1928 in film

	…1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; ; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931; ; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938…;
	In television 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 In radio 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 In music 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

The following is an overview of1928 in film,including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. Although some films released in 1928 hadsound,most were stillsilent.This year is notable for the introduction of the official mascot ofThe Walt Disney Company,Mickey Mouse,in the animated shortSteamboat Willie,the first film to include a soundtrack completely created in post production.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)

The top ten 1928 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Highest-grossing films of 1928
Rank	Title	Distributor	Domestic rentals
1	The Singing Fool	Warner Bros.	$3,821,000^[1]
2	The Circus	United Artists	$1,820,000^[2]
3	Street Angel	Fox Film	$1,700,000^[3]
4	Lilac Time	Warner Bros.	$1,675,000^[4]
5	Four Sons Ramona	Fox Film United Artists	$1,500,000^[3]^[5]
6	Noah's Ark	Warner Bros.	$1,367,000^[1]
7	The Red Dance In Old Arizona	Fox Film	$1,300,000^[3]
8	The Terror	Warner Bros.	$1,221,000^[1]
9	Lights of New York		$1,160,000^[1]
10	My Man		$1,099,000^[1]

Events

January 6 – The long-awaitedCharlie ChaplincomedyThe Circuspremieres at theStrand TheatreinNew York City.^[6]
April 21 –The Passion of Joan of Arcis released.
July 6 –Lights of New York(starringHelene Costello) is released byWarner Bros.It is the first "100% Talkie" feature film, in that dialog is spoken throughout the film. Previous releasesDon JuanandThe Jazz Singerhad used a synchronized soundtrack with sound effects and music, withThe Jazz Singerhaving a few incidental lines spoken byAl Jolson.^[7]
September 19 –The Singing Fool,Warner Bros' follow-up toThe Jazz Singer,is released. While still only a partial-talkie (sequences still featureintertitles), 66 minutes of the film's 105 minute running time feature dialogue or songs, making it the longest talking motion picture yet. (Lights of New Yorkruns a total of 57 minutes.) It is the highest-grossing film of the year, becomes Warner Bros' highest-grossing film for the next 13 years, is the most financially successful film of Al Jolson's career^[8]^[9]and also remains the highest-grossing sound film until the release ofSnow White and the Seven Dwarfsin 1937.
October 23 –RKO Productions Inc.created
November 10 – At the beginning ofWhite Shadows in the South Seas,Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's mascotLeo the Lionroars for the very first time, giving voice to one of the most popular American film logos.^[10]^[11]^[12]
November 18 –Disney'sSteamboat Williepremieres, marking the official introduction ofMickey Mouse.This animated short is the first film to include a soundtrack completely created in post production, including sound effects, music and dialogue.
December 25 –In Old Arizona,released byFox Films,is the first sound-on-film feature-length talkie, utilizing theMovietoneprocess. Previously, feature-length talkies used the less-reliableVitaphonesound-on-disc process. It is also the first Western talkie, and the first sound film primarily shot outdoors.

Academy Awards

Best Picture:Wings–Paramount Pictures
Best Unique and Artistic Picture:Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans–Fox Film Corporation
Best Director, Dramatic Picture:Frank Borzage–7th Heaven
Best Director, Comedy Picture:Lewis Milestone–Two Arabian Knights
Best Actor:Emil Jannings–The Last CommandandThe Way of All Flesh
Best Actress:Janet Gaynor–7th Heaven,Street Angel,andSunrise: A Song of Two Humans

Note: Prior to 1933, awards were not based on calendar years, which is why there is no 'Best Picture' for a 1928 film.

