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1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers

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Not to be confused withArgyll and Bute Artillery Militia.

1st Argyll & Bute Artillery Volunteers
4th Highland (Mountain) Brigade, RGA
51st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Regiment
254th (West Highland)Anti-Tank Regiment
Active1860–1955
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchTerritorial Army
TypeArtillery Regiment
RoleGarrison artillery
Coastal artillery
Mountain artillery
Field artillery
Anti-tank artillery
Anti-aircraft artillery
Part of51st (Highland) Infantry Division
Garrison/HQOban
Lochgilphead
Rothesay
Dunfermline
EngagementsGallipoli
Salonika
Saint-Valery-en-Caux
North Africa
Sicily
Normandy
Arnhem
Rhine Crossing
Commanders
Honorary ColonelJ D S Duke of Argyll, KT, KCMG, VD, 18 July 1900

The1st Argyll & Bute Artillery Volunteerswas a part-time unit of theBritish Army'sRoyal Artilleryformed inScotlandin 1860 in response to a French invasion threat. It 1908 it became the only Mountain Artillery unit in theTerritorial Force,and saw action atGallipoliandSalonikaduring theFirst World War.Before theSecond World War,it became the first Territorial anti-tank unit. One of its successor units was captured atSaint-Valery-en-Caux,during theBattle of France,but others saw action in the campaigns inNorth Africa,Sicily,and inNorth West EuropefromD DaytoVE Day.The latter included theBattle of Arnhemand thecrossing of the Rhine.It continued in the postwarTerritorial Armyuntil 1955.

Artillery Volunteers[edit]

The enthusiasm for theVolunteer movementfollowing an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the RegularBritish Armyin time of need.[1][2][3][4]The1st Administrative Brigade, Argyll Artillery Volunteers,was formed with headquarters (HQ) atOban,on 10 October 1861 to include the following corps ofArgyllshireArtillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs):[5][6][7][8][9]

  • 1st Corps formed atEasdaleon 7 March 1860 (two batteries)
  • 2nd Corps formed atTarbert,Loch Fyne,on 12 April 1860 (disbanded 1862)
  • 3rd Corps formed at Oban on 8 March 1860
  • 4th Corps formed at West Tarbert on 12 April 1860; moved to Dunmore 1864, and Eonachan 1866 (disbanded 1874)
  • 5th Corps formed atArdgouron 16 January 1861 (one subdivision, disbanded in 1865)
  • 6th Corps formed atCampbeltownon 11 February 1861 (Increased to two batteries, 1870)
  • 7th Corps formed atPort Ellen,Islay,on 3 July 1861
  • 8th Corps formed at South Hall on 10 September 1861; moved toCastle Toward1878.
  • 9th Corps formed atTobermory, Mullon 15 May 1862 (Reduced to a half -battery, 1874).
  • 10th Corps formed atLochgilpheadon 15 May 1862
  • 11th Corps formed at Tarbet on 13 February 1866
  • 12th Corps formed atInverarayon 2 April 1867 (Recruited from men of theFurnace Quarries)

The 1st Bute Artillery Volunteers atRothesay(raised on 20 March 1862) joined the unit on 20 March 1863, and the 2nd Bute Artillery Volunteers fromMillport, Cumbrae,joined on formation on 5 October 1867. In 1864 brigade HQ moved to Lochgilphead, and in 1870 to Rothesay. On 25 May 1880 the brigade was consolidated as the1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers,with twelve and a half batteries, distributed as follows:[5][6][7][8]

  • Nos. 1 and 2, Easdale (late 1st Argyll)
  • No. 3, Oban (late 3rd Argyll)
  • Nos. 4 and 5, Campbeltown (late 6th Argyll)
  • No. 6, Port Ellen, Islay (late 7th Argyll)
  • No. 7, Castle Toward (late 8th Argyll).
  • No. 8, Rothesay (late 1st Bute)
  • No. 9, Millport (late 2nd Bute)
  • No. 10, Lochgilphead (late 10th Argyll)
  • No. 11, Tarbert (late 11th Argyll)
  • No. 12, Inveraray (late 12th Argyll)
  • Half-battery, Tobermory, Mull (late 9th Argyll) (disbanded in 1887)

In 1887 a new 12th battery was formed at Rothesay, and in the following year the 8th Battery moved to Dunoon.

