1974 Australian federal election

1974 Australian federal election

18 May 1974
All 127 seats of theHouse of Representatives 64 seats were needed for a majority in the House All 60 seats of theSenate
Registered	7,897,50611.64%
Turnout	7,535,768 (95.42%) (0.04pp)
First party Second party Leader Gough Whitlam Billy Snedden Party Labor Liberal/Country coalition Leader since 8 February 1967 5 December 1972 Leader's seat Werriwa(NSW) Bruce(Vic.) Last election 67 seats 58 seats Seats won 66 seats 61 seats Seat change 1 3 Popular vote 3,644,110 3,379,545 Percentage 49.30% 45.73% Swing 0.29 4.25 TPP 51.70% 48.30% TPP swing 1.00 1.00
Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory.
Prime Ministerbefore election Gough Whitlam Labor Subsequent Prime Minister Gough Whitlam Labor

The1974 Australian federal electionwas held in Australia on 18 May 1974. All 127 seats in theHouse of Representativesand all 60 seats in theSenatewere up for election, due to adouble dissolution.The incumbentLabor Partyled by Prime MinisterGough Whitlamdefeated the oppositionLiberal–Country coalitionled byBilly Snedden.This marked the first time that a Labor leader won two consecutive elections.

Prior to the election the voting age had been reduced from 21 to 18 years. The election was held in conjunction withfour referendum questions,none of which were carried.

Future Prime MinisterJohn Howardentered parliament at this election. Snedden became the first Liberal Leader not to serve as prime minister.

Background and issues

Gough Whitlam had been an active prime minister since his party's victory in the1972 election,and his government had pursued many socially progressive reforms and policies over its first term. However, it suffered through the1973 oil crisisand the1973–75 recessionand received a hostile reception from the coalition/DLP-controlled Senate, with the last Senate election held in1970.

Following an attempt by Whitlam to create an extra Senate vacancy inQueenslandby appointing formerDemocratic Labor Party(DLP) Leader, SenatorVince Gair,as Ambassador to theRepublic of Ireland,Snedden announced that the opposition would block the Government's supply bills in the Senate. After a great deal of legalistic argumentation in both houses about theGair Affair,and justified by the failure of six (non-supply) bills to pass the Senate, Whitlam requested and was granted byGovernor-GeneralSirPaul Hasluckadouble dissolutionunder section 57 of theConstitution.The already-announced election date of 18 May was kept. The election focused on Whitlam's first1+1⁄2years in office and whether the Australian public was willing to continue with his reform agenda.

Electoral system

Members of the House of Representatives were elected one per division (electoral district) using full-preferentialinstant-runoff voting.

Senators were elected by single transferable vote and proportional representation. In states senators are elected from state-wide six-member districts, and in territories from territory-wide two-member districts. All candidates have to be ranked or the vote is rejected.

Results

House of Representatives results

Main article:Results of the 1974 Australian federal election (House of Representatives)

Government(66)
Labor(66)

Opposition(61)
Coalition
Liberal(40)
Country(21)

House of Reps (IRV) – 1974–75 – Turnout 95.42% (CV) – Informal 1.92%

Party			Votes	%	Swing	Seats	Change
	Labor		3,644,110	49.30	−0.29	66	−1
	Liberal–Country coalition		3,379,545	45.73	+4.25	61	+3
		Liberal	2,582,968	34.95	+2.91	40	+2
		Country	736,252	9.96	+0.52	21	+1
		National Alliance	60,325	0.82	+0.82	0	-2
	Australia		172,176	2.33	−0.09	0	0
	Democratic Labor		104,974	1.42	−3.83	0	0
	Liberal Movement		57,817	0.78	+0.78	0	0
	Socialist		1,132	0.02	+0.00	0	0
	Republican		934	0.01	+0.01	0	0
	Communist		539	0.01	–0.11	0	0
	Independents		29,779	0.40	–0.56	0	0
	Total		7,391,006			127	+2
Two-party-preferred(estimated)
	Labor		Win	51.70	−1.00	66	−1
	Liberal–Country coalition			48.30	+1.00	61	+3

Notes

---

• The National Alliance was an electoral alliance of the Country Party and the Democratic Labor Party in Western Australia. It defended two seats that had elected the Country Party in 1972 but lost them both.

Popular vote Labor   49.30% Liberal   34.95% Country/NA   10.78% Australia   2.33% DLP   1.42% Other   2.04%

Two-party-preferred vote Labor   51.70% Coalition   48.30%

Parliament seats Labor   51.97% Coalition   48.03%

Senate results

Government(29)
Labor(29)

Opposition(29)
Coalition
Liberal(23)
Country(6)

Crossbench(2)
Liberal Movement(1)
Independent(1)

Senate (STV) – 1974–75 – Turnout 95.50% (CV) – Informal 10.77%

Party			Votes	%	Swing	Seats won	Seats held	Change
	Labor		3,127,197	47.29	+5.08	29	29	+3
	Liberal–Country coalition		2,901,454	43.88	+5.70	29	29	+3
		Liberal–Country joint ticket	2,298,816	34.77	+15.26	16	*	*
		Liberal	516,919	7.82	−9.79	12	23	+2
		National Alliance	55,301	0.84	+0.84	1	*	*
		Country	30,418	0.46	–0.60	0	6	+1
	Democratic Labor		235,343	3.56	−7.55	0	0	–5
	Australia		92,107	1.39	−1.51	0	0	0
	Liberal Movement		63,032	0.95	+0.95	1	1	+1
	National Liberal		23,965	0.36	+0.36	0	0	0
	Communist		20,583	0.31	+0.31	0	0	0
	United Christian		3,977	0.06	+0.06	0	0	0
	United Tasmania		2,051	0.03	+0.03	0	0	0
	National Socialist		1,810	0.03	–0.40	0	0	0
	Republican		484	0.01	+0.01	0	0	0
	Social Credit		379	0.01	+0.01	0	0	0
	Independents		140,003	2.12	+0.41	1	1	–2
	Total		6,612,385			60	60