Notable films released in 1928

United Statesunless stated

J

Jujiro(Crossroads),directed byTeinosuke Kinugasa– (Japan)

L

Ladies of the Mob(lost), directed byWilliam A. Wellman,starringClara BowandRichard Arlen
The Last Command,directed byJoseph von Sternberg,starringEmil Jannings,Evelyn BrentandWilliam Powell
The Last Warning,directed byPaul Leni,starringLaura La Plante,based on the 1916 novelThe House of Fearby Charles Wadsworth Camp^[15]
Laugh, Clown, Laugh,directed byHerbert Brenon,starringLon ChaneyandLoretta Young
The Leopard Lady(lost), directed byRupert Julian,starringJacqueline Logan,Alan HaleandRobert Armstrong,based on the play byEdward Childs Carpenter
Lights of New York,directed byBryan Foy
Lilac Time,directed byGeorge Fitzmaurice,starringColleen MooreandGary Cooper
A Little Bit of Fluff,directed byWheeler DrydenandJess Robbins,starringSydney ChaplinandBetty Balfour– (GB)
Lonesome,directed byPaul Fejos,starringGlenn TryonandBarbara Kent

M

The Man Who Laughs,directed byPaul Leni,starringMary Philbin,Conrad VeidtandOlga Baclanova,based on the 1869 novelL'Homme qui ritbyVictor Hugo^[16]
Maria Marten,directed byWalter West,starringTrilby ClarkandWarwick Ward^[17]– (GB)
The Matinee Idol,directed byFrank Capra,starringBessie LoveandJohnnie Walker
The Midnight Taxi,directed byJohn G. Adolfi,StarringAntonio Moreno,Helene CostelloandMyrna Loy
Mother Machree(lost), directed byJohn Ford,starringVictor McLaglen,Belle BennettandNeil Hamilton
Moulin Rouge,directed byEwald André Dupont– (GB)
My Man(lost), directed byArchie Mayo,starringFanny Brice
The Mysterious Lady,directed byFred Niblo,starringGreta GarboandConrad Nagel
The Mysterious Mirror(Der Geheimnisvolle Spiegel),directed byCarl Hoffmannand Richard Teschner^[17]– (Germany)

N

The New Version of the Ghost of Yotsuya (Shinpan Ōoka seidan),directed byDaisuke Itō,based on the 1825 playYotsuya Kaidanby Tsuruya Nanboku IV – (Japan)
Noah's Ark,directed byMichael Curtiz,starringDolores Costello,George O'BrienandNoah Beery Sr.
The Noose,directed byJohn Francis Dillon,starringRichard BarthelmessandThelma Todd
Number 17(Haus Nummer 17),directed byGéza von Bolváry,starringGuy NewallandLien Deyers– (GB/Germany)

O

October: Ten Days That Shook the World(Oktyabr': Desyat' dney kotorye potryasli mir),directed bySergei EisensteinandGrigori Aleksandrov– (U.S.S.R.)
On Trial(lost), directed byArchie Mayo,starringPauline Frederick,Bert LytellandLois Wilson
Our Dancing Daughters,directed byHarry Beaumont,starringJoan CrawfordandJohnny Mack Brown

P

The Passion of Joan of Arc(La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc),directed byCarl Theodor Dreyer,starringRenée Jeanne Falconetti– (France)
The Patsy,directed byKing Vidor,starringMarion DaviesandMarie Dressler
The Phantom City,directed byAlbert S. Rogell,starringKen Maynard
The Power of the Press,directed byFrank Capra,starringDouglas Fairbanks Jr.andJobyna Ralston

R

The Racket,directed byLewis Milestone,starringThomas Meighan,Louis WolheimandMarie Prevost
Ramona,directed byEdwin Carewe,starringDolores del RíoandWarner Baxter
Ransom(lost), directed byGeorge B. Seitz,starringLois Wilson
Rasputin, the Holy Sinner(Rasputins Liebesabenteuer),directed by Martin Berger – (Germany)
Rasputin, the Prince of Sinners(Dornenweg einer Fürstin),directed by Nikolai Larin and Boris Nevolin^[18]– (Germany/U.S.S.R.)
The Red Dance,directed byRaoul Walsh,starringDolores del RíoandCharles Farrell
Red Hair(lost), directed byClarence G. Badger,starringClara BowandLane Chandler
The Ringer,directed byArthur Maude– (GB)
The Road to Ruin,directed byNorton S. Parker,starringHelen Foster
Rose-Marie(lost), directed byLucien Hubbard,starringJoan Crawford