Royal Garrison Artillery[edit]

In 1882 all the artillery volunteers were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of theRoyal Artillery(RA) and the 1st Argyll & Bute AVC became part of theScottish Division.In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined theSouthern Division.In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to theRoyal Garrison Artillery(RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the1st Argyll & Bute Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers)on 1 January 1902, with its HQ at Tarbert.[5][6][7][8]

During the South African War in 1900, 211 men of the 1st Argyll and Bute volunteered their services, but only eight were accepted for active service.

The corps was one of the most scattered in Britain. For example, No 6 Company had detachments at Bowmore, Bridgend, and Ardbeg. Personnel of the corps were spread over fifteen localities in some of the largest and least accessible country in Scotland. Owing to the varying occupations of the men, 75% were Gaelic-speaking, three training camps were arranged at different times of the year. In addition the corps had to maintain 15 carbine ranges. Many prizes were won by the corps, both in gun practice and repository exercises, at the Scottish National Artillery Association camps - the King's Cup was won atBarry Buddonin 1903 by the Easdale companies. The pipe band consisted of over thirty pipers.[7]

Territorial Force[edit]

When the Volunteers were subsumed into the newTerritorial Force(TF) under theHaldane Reformsof 1908[10][11][12]the bulk of the personnel of the 1st Argyll & Bute RGA (V) formedIV (4th) Highland (Mountain) Brigade, RGA,while the remainder formed one company of theForth and Clyde Royal Garrison Artillery.The new brigade, which included theLochcarron,Ross-shire,company from the formerHighland Artillery Volunteers,was the only TF mountain artillery unit. It formed part of theHighland Divisionand had the following organisation:[5][8][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

10-Pounder mountain gun preserved at theRoyal Artillery Museum.

IV Highland (Mountain) Brigade, RGA

  • HQ at Russell Street, Rothesay
  • Argyllshire (Mountain) Bty at Campbeltown
  • Ross and Cromarty (Mountain) Bty at Lochcarron
  • Buteshire (Mountain) Bty at Rothesay
  • 4th Highland (Mountain) Ammunition Column at Tarbert

The batteries were equipped with the10-pounder mountain gun,[16][20]a 2.75-inch calibre 'screw gun' originally developed for theIndian Army's mountain batteries.

First World War[edit]

Mobilisation[edit]

The Highland Division received a warning order for mobilisation on 29 July 1914, and the order to mobilise was received at 17.35 on 4 August. IV Highland Mtn Bde arrived atBedfordon 10 August, where the division concentrated over the following days. During the winter of 1914–15 a number of units left the division to join other formations in the field. On 10 March 1915 IV Highland Mtn Bde (except the Bute Bty) transferred to the29th Division.This was a new division formed mainly fromRegular Armyunits returned from stations round theEmpire,and was allocated to the forthcomingDardanelles operation.The battery left fromAvonmouth Dockson 16 March, bound forMaltaand thenAlexandria,where it disembarked.[16][18][19][20][21][22]

Gallipoli[edit]

Sgt Paterson, 4th Highland (Mountain) Brigade, with 10-pdr mountain gunca1915.

29th Division re-embarked at Alexandria andlanded at Cape Helleson theGallipoliPeninsula at 07.00 on 25 April 1915. IV Highland Mtn Bde and its two batteries served through the difficult opening weeks of the campaign with 29th Division, including the1st,2ndand3rd Battles of Krithiaand theBattle of Gully Ravine,before transferring to11th (Northern) Divisionon 29 July. The 11th was a newly arrived formation of 'Kitchener's Army' volunteers recruited since the outbreak of war. It was concentrating on the island ofImbrosfor a fresh landing on the peninsula atSuvla Bay,which was carried out on 7 August. This landing was no more successful than the first, and the campaign bogged down again. Once at Suvla the Argyll Battery transferred to the command of another Kitchener formation, the10th (Irish) Division,on 8 August, followed by the rest of the brigade on 13 August.[20][23][24]

The IV Highland Bde fought with 10th (I) Division through the campaign, including theBattle of Hill 60and the following trench warfare. When the division was withdrawn on 30 September the artillery, including IV Highland Bde, remained in action until the final evacuation of Suvla on the night of 19/20 December, when every gun was successfully withdrawn without loss.[23][24]

Men of the IV (Highland) Mountain Brigade with 2.75-inch mountain gun at Kamberli, Salonika, June 1918.

