Vega 1
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Vega Solar System probe bus and landing apparatus (model) | |
Names | Venera-Halley 1 |
---|---|
Mission type | Planetary scienceincluding lander and atmospheric probe |
Operator | Soviet Academy of Sciences |
COSPAR ID | |
SATCATno. |
|
Mission duration | Balloon: 2 days Orbiter: 2 years, 1 month and 15 days |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | 5VK No. 901 |
Spacecraft type | 5VK |
Manufacturer | NPO Lavochkin |
Launch mass | 4,840 kilograms (10,670 lb)[1] |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | December 15, 1984[1] | ,09:16:24 UTC
Rocket | Proton 8K82K |
Launch site | Baikonur200/39 |
End of mission | |
Last contact | 30 January 1987[2] |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth |
Semi-major axis | 6,558 kilometres (4,075 mi) |
Eccentricity | 0.03080 |
Perigee altitude | 159 kilometres (99 mi) |
Apogee altitude | 202 kilometres (126 mi) |
Inclination | 51.5° |
Period | 88 minutes |
Flyby ofVenus | |
Closest approach | 11 June 1985 |
Distance | ~39,000 kilometres (24,000 mi) |
Venusatmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | Vega 1 Balloon |
Atmospheric entry | 02:06:10, 11 June 1985 |
Venuslander | |
Spacecraft component | Vega 1 Descent Craft |
Landing date | 03:02:54, 11 June 1985 |
Landing site | 7°30′N177°42′E/ 7.5°N 177.7°E(north ofAphrodite Terra) |
Flyby of1P/Halley | |
Closest approach | 6 March 1986 |
Distance | ~10,000 km (6,200 mi) |
![]() Insignia of the mission |
Vega 1(along with its twinVega 2) was aSovietspace probe,part of theVega program.The spacecraft was a development of the earlierVeneracraft. They were designed byBabakin Space Centreand constructed as5VKbyLavochkinatKhimki.The name VeGa (ВеГа) combines the first two letters from the Russian words forVenus(Венера: "Venera" ) andHalley(Галлея: "Galleya" ).
The craft was powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras,spectrometer,infrared sounder,magnetometers(MISCHA), and plasma probes. The 4,840 kilograms (10,670 lb) craft was launched by aProton 8K82K rocketfromBaikonur Cosmodrome,Tyuratam,Kazakh SSR.Both Vega 1 and 2 werethree-axis stabilizedspacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dualbumper shield[3]for dust protection fromHalley's comet.
Venus mission
[edit]The descent module arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 1 flyby probe. The module, a 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) sphere with a diameter of 240 centimetres (94 in), contained a surface lander and aballoonexplorer. The flyby probe performed agravitational assistmaneuver using Venus, and continued its mission to intercept the comet.[4]
Descent craft
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vega_1.jpg/220px-Vega_1.jpg)
The surface lander was identical to that of Vega 2 as well as the previous sixVeneramissions. The objective of the probe was the study of the atmosphere and the exposed surface of the planet. The scientific payload included anultravioletspectrometer,temperature and pressure sensors, a water concentration meter, agas-phase chromatograph,anX-rayspectrometer,amass spectrometer,and a surface sampling device. Since the probe made a nighttime landing, no images were taken. Several of these scientific tools (the UV spectrometer, the mass spectrograph, and the devices to measure pressure and temperature) were developed in collaboration with French scientists.[4]
The lander successfully touched down at7°12′N177°48′E/ 7.2°N 177.8°Ein theMermaid Plainnorth ofAphrodite Terra.Due to excessive turbulence, some surface experiments were inadvertently activated 20 kilometres (12 mi) above the surface. Only the mass spectrometer was able to return data.[5]
Tools on the lander include:
- Thermometers
- Barometers
- UVabsorptionspectrometer—ISAV-S
- Optical aerosol analyzer,Nephelometer—ISAV-A
- Aerosol particle-size counter—LSA
- Aerosolmass spectrometer—MALAKHIT-M
- Aerosol gaschromatograph—SIGMA-3
- AerosolX-rayfluorescence spectrometer—IFP
- Hygrometer—VM-4
- SoilX-rayfluorescence spectrometer—BDRP-AM25
- Gamma-rayspectrometer—GS-15STsV
- Penetrometer/ Soil ohmmeter—Prop-V
- Stabilized oscillator /Doppler radio
Balloon
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/220px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg)
The Vega 1 Lander/Balloon capsule entered the Venus atmosphere (125 kilometres [78 mi] altitude) at 2:06:10 UT (Earth received time; Moscow time 5:06:10 a.m.) on 11 June 1985 at roughly 11 kilometres per second (6.8 mi/s). At approximately 2:06:25 UT the parachute attached to the landing craft cap opened at an altitude of 64 kilometres (40 mi). The cap and parachute were released 15 seconds later at 63 kilometres (39 mi) altitude. The balloon package was pulled out of its compartment by parachute 40 seconds later at 61 kilometres (38 mi) altitude, at 8.1 degrees N, 176.9 degrees east. A second parachute opened at an altitude of 55 kilometres (34 mi), 200 seconds after entry, extracting the furled balloon. The balloon was inflated 100 seconds later at 54 kilometres (34 mi) and the parachute and inflation system were jettisoned. The ballast was jettisoned when the balloon reached roughly 50 kilometres (31 mi) and the balloon floated back to a stable height between 53 and 54 kilometres (33 and 34 mi) some 15 to 25 minutes after entry.