S

Sadie Thompson,directed byRaoul Walsh,starringGloria SwansonandLionel Barrymore
The Seashell and the Clergyman(La Coquille et le Clergyman),directed byGermaine Dulac– (France)
Sex in Chains(Geschlecht in Fesseln),starring and directed byWilliam Dieterle– (Germany)
Show People,directed byKing Vidor,starringMarion DaviesandWilliam Haines
The Singing Fool,directed byLloyd Bacon,starringAl Jolson
Sins of the Fathers,directed byLudwig Berger,starringEmil JanningsandRuth Chatterton
Skyscraper,directed byHoward Higgin,starringWilliam BoydandAlan Hale
The Smart Set,directed byJack Conway,starringWilliam Haines
Something Always Happens,directed byFrank Tuttle,starringEsther Ralston,Neil HamiltonandSôjin Kamiyama
A South Sea Bubble,directed byT. Hayes Hunter,starringIvor NovelloandBenita Hume– (GB)
Speedy,directed byTed Wilde,starringHarold Lloyd
Spione(Spies),directed byFritz Lang,starringRudolf Klein-Rogge– (Germany)
Steamboat Bill, Jr.,directed byCharles Reisner,starringBuster KeatonandErnest Torrence
Steamboat Willie,directed byWalt DisneyandUb Iwerks,debut ofMickeyandMinnie Mouse
Storm Over Asia(Potomok Chingiskhana),directed byVsevolod Pudovkin,starringValéry Inkijinoff– (U.S.S.R.)
Street Angel,directed byFrank Borzage,starringJanet GaynorandCharles Farrell
Sweeney Todd,directed byWalter West,based on the 1847 stage playThe String of Pearls, or The Fiend of Fleet StreetbyGeorge Dibdin-Pitt)^[19]– (GB)

T

Take Me Home(lost), directed byMarshall Neilan,starringBebe DanielsandNeil Hamilton
The Tell-Tale Heart,directed by Charles Klein andLeon Shamroy,based on the 1843short storybyEdgar Allan Poe
Tempest,directed bySam Taylor,starringJohn Barrymore,Camilla HornandLouis Wolheim
The Terrible People(lost), a 10-chapter serial directed bySpencer Gordon Bennett,starringAllene RayandWalter Miller,based on the 1926novelbyEdgar Wallace
The Terror,directed byRoy Del Ruth,starringMay McAvoy,Louise FazendaandEdward Everett Horton,based on the 1927stage playbyEdgar Wallace^[20]
Terror Mountain,directed byLouis King,starringTom Tyler^[21]
Tesha,directed byVictor SavilleandEdwin Greenwood,starringMaría Corda– (GB)
Thérèse Raquin(lost), directed byJacques Feyder– (France)
A Thief in the Dark,directed byAlbert Ray
Three Sinners,directed byRowland V. Lee,starringPola Negri,Warner BaxterandOlga Baclanova
Tillie's Punctured Romance(lost), directed byA. Edward Sutherland,starringW. C. Fields,Chester ConklinandLouise Fazenda
Tommy Atkins,directed byNorman Walker,starringLillian Hall-Davis–GB)
Toni,directed byArthur Maude,starringJack Buchanan– (GB)
The Trail of '98,directed byClarence Brown,starringDolores del Río,Ralph ForbesandKarl Dane
The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel,directed byT. Hayes Hunter,starringMatheson Lang– (GB)
Two Tars,directed byJames Parrott,starringLaurel and Hardy

U

Underground,directed byAnthony Asquith– (GB)

V

The Viking,directed byRoy William Neill,starringDonald Crisp
Vormittagsspuk(Ghosts Before Breakfast),directed byHans Richter– (Germany)
The Vortex,directed byAdrian Brunel,starringIvor Novello– (GB)