Salonika[edit]

After the evacuations from Gallipoli, the troops were transported back to Egypt for rest and reorganisation. The IV Highland Bde was classed as 'Army Troops' with theEgyptian Expeditionary Forcein theSuez Canaldefences. In September 1916 the brigade was sent toSalonikaas reinforcements for theMacedonian front.The Bute Battery, which had remained behind in Scotland and later England with the second line troops of the Highland Division (later the64th (2nd Highland) Division), sailed direct from England to Salonika, disembarking on 20 September.[19][25][26]Each mountain battery in Macedonia had four of the improved2.75-inch mountain guns.[27]

The Macedonian Front was another area of stationary trench warfare until late in the war, when the final offensive began on 1 September 1918. IV Highland Bde and its batteries were allocated to different formations as required. The brigade was with28th Divisionfrom December 1916 until 22 July 1918, when the Bute Bty went to27th Division.The rest of the brigade left 28th Division on 10 September to come underXVI Corpsbefore joining26th Divisionon 23 September. The Bute Bty left 27th Division on 8 September when it went toXVI Corps,returning on 23 September. On 25 September the battery rejoined IV Highland Bde, which had left 26th Division and was then operating with 14th Greek Division as the campaign came to a successful end.[28][29][30]

Interwar[edit]

When the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920, the brigade re-formed as1st Highland Mountain Bde, RGA,under the command of Lt-Col W.H. Macalpine-Leny,DSO,with HQ at the Drill Hall at Tarbert. The TF was reorganised as theTerritorial Army(TA) in 1921 and the brigade was redesignated as the26th Highland Pack Brigade, RGAin January 1922. The Bute Bty (initially listed as 102 (Howitzer) (Bute) Pack Bty) had aCadet Corpsaffiliated to it. The RGA was subsumed into theRoyal Artillery(RA) in 1924. The brigade (which was the only 'pack' unit in the TA) changed its number to 13th, with the following organisation:[8][14][13]

  • HQ, Drill Hall, Tarbert
  • 49th(Argyll) Bty, Drill Hall, Oban
  • 50th (Bute) Bty, Drill Hall, Rothesay
  • 51st (Ross) Bty, Drill Hall,Stornoway

The brigade changed its designation again from 'Pack' to 'Light' in 1927, but it underwent a more fundamental reorganisation in 1936 when it was converted into a field artillery unit as54th (West Highland) Army Field Brigade(the regiment and batteries re-used numbers from a Hampshire-based field regiment that had recently been converted to the anti-aircraft role):[8][13][31]

  • HQ, Drill Hall, Tarbert
  • 214 (Argyll) Field Bty, Campbeltown
  • 215 (Bute) Field Bty, Drill Hall, Rothesay
  • 219 (Ross) Field Bty, Drill Hall, Stornoway
  • 371 (Oban) Field Bty, Drill Hall, Oban, formed February 1937

However, this was short-lived: by the late 1930s a need for specialist anti-tank (A/T) artillery had been recognised, and on 28 November 1938 the regiment (as RA brigades were termed from that year onwards) became the first such unit in the TA as51st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Regiment.[8][14][31][32]

  • Regimental HQ (RHQ) at 130 George Street, Oban
  • 201 (Argyll) Anti-Tank Battery at Campbeltown
  • 202 (Bute) Anti-Tank Battery at Rothesay
  • 203 (Ross) Anti-Tank Battery at Drill Hall, Stornoway
  • 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery at Oban

Second World War[edit]

Mobilisation[edit]

The TA was doubled in size following theMunich Crisisof 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of theSecond World War.51st A/T Regiment reorganised as follows:[14][32][33]