Notes

• The Country Party (CP) contested the elections in Western Australia as theNational Alliance(NA), which was a merger of the CP and the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) in that state. The NA won a single Senate seat in WA, its elected representative beingTom Drake-Brockman,who sat with the CP on election to parliament.
• Independent:Michael Townley(Liberal Partyfrom Feb 1975)

The NSW portion of this vote was telling of the disadvantages of requiring the marking of preferences for all the candidates. NSW voters faced a list of 73 candidate for the state's 12 seats. Twelve percent of Labour voters cast improper votes that were rejected. The final seat was taken by a candidate that received only about one percent of the vote. The result across the country was 29 Liberal/National, 29 Labour and two others holding the balance of power.

Seats changing hands

Seat	Pre-1974				Swing	Post-1974
	Party		Member	Margin		Margin	Member	Party
Canning, WA		National Alliance	John Hallett	N/A	26.1	14.3	Mel Bungey	Liberal
Henty, Vic		Liberal	Max Fox	0.3	1.8	1.5	Joan Child	Labor
Hume, NSW		Labor	Frank Olley	1.9	2.6	0.7	Stephen Lusher	Country
Isaacs, Vic		Liberal	David Hamer	1.1	1.7	0.6	Gareth Clayton	Labor
Lilley, Qld		Labor	Frank Doyle	0.0	1.0	1.0	Kevin Cairns	Liberal
Mitchell, NSW		Labor	Alfred Ashley-Brown	1.2	2.7	1.5	Alan Cadman	Liberal
Moore, WA		National Alliance	Don Maisey	N/A	1.4	10.5	John Hyde	Liberal
Riverina, NSW		Labor	Al Grassby	6.9	7.7	0.8	John Sullivan	Country
Wide Bay, Qld		Labor	Brendan Hansen	3.3	6.8	3.5	Clarrie Millar	Country

Aftermath

Election result

TheWhitlam governmenthad been re-elected with their majority in the House of Representatives reduced from 9 to 5 seats, while they gained 5 seats in the Senate. The ALP and the coalition each won 29 seats in the 60 member Senate, with the balance of power held bySteele Hallof theLiberal Movement,andMichael Townley,a conservative independent. TheDemocratic Labor Party,which had been rendered obsolete by the election of the Whitlam government in 1972, lost all five of its Senate seats.

Al Grassby,who wasMinister for Immigrationin the Labor Whitlam government, lost his seat. Grassby's actions as immigration minister attracted criticism fromanti-immigrationgroups, led by the Immigration Control Association, which targeted his electorate in a campaign at the May 1974 election. Partly as a result, Grassby was defeated by theNational Partycandidate,John Sullivan,by just 792 votes. Grassby and his supporters accused these groups of mounting asmear campaignagainst him.

Joint sitting

The re-elected Whitlam government's failure again to gain a majority in the Senate led to the1974 joint sitting,Australia's only joint sitting, pursuant to section 57 of the Constitution. It was approved by the new governor-general SirJohn Kerrafter the bills were presented to the new parliament and were rejected a third time. It was held three months after the election, on 6–7 August, and it enabled the six bills that had been thrice rejected by the Senate to be passed. The Health Insurance bills were both passed on party lines, 95–92, the Petroleum and Minerals Authority legislation also passed on party lines, though with one Liberal Party member absent.Liberal MovementSenatorSteele Hallsupported the three Electoral bills, citing his experience as LiberalPremier of South Australia,where he had fought his own party in an effort to improve unequal electoral arrangements dubbed thePlaymander.Northern Territory Country Party MPSam Caldersupported the Territory Senators legislation, though he opposed the ACT being given added representation.

Subsequent changes

In February 1975, the independent senatorMichael Townleyjoined the Liberal party. This gave the Coalition 30 out of 60 Senators, with 29 Labor and 1Liberal Movement(Steele Hall).

Later in 1975, two Coalition premiers would break longstanding convention in the replacement of two ALP senators.Lionel Murphy,who had resigned to take up an appointment to theHigh Court,was replaced by independentCleaver Bunton;andBertie Milliner,who had died, was replaced byAlbert Field,an ALP member who was opposed to Whitlam. Bunton (along with Hall) refused to vote against supply, but Field was prepared to. Field took his seat in the Senate as an Independent on 9 September. Due to a High Court challenge to his appointment, he was on leave from the Senate, unable to exercise a vote, from 1 October 1975, which reduced the number of sitting senators to 59. This gave the Coalition an effective majority, holding 30 of the 59, allowing them to block supply in the Senate to pave the way for the1975 Australian constitutional crisis.

See also

• Candidates of the Australian federal election, 1974
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1974–1975
• Members of the Australian Senate, 1974–1975

Bibliography

• AustralianPolitics.com 1974 election details
• University of WAArchived18 January 2015 at theWayback Machineelection results in Australia since 1890
• AEC 2PP vote