W

We Faw Down,directed byLeo McCarey,starringLaurel and Hardy
The Wedding March,directed by and starringErich von StroheimwithFay WrayandZaSu Pitts
West of Zanzibar,directed byTod Browning,starringLon Chaney,Lionel BarrymoreandWarner Baxter,based on the 1926 stage playKongobyChester De Vonde^[21]
What a Night!(lost), directed byA. Edward Sutherland,starringBebe DanielsandNeil Hamilton
While the City Sleeps,directed byJack Conway,starringLon Chaney,Anita PageandMae Busch
White Shadows in the South Seas,directed byW. S. Van Dyke
The Wind,directed byVictor Sjöström,starringLillian GishandLars Hanson
A Woman of Affairs,directed byClarence Brown,starringJohn Gilbert,Greta Garbo,Lewis Stone,Johnny Mack BrownandDouglas Fairbanks Jr.

Z

Zvenigora,directed byAlexander Dovzhenko– (U.S.S.R.)

Short film series

Buster Keaton(1917–1941)
Our Gang(1922–1944)
Laurel and Hardy(1921–1943)

Animated short film series

Felix the Cat(1919–1936)
Aesop's Film Fables(1921–1933)
Krazy Kat(1925–1940)
Inkwell Imps(1927–1929)
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
- Harem Scarem
- Neck 'n' Neck
- The Ol' Swimmin' Hole
- Africa Before Dark
- Rival Romeos
- Bright Lights
- Oh, What a Knight
- Sagebrush Sadie
- Ride'em Plow Boy
- Sky Scrappers
- Ozzie of the Mounted
- Hungry Hoboes
- Poor Papa
- The Fox Chase
- Tall Timber
- Sleigh Bells
- Hot Dog
Newslaffs(1927–1928)
Mickey Mouse
- Plane Crazy
- The Gallopin' Gaucho
- Steamboat Willie