51st (West Highland) A/T Rgt [34]

  • RHQ at 130 George Street, Oban
  • 201 (Argyll) A/T Bty at Campbeltown
  • 202 (Bute) A/T Bty at Rothesay
  • 203 (Ross) A/T Bty at Stornoway
  • 204 (Oban) A/T Bty at Oban[35]

61st (West Highland) A/T Rgt [36]

  • RHQ at Rothesay
  • 241 (Highland) A/T Bty
  • 242 (Oban) A/T Bty[35]
  • 243 A/T Bty
  • 244 A/T Bty

The establishment of an A/T battery at this time was 12 x2-pounder guns organised inTroopsof four guns.[35][37]

51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment[edit]

51st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Rgt mobilised at Oban under Lt-Col C.N. Roney-Dougal,MC,a Regular RA officer, and trained atBordon Campbefore crossing to France on 2 February 1940 to join theBritish Expeditionary Force(BEF) with 51st (Highland) Division.[8][37][38]

On 22 April the division was sent for a tour of duty with3rd French Armyon theSaarFront, and took over a section of the line in front of theMaginot Lineforts by 6 May.[37][39][40][41][42]

Battle of France[edit]

TheBattle of Francebegan on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. While the rest of the BEF responded by executing the pre-arrangedPlan Dand advanced to defend Belgium, 51st (H) Division stayed on the Saar Front, which remained quiet until 13 May. At 04.00 that morning the Germans began a heavy bombardment, and strong probing attacks were driven off. Attacks on the following days were half-hearted. On the night of 22/23 May the division was relieved in the line. By now German troops had reachedBoulogneand cut off most of the BEF, and 51st (H) Division was ordered to move west to link up with the British1st Armoured Divisionoperating south of theSomme.[42][43]

51st (H) Division held the line of theBresle,but was very stretched: one battery of 51st (WH) A/T Rgt had to cover 9 miles (14 km) of the river. Attacks by the division against a German bridgehead over the Somme were unsuccessful, and at 04.00 on 5 June the enemy attacked all along the division's front. The Bresle line was outflanked by GermanPanzersracing forRouen,and the division received orders to withdraw during the night of 8/9 June.[44][45]During 9 June the division was cut off, and that night anad hocbrigade group formed atArques-la-Batailleand known asArkforcewas sent back to protect the approaches toLe Havre,whereOperation Cyclewas under way to evacuate base troops. Arkforce was formed around154th Infantry Brigadeand accompanied by 204 (Oban) A/T Bty. It set off during the night of 9/10 June, but shortly after it arrived the rest of 51st (H) Division was cut off from Le Havre. The division moved back toSaint-Valery-en-Cauxwhere there was a chance that it could be evacuated. ButErwin Rommel's7th Panzer Divisionbroke through to the cliffs overlooking the harbour. 201 (Argyll) Bty fought furiously to prevent this, but one by one its guns were put out of action. 51st (Highland) Division was forced to surrender on 12 June. All of 51st (WH) Anti-Tank Regiment except 204 (Oban) Bty becameprisoners of warand the regiment ceased to exist.[32][35][39][46][47][48][49][a]

204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery[edit]

Arkforce was successfully evacuated from Le Havre the day after the surrender of the rest of the division at St Valery. 204 (Oban) Bty was under the command of Maj Donald Carmichael, who refused to allow the men to embark until their precious 2-pdrs were safely aboard. Arkforce was taken first toCherbourg Naval Base,where a new BEF was to be formed, then evacuated to the UK on 15 June (Operation Aerial) after that attempt was abandoned.[35][46][52][53]

Back in the UK, 204 became an independent A/T Bty with29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group,a new formation made up of Regular infantry battalions brought back fromIndia.As one of the few fully equipped formations in the UK, the brigade served withXII Corpsin the most threatened area of South East England during the 'invasion summer' of 1940, then in theWest Sussex County Divisionalong the South Coast from November 1940. When the West Sussex Division moved away in February 1941, 29th Bde remained guarding the South Coast underIV Corpsand South Eastern Command. 204 (Oban) Bty left on 5 May 1941 when the brigade came underWar Officecontrol to prepare for overseas service.[54][55]

204 (Oban) Independent A/T Bty was with1st (Guards) Independent Brigade Groupbetween 11 April and 5 August 1942.[56]When that brigade was assigned to78th Divisionassembling forOperation Torch,the battery transferred on 5 August to1st Airborne Division.On 23 October 1942 it was redesignated2 (Oban) Air-Landing A/T Bty,equipped (with6-pounderA/T guns) and trained for glider operations.[35][57][58][59]

The emblem of British Airborne Forces,Bellerophonriding the flying horsePegasus.

