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
See also[edit]
- 1906 United States elections
- 1906–07 United States Senate elections
- 59th United States Congress
- 60th United States Congress
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ab"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present".Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives.RetrievedMay 18,2015.
- ^abMartis, pp. 160–161.
- ^ab"Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results"(PDF).Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 5, 2012.RetrievedMarch 8,2022– viaWayback Machine.
- ^"ID At Large".Our Campaigns.Retrieved4 April2021.
- ^"MS - District 01".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 02".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 03".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 04".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 05".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 06".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 07".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MS - District 08".Our Campaigns.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"MT At-Large".Our Campaigns.Retrieved5 April2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 02 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 03 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 04 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 05 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE - District 06 Race - Nov 6, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved4 October2021.
- ^"ND At Large".Our Campaigns.Retrieved6 April2021.
- ^"OR - District 01 Race - Jun 04, 1906".Our Campaigns.Retrieved30 November2021.
- ^"OR - District 02 Race - Jun 04, 1906".Our Campaigns.Retrieved30 November2021.
- ^"SD At Large".Our Campaigns.Retrieved9 April2021.
- ^"TN - District 01".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 02".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 03".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 04".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 05".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 06".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 07".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 08".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 09".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"TN - District 10".Our Campaigns.Retrieved3 March2021.
- ^"WV District 01".Our Campaigns.Retrieved22 April2021.
- ^"WV District 02".Our Campaigns.Retrieved22 April2021.
- ^"WV District 03".Our Campaigns.Retrieved22 April2021.
- ^"WV District 04".Our Campaigns.Retrieved22 April2021.
- ^"WV District 05".Our Campaigns.Retrieved22 April2021.
- ^Beck, J. D., ed. (1907). "Biographical Sketches".The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin 1907(Report). Wisconsin Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. pp. 1116–1119.RetrievedJune 8,2024.
- ^"WY At-Large".Our Campaigns.Retrieved12 April2021.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NM Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 06, 1906".www.ourcampaigns.com.Retrieved2020-09-16.
Bibliography[edit]
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998).United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses.McFarland and Company.ISBN978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989.Macmillan Publishing Company.ISBN978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994).Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections(Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc.ISBN978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present".Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.RetrievedJanuary 21,2015.
- Secretary of State (1907).Maryland Manual 1906.Baltimore: Wm. J. C. Dulany Co.Retrieved23 June2020.
External links[edit]
- Office of the Historian(Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)