Births

January 1 –Helen Westcott,American actress (died1998)
January 2 –Ellen Kaarma,Estonian actress (died 1973)
January 5 –Denise Bryer,British actress (died 2021)
January 7 –William Peter Blatty,American screenwriter (died 2017)
January 15 –Joanne Linville,American actress (died 2021)
January 20 –Peter Donat,Canadian-American actor (died 2018)
January 23 –Jeanne Moreau,French actress, singer, screenwriter and director (died 2017)
January 26 –Roger Vadim,French director, screenwriter and actor (died 2000)
February 1 –Stuart Whitman,American film and television actor (died 2020)
February 4 –Vincent Wong,Jamaican-born British-Chinese actor (died 2015)
February 7 -Leonard Jackson,American actor (died 2013)
February 8 –Jack Larson,American actor (died 2015)
February 11 –Conrad Janis,American actor (died 2022)
February 16 –Eva Ingeborg Scholz,German actress (died 2022)
February 18 –Little Caesar,American singer and actor (died 1994)
February 22 –Paul Dooley,American actor, writer and comedian
February 24 –Al Lettieri,American actor (died 1975)
February 29
- Joss Ackland,English actor (died 2023)
- Tempest Storm,American burlesqueperformer and actress (died 2021)
March 1 –Jacques Rivette,French director (died 2016)
March 3 –Joe Conley,American actor (died 2013)
March 11 –Albert Salmi,American actor (died 1990)
March 13 –Douglas Rain,Canadian actor (died 2018)
March 16 –Victor Maddern,English actor (died 1993)
March 17 –Eunice Gayson,English actress (died 2018)
March 19
- Marceline Loridan-Ivens,French actor (died 2018)
- Patrick McGoohan,Irish actor (died 2009)
- Jan Shepard,American actress
March 24 –Vanessa BrownAmerican actress (died 1999)
March 27 –Reg Evans,British actor (died 2009)
March 29 –Philip Locke,English actor (died 2004)
March 30 –Lilia Prado,Mexican actress, dancer (died 2006)
March 31 –June Jago,Australian actress (died 2010)
April 1 –George Grizzard,American actor (died 2007)
April 2 –Piet Römer,Dutch actor (died 2012)
April 3 –Kevin Hagen,American actor (died 2005)
April 4
- Estelle Harris,American actress and comedienne (died2022)
- Monty Norman,English composer of the "James Bond Theme"(died 2022)
April 7
- James Garner,American actor (died 2014)
- Valeria Sabel,Italian actress (died 2009)
April 11 –Henri Garcin,Belgian actor (died 2022)
April 12 –Hardy Krüger,German actor (died 2022)
April 23 –Shirley Temple,American actress (died2014)
May 1 –Vitaly Melnikov,Russian director and screenwriter (died 2022)
May 3 –Jeanne Bal,American actress died (1996)
May 7 –Georgi Rusev,Bulgarian actor (died 2011)
May 12 –Burt Bacharach,American composer and songwriter (died 2023)
May 18
- John Abineri,English actor (died 2000)
- Sara Shane,American actress (died 2022)
May 21 –Alice Drummond,American actress (died 2016)
May 23 –Nigel Davenport,English actor (died 2013)
May 28 –Gina Cabrera,Cuban actress (died 2022)
May 30 –Agnès Varda,Belgian-born French director, producer and screenwriter (died 2019)
June 2 –Bob Amsberry,American actor (died 1957)
June 4 –Ruth Westheimer,German-American sex therapist, talk show host and actress
June 5 –Robert Lansing,American actor (died 1994)
June 7 –James Ivory,American director, producer and screenwriter
June 8 –Mimi Mariani,Indonesian actress, model, and singer (died 1971)
June 9 –Jackie Mason,American stand-up comedian and actor (died 2021)
June 12
- Vic Damone,American singer, entertainer and actor (died 2018)
- Tom Rosqui,American character actor (died 1991)
- Richard M. Sherman,American film songwriter (died 2024)
June 13 –Nikola Todev,Bulgarian actor (died 1991)
June 16 –Ernst Stankovski,Austrian actor (died 2022)
June 19 –Nancy Marchand,American actress (died 2000)
June 20 –Martin Landau,American actor (died 2017)
June 21 –Margit Bara,Hungarian actress (died 2016)
June 22 –Ralph Waite,American actor (died 2014)
June 29 –Ian Bannen,Scottish actor (died 1999)
June 30 –Clifford David,American actor and singer (died 2017)
July 6 –Nestor de Villa,Filipino actor (died 2004)
July 7 –Pat Hitchcock,English actress and producer (died 2021)
July 12 –Peter Cellier,English actor
July 13
- Bob Crane,American actor (died 1978)
- Mace Neufeld,American film and television producer (died 2022)
July 14 –Nancy Olson,American actress
July 15 –Tom Troupe,American actor and writer
July 21 –Chuck Low,American actor (died 2017)
July 22 –Orson Bean,American actor (died 2020)
July 24 –Michael Currie,American actor (died 2009)
July 26 –Joe Jackson,American talent manager (died 2018)
July 26 -Stanley Kubrick,American director (died 1999)
August 1 –Nick LaTour,American actor (died 2011)
August 6 –Andy Warhol,American artist and director (died 1987)
August 10 –Gus Mercurio,American-born Australian character actor (died 2010)
August 14
- Joëlle Bernard,French actress (died 1977)
- Jacques Rouffio,French director and screenwriter (died 2016)
- Lina Wertmüller,Italian screenwriter and director (died 2021)
August 15
- Nosher Powell,English actor and stuntman (died 2013)
- Nicolas Roeg,English director (died 2018)
- Simone Silva,Egyptian-born French actress (died 1957)
August 16 –Ann Blyth,American actress
August 18 –Norma Donaldson,American actress and singer (died 1994)
August 20 -Buddy Van Horn,American stunt coordinator and director (died 2021)
August 27 –Bernard Atha,English actor (died 2022)
August 28 –Charles Gray,English actor (died 2000)
August 31 –James Coburn,American actor (died 2002)
September 1
- George Maharis,American actor (died 2023)
- Allene Roberts,American actor (died 2019)
September 3 –Pilar Pallete,Peruvian actress
September 4 –Dick York,American actor (died 1992)
September 9 –Darrell Zwerling,American character actor (died 2014)
September 11 –Earl Holliman,American actor
September 17 –Roddy McDowall,British actor (died 1998)
September 19 –Adam West,American actor (died 2017)
September 22 –Eugene Roche,American actor (died 2004)
October 1
- Laurence Harvey,Lithuanian British actor (died 1973)
- George Peppard,American actor (died 1994)
- Erica Yohn,American actress (died 2019)
October 2 –George McFarland,American actor (died 1993)
October 6 –Barbara Werle,American actress (died 2013)
October 17 –Don Collier,American actor (died 2021)
October 25
- Jeanne Cooper,American actress (died 2013)
- Marion Ross,American actress
November 1 –Emmaline Henry,American actress (died1979)
November 3
- Wanda Hendrix,American actress (died1981)
- Lew Palter,American actor (died2023)
November 10
- Ennio Morricone,Italian composer (died2020)
- Norma Crane,American actress (died1973)
November 13
- Helena Carroll,Scottish-American actress (died2013)
- Ralph Foody,American actor (died1999)
November 14 –Kathleen Hughes,American actress
November 16 –Clu Gulager,American actor (died2022)
November 20 –Franklin Cover,American actor (died 2006)
November 23 –Elmarie Wendel,American actress singer (died 2018)
November 25 –Rance Howard,American actor (died 2017)
December 1 –Malachi Throne,American actor (died 2013)
December 3 –Carlo Giuffrè,Italian actor (died 2018)
December 5 –Barbara Krafftówna,Polish actress (died 2022)
December 6 –Lance Fuller,American actor (died2001)
December 9 –Dick Van Patten,American actor (died 2015)
December 10 –Barbara Nichols,American actress (died1976)
December 12 –Lionel Blair,English actor and television presenter (died2021)
December 13 –Nati Mistral,Spanish actress (died 2017)
December 16 –Terry Carter,American actor and filmmaker (died 2024)
December 17 –Leonid Bronevoy,Russian actor (died 2017)
December 21 –Ed Nelson,American actor (died 2014)
December 25 –Dick Miller,American actor (died 2019)
December 29
- Bernard Cribbins,English actor and singer (died 2022)
- June Preston,American child actress (died 2022)