Air-landing battery[edit]

The battery served with 1st Airborne in theTunisian Campaign,but its participation in theAllied invasion of Sicily(Operation Husky) was cancelled at the last minute. A shortage of transport aircraft for the invasion of mainland Italy meant that 1st Airborne Division landed by sea atTaranto(Operation Slapstick); although the landing was unopposed, the battery suffered heavy casualties (the battery commander, Maj James Wilson, one other officer and 22 other ranks (ORs) when the mine-layer it was travelling aboard (HMSAbdiel) struck a mine in Taranto harbour and sank.[35][58][59][60]

1st Airborne Division was withdrawn from Italy in the autumn of 1943 and prepared for operations inNorth West Europe.The division was not called upon in the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). A number of airborne operations were planned and cancelled before the attempt to 'bounce' the bridges up to and across the lower Rhine (Operation Market Garden) was launched. Just beforehand, 2 (Oban) A/L A/T Bty was issued with some of the newer17-pounderA/T guns: one 6-pdr Troop was converted and three additional 17-pdr Troops organised. The new gun could be transported in the largeHamilcarglider. During the operation that battery flew in eight Hamilcars and 24Horsagliders fromRAF Tarrant Rushtonand participated in theBattle of Arnhem.After the failure of the operation, one officer and 58 ORs were evacuated across the river out of 158 who had gone in. The battery commander, Maj A.F. Haynes was among those taken prisoner.[35][58][59]

The reduced 1st Airborne Division did not see action again, but it was sent to liberate Norway afterVE Day(Operation Doomsday). By then the battery had been combined with the other A/L batteries into a new 1st Airlanding A/T Rgt. It was disbanded in November 1945 after returning from Norway.[35][58][59][61]

61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment[edit]

61st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Rgt mobilised at Rothesay in9th (Highland) Infantry Division,the 2nd Line duplicate of 51st (H) Division. It remained training inScottish Commanduntil 7 August 1940 when 9th (H) Division was redesignated as 51st (H) Division to replace the original formation lost at St Valery.[33][39][62]244 A/T Battery left the regiment to join a new 84th A/T Rgt on 22 September and was replaced by 296 A/T Bty from55th (Suffolk Yeomanry) A/T Rgton 15 December 1941. The regiment was authorised to adopt the 'West Highland' subtitle on 17 February 1942. 296 A/T Battery left on 10 May 1942 and later joined 107th A/T Rgt; it was replaced by a newly-formed 193 A/T Bty. After completing training in Scotland, the division sailed for Egypt on 16 June 1942, landing on 12 August.[32][39][63]

North Africa[edit]

6-pounder A/T gun and crew in the Western Desert, 1942.

The division's first action was theSecond Battle of El Alamein,for which the regiment was equipped with 16 x 2-pdrs and 48 of the newOrdnance QF 6-poundergun.[35][39][64]It moved up during the preceding nights, occupying gun positions and dumping ammunition, and remaining concealed during daylight. The bombardment began at 21.40 on 23 October and the advance began 20 minutes later. 51st (H) Division ran into several centres of resistance and only on the extreme left did it reach its final objective; however, the 'break-in' phase of the battle had started well.[65]Over following days 51st (H) Division made progress towards its own objective as the 'dog-fight' phase continued. The 'break-out' phase began on the night of 1/2 November with Operation Supercharge, preceded by another powerful barrage. In the early hours of 4 November 51st (H) Division broke through to the Rahman Track, and theAxisforces began to retreat.[66]