The mean stable height was 53.6 kilometres (33.3 mi), with a pressure of 535 millibars (535 hPa) and a temperature of 300–310 K (27–37 °C; 80–98 °F) in the middle, most active layer of the Venus three-tiered cloud system. The balloon drifted westward in the zonal wind flow with an average speed of about 69 metres per second (230 ft/s) (248 kilometres per hour [154 mph]) at nearly constant latitude. The probe crossed the terminator from night to day at 12:20 UT on 12 June after traversing 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi). The probe continued to operate in the daytime until the final transmission was received at 00:38 UT on 13 June from 8.1 N, 68.8 E after a total traverse distance of 11,600 kilometres (7,200 mi) or about 30% of the circumference of the planet. It is not known how much farther the balloon traveled after the final communication.[5]
Halley mission
[edit]After their encounters, the Vegas' motherships used the gravity of Venus, also known as a gravity assist, to interceptHalley's Comet.
Images started to be returned on 4 March 1986, and were used to help pinpointGiotto's close flyby of the comet. The early images from Vega showed two bright areas on the comet, which were initially interpreted as a double nucleus. The bright areas would later turn out to be two jets emitting from the comet. The images also showed the nucleus to be dark, and the infrared spectrometer readings measured a nucleus temperature of 300 to 400 K (27 to 127 °C; 80 to 260 °F), much warmer than expected for an ice body. The conclusion was that the comet had a thin layer on its surface covering an icy body.
Vega 1 made its closest approach on 6 March at around 8,889 kilometres (5,523 mi) (at 07:20:06 UT) of the nucleus. It took more than 500 pictures via different filters as it flew through the gas cloud around the coma. Although the spacecraft was battered by dust, none of the instruments were disabled during the encounter.
The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of thecoma,the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus and the cometary-solar windinteraction.
The Vega images showed the nucleus to be about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long with a rotation period of about 53 hours. The dust mass spectrometer detected material similar to the composition ofcarbonaceous chondrites meteoritesand also detectedclathrateice.
After subsequent imaging sessions on 7 and 8 March 1986, Vega 1 headed out to deep space. In total Vega 1 and Vega 2 returned about 1500 images of Comet Halley. Vega 1 ran out of attitude control propellant on 30 January 1987, and contact with Vega 2 continued until 24 March 1987.
Vega 1 is currently inheliocentric orbit,withperihelionof 0.70AU,aphelionof 0.98 AU,eccentricityof 0.17,inclinationof 2.3 degrees andorbital periodof 281 days.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ab"Vega 1"(PDF).NASA.Retrieved2022-12-02.
- ^NASA.gov
- ^V. A. Agureikin, S. I. Anisimov, A. V. Bushman, G. I. Kanel', V. P. Karyagin, A. B. Konstantinov, B. P. Kryukov, V. F. Minin, S. V. Razorenov, R. Z. Sagdeev, S. G. Sugak, V. E. Fortov, (1984). "Thermo-physical and gas-dynamic studies of the meteorite shield for the Vega spacecraft".High Temperature761-77822(5). WoS:A1984ALC5000020Scopus:2-s2.0-0021489019
- ^abNASA—NSSDC—Spacecraft—Details
- ^ab"NASA Database—Solar System Exploration; Missions; By Target; Venus; Past; Vega 1".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-06-15.Retrieved2015-04-11.
External links
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