Deaths

January 2 –Emily Stevens,American stage & film actress (born 1882)
January 3 –Claude France,German film actress (born 1893)
January 11 -Rapley Holmes,Canadian stage and screen actor (born 1868)
January 25 –Charles Gorman,American stage and screen actor (born 1865)
January 26 -Earl Metcalfe,American actor, (born 1889)
February 22 – Rudolph J. Bergquist American cinematographer
March 5 –Lidia Quaranta,Italian actress (born 1891)
March 13 –Elsie Mackay,British actress and heiress;lost at sea(born 1893)
April 22 –Frank Currier,American director, stage & silent film actor (born 1857)
June 22 –George Siegmann,American silent film actor (born 1882)
June 24 –Holbrook Blinn,American stage & silent film actor (born 1872)
July 20 –Scott Sidney,American film director (born 1872)
July 21
- Ellen Terry,British stage actress of the Victorian and Edwardian times and later a silent film actress (born 1847)
- Ward Crane,American film actor (born 1890)
August 10 –Rex Cherryman,American actor (born 1896)
August 17 –Frank Urson,American film director (born 1887)
August 26 –Colin Campbell,British-born film director (born 1859)
October 8 –Larry Semon,American film comedian (born 1889)
November 10 –Anita Berber,German film actress (born 1899)
November 19 –Jeanne Bérangère,French stage and film actress (born 1864)
December 14 –Theodore Roberts,American film actor (born 1861)
December 25 –Fred Thomson,American film actor (born 1890)