51st (H) Division then took part in the pursuit toEl AgheilaandTripoliin January 1943. By 25 February it was pastMedenineinTunisiaand facing theMareth Line.The Axis force made a spoiling attack on 6 March (theBattle of Medenine) but there was plenty of warning. 51st (H) Division was positioned along the Wadi Zassar, a natural anti-tank ditch, and the A/T guns had been positioned to 'kill tanks' rather than protect the infantry from them. The Axis advance was easily repulsed.[39][67][68]

TheBattle of the Mareth Linebegan on the night of 16/17 March when 51st (H) Division took the outpost line against negligible opposition. The main attack followed on 20/21 March with another massive night barrage, but little progress was made over the Wadi Zigzaou for the first two days and the line held until it was outflanked by other forces in the south. The Axis defence collapsed on 28 March and the following day 51st (H) Division was on its way toGabès.[39][69][70]

The next Axis defence line was alongWadi Akarit.The barrage for 51st (H) Division's assault began at 04.15 on 6 April, and the division's attack, in the words of theOfficial History,'went like clockwork'. 61st (WH) Anti-Tank Rgt went into action with its 6-pdrs towed by tanks while the gun crews rode on the back of the tanks with their ammunition. The tanks then formed a protective screen while the A/T gunners dug in under shellfire. For the first time the regiment encountered Tiger tanks, but these remained out of range of the 6-pdrs using their longer range guns to shell the Highlanders. Axis troops then began counter-attacks and the Highlanders had to fight hard to hold their gains. Some A/T guns got through to support 7th BattalionArgyll and Sutherland Highlanders(A&SH), but not to 7th BnBlack Watch,who were isolated 1,500 yards (1,400 m) away. However, the positions were held.[39][71][72]The pursuit was resumed the following day, throughSfax.From 22 April the division was in action in the hills aroundEnfidaville,until the end of the campaign on 15 May.[39][73]

Sicily[edit]

51st (H) Division then went into training for theAllied landings in Sicily(Operation Husky). Together with its 6-pdrs the regiment was issued with a few of the new17-pounderA/T guns on the stop-gapPheasant carriage(adapted from the25-pounder field gun).[74]51st (H) Division sailed in the invasion convoy fromSfaxon 8 July and the assault brigade (154 Bde) landed nearPachinoat 03.00 on 10 July. There was little opposition and 241 A/T Bty's guns were got ashore and deployed at pre-arranged sites in the morning. The largerLanding Ships, Tank,arrived about 12.00 and the rest of the regiment went ashore that night. 242 A/T Battery was assigned to153 Bdeand 243 Bty to152 Bde,while 193 A/T Bty remained with RHQ as divisional reserve. The division then moved forward toVizziniandFrancofonte,where it met its first opposition on 13 July. 243 A/T Bty fired the first rounds of the campaign at apillboxwith great effect, and thereafter the divisional policy was to have A/T guns well up with the infantry as close assault guns for use against pillboxes and machine gun posts in houses.[39][74][75]

The division continued with scarcely a pause towards theDittainoriver, where it sent a composite force of infantry and armour ('Arrow Force') accompanied by 243 AT Bty to cross the Dittaino and attempt to capturePaternò.It achieved a bridgehead on 17 July but further advance was checked, so on the night of 20/21 July the division made an attack against the main enemy defences atGerbini Airfield.7th A&SH made the attack supported by A Trp and half of B Trp (Pheasants) and some tanks. Although the attack succeeded, fierce counter-attacks by theHermann Goring Divisiondrove the Highlanders out the following morning, after which 51st (H) Division was put onto the defensive. Further counter-attacks and heavy shelling on 23/24 July led to more casualties. Because of casualties in men and guns 193 A/T Bty made use of three captured German75 mm A/T gunsand H Trp was immobilised to keep the others up to strength.[74][76]

The division was relieved on 30 July and redeployed for operations againstAdrano(thebattles round Etna). The A/T guns were assembled at Sferro under fire, so that they could be quickly deployed as soon as the infantry were on their objectives. 51st (H) Division took its new bridgeheads over the Dittaino on the night of 31 July/1 August and the A/T guns were in action by daylight. Enemy armour put in a counter-attack at 14.00 and a few tanks got close enough to be destroyed by the A/T guns.[39][74][77]Paternò fell on 4 August,Biancavillaon 6 August, and the division began a 50 miles (80 km) 'sidestep' north ofZafferanaon 12 August. By now the Axis forces were evacuating Sicily, which was completed on 17 August. During the Sicily campaign the regiment lost 1 officer and 5 ORs killed, 1 officer and 40 ORs wounded, and 2 ORs missing.[74][78]

51st (H) Division did not take part in the subsequentItalian Campaign,having been earmarked forOperation Overlord.

Normandy[edit]

17-pounder A/T gun and crew in Normandy 1944.

51st (Highland) Division was in the first follow-up wave of formations in Overlord. On 2 June 1944 it embarked atEast India Docks,London, bound for Normandy and began landing on 7 June (D + 1).[39][79]The first troops ashore on D + 1 included 242 A/T Bty with 153 Bde Gp and the 17-pdr Trp of 193 A/T Bty with Divisional troops.[80]The division then got bogged down for several weeks in operations round 'The Triangle' north-east ofCaen.[81]It then supported3rd Division's attack on the flank ofOperation Goodwoodon 18 July.[39][82]

On 8 August 51st (H) Division spearheadedII Canadian Corps' attack towardsFalaise(Operation Totalize). The attack began before dawn and by first light the break-in was going well, with a number of villages taken.4th Canadianand1st Polish Armoured Divisionsthen passed through to continue the advance.[39][83][84][85][86]The Canadians renewed the advance to Falaise on 14 August inOperation Tractable,with 51st (H) Division attacking towards the Laison Valley on the left flank. By 21 August theFalaise Pockethad been closed and the division was advancing eastwards towardsLisieux.[87]It was then sent across theSeineto liberate St Valery, site of the original division's surrender in 1940.[88]

51st (H) Division then moved in for the assault onLe Havre(Operation Astonia). This was a major operation, with heavy air and artillery bombardment and armoured support, which cowed the opposition. It was followed by a similar assault to takeBoulogne(Operation Wellhit), and operations to maskDunkirk.[89][90][91][92]

Low Countries[edit]

The division next made a long move to theAntwerparea at the end of September, then spent three weeks in the line atSint-Oedenrode.[93][94]61st (WH) Anti-Tank Rgt was deployed to cover the chain of bridges captured duringOperation Market Garden,engaging occasional targets such as occupied houses or with long-range harassing fire. On 13 October 193 Bty helped drive off a 'small but well organised' German attack with their A/T guns andBren guns,while 241 Bty contributed fire from2-inch mortars.The regiment also practised assault river crossings, using stormboats to ferryJeep-towed 6-pdrs and improvised pontoons with outboard motors to carry 17-pdrs andQuadtractors.[95]

On 23 October the regiment took part in Operation Colin, a divisional attack onSchijndel.[95][96]Schijndel was taken relatively easily and the division pressed on to takeVughton 25 October.[95][97]

On 4 November the division began an operation against 'The Island' west of's-Hertogenboschwith a crossing of the Afwaterings Canal. Deception shoots were carried out by 193 Bty on the right flank and by 243 Bty on the left flank, including giving covering fire from 12 Bren guns for the infantry crossing.[95][98][99][100]

On 14 November the division carried out an assault crossing of theWillems CanalnearWeert(Operation Ascot), then moved on to the Zig Canal and crossed that on 17 November with much less preparation. Once the canal had been bridged, 61st (WH) A/T Rgt's guns were deployed to defend the bridgehead, helped through the bad conditions by being towed byKangarooarmoured personnel carriers.[95][101][102][103]

51st (H) Division was then tasked with holding the wet low-lying country betweenNijmegenandArnhemthat had been captured during Operation Market Garden, some of which subsequently had to be evacuated (Operation Noah) when the Germans broke the dykes and flooded the area. At the beginning of December the division was pulled out of the line for rest.[95][104][105][106]

In December the division was suddenly moved south as part of the response to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (theBattle of the Bulge), and then in January 51st (H) Division fought its way into the flank of the 'Bulge' in winter conditions.[107][108][109][110][111][112]

Archer SP 17-pdr.