Film debuts

References

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eGlancy, H Mark (1995). "Warner Bros Film Grosses, 1921–51: the William Schaefer ledger".Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television.15:55–73.doi:10.1080/01439689500260031.
^Maland, Charles J. (1989).Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image.ISBN 0-691-09440-3.The United Artists balance sheet of domestic film rentals through the end of 1931 show thatThe Gold Rushhad accumulated $2.15 million in rentals, whileThe Circushad garnered $1.82 million.
^^a ^b ^cFinler, Joel Waldo (2003).The Hollywood Story.Wallflower Press. pp.356–357.ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6.
^Crafton, Donald (1999).The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926-1931.University of California Press. pp.548–549.ISBN 0-520-22128-1.
^David Bruenger,Making Money, Making Music: History and Core Concepts,University of California Press, 2016, pp. 166-167
^"The Circus (1928)".British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.
^Neibaur, James L. (2015).James Cagney Films of the 1930s.London: Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 9781442242203.
^Kiner, Larry F.; Evans, Philip R. (1992).Al Jolson: A Bio-Discography.Scarecrow Press. p. 107.ISBN 9780810826335.
^Furia, Philip; Patterson, Laurie (2010).The Songs of Hollywood.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.26.ISBN 9780199792665.
^Munden, Kenneth White (1971).The American Film Institute Catalog – Feature Films 1921–1930.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. WH1.ISBN 9780520209695.
^Brown, Allen (November 29, 2014)."The Story Behind MGM's Lion Logo".Movie Review World.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.
^Stafford, Jeff."White Shadows in the South Seas".Turner Classic Movies.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.
^^a ^bWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 322.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 324.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 342.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 327.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^^a ^bWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 328.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 330.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 332.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 333.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
^^a ^bWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 335.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

External links

[wb-1] Glancy, H Mark (1995). "Warner Bros Film Grosses, 1921–51: the William Schaefer ledger".Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television.15:55–73.doi:10.1080/01439689500260031.

[ChaplinBook-2] Maland, Charles J. (1989).Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image.ISBN 0-691-09440-3.The United Artists balance sheet of domestic film rentals through the end of 1931 show thatThe Gold Rushhad accumulated $2.15 million in rentals, whileThe Circushad garnered $1.82 million.

[Finler-3] Finler, Joel Waldo (2003).The Hollywood Story.Wallflower Press. pp.356–357.ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6.

[Talkies-4] Crafton, Donald (1999).The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926-1931.University of California Press. pp.548–549.ISBN 0-520-22128-1.

[raft-5] David Bruenger,Making Money, Making Music: History and Core Concepts,University of California Press, 2016, pp. 166-167

[6] "The Circus (1928)".British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.

[7] Neibaur, James L. (2015).James Cagney Films of the 1930s.London: Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 9781442242203.

[8] Kiner, Larry F.; Evans, Philip R. (1992).Al Jolson: A Bio-Discography.Scarecrow Press. p. 107.ISBN 9780810826335.

[9] Furia, Philip; Patterson, Laurie (2010).The Songs of Hollywood.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p.26.ISBN 9780199792665.

[10] Munden, Kenneth White (1971).The American Film Institute Catalog – Feature Films 1921–1930.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. WH1.ISBN 9780520209695.

[11] Brown, Allen (November 29, 2014)."The Story Behind MGM's Lion Logo".Movie Review World.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.

[12] Stafford, Jeff."White Shadows in the South Seas".Turner Classic Movies.RetrievedFebruary 20,2015.

[Workman,_Christopher_2016_p._322-13] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 322.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[14] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 324.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[Workman,_Christopher_2016_p._342-15] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 342.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[16] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 327.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[Workman,_Christopher_2016_p._328-17] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 328.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[18] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 330.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[19] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 332.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[20] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 333.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

[Workman,_Christopher_2016_p._335-21] Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 335.ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.

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