In the winter of 1944–45 the A/T batteries of infantry divisions were restructured to have one Troop each of towed 6-pdrs, towed 17-pdrs andArcherself-propelled (SP) 17-pdrs onValentine tankchassis.[63]

Rhineland[edit]

51st (H) Division was next engaged in the fighting in theReichswald(Operation Veritable).[39]It began at 05.00 on 8 February with a huge artillery preparation, after which the Highlanders attacked and were on their objectives by 23.00 that night. 61st (WH) A/T Rgt's batteries were as usual attached to the infantry brigades (and 193 Bde with RHQ), but the guns were not actually needed. On 10 February the SP Trp of 242 Bty came into action against enemy machine gun posts and houses, though several Archers of 242 and 243 Btys were bogged or damaged by enemy A/T fire. The slow advance continued throughGennepon 11 February, and the gunners suffered from enemy shellfire. One of the regiment's officers reconnoitring in aValentine observation post(OP) tank on 12 February attacked and drove off an enemy party in the forest. On 13 February the SP guns destroyed a tank and a church steeple at Hekkens used as an enemy OP, while other gunners drove off local attacks by German paratroopers with small arms fire. On 16 February 243 Bty's SP and towed 17-pdrs supported a night attack by 152 Bde onAsperden.The final phase of the operation for 51st (H) Division began on 18 February againstGoch,which was successfully taken after stiff fighting.[39][113][114][115][116][117][118]

An Archer 17-pdr SP gun of 61st (WH) A/T Rgt being rafted across the Rhine

The division took a leading part in the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder). The division then continued throughIsselburgandAnholt.[39][119][120][121][122][123]

The division reached theDortmund–Ems Canalon 8 April. After a pause at the canal, it advanced rapidly towardsBremenagainst delaying actions. It reachedDelmenhorston 20 April and closed in on the centre of Bremen. TheGerman surrender at Lüneburg Heathended the fighting on 5 May.[124][125][126][127][128]

61st (WH) A/T Rgt was placed in suspended animation on 1 April 1946.[14][32][61]

Postwar[edit]

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 61st (WH) A/T Rgt was formally disbanded and the former 51st (WH) A/T Rgt was reformed as254 (West Highland) Anti-Tank Rgtwith HQ atDumbarton,forming part of 51st/52nd (Lowland) Division.[14][32][61][129][130][131][132]In 1950 the regiment re-roled as254 (West Highland) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment.[129][132][133]In 1954 it absorbed417 (Dumbartonshire) (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Rgt(originally the Clyde RGA, to which the 1st Argyll & Bute Artillery Volunteers had contributed personnel). The combined regiment reverted to being 254 (West Highland) A/T Rgt, with one battery from the 417th.[129][132][133][134]

Finally, on 10 March 1955 the regiment was amalgamated into theGreenock-based277th (Highland) Field Rgtand the Argyll & Bute lineage ended.[129][132][133][135]

Uniforms and insignia[edit]

Uniform of the 51st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Regiment 1939, depicted on a contemporary cigarette card.

The original uniforms varied greatly. Colonel F. Campbell (commanding 1884–1903) wrote:'The corps had their separate uniforms, which were tunics or Garibaldi shirts, caps with red, yellow, or white bands; belts brown, black, or white. The officers' dress was even more varied. They joined simply to encourage the movement, and wore much what they chose, utilising any old uniform that they might have worn some time or other, whether cavalry, infantry, or other. Swords of all patterns, perhaps presentations to their forefathers before and after Waterloo'.[7]

In 1860 the 3rd Corps had blue uniforms with scarletfacings,white pouch belts, black waistbelts, andbusbies.The 4th Corps wore a jumper and trousers of blue flannel, and a broadKilmarnock bonnet,such as was usually worn by Tarbert fishermen, of whom it was mainly composed.[5][7][136]

On the creation of the TF in 1908 IV Highland (Mtn) Bde adopted the usual brass shoulder titles consisting of 'T' over 'RGA' over the territorial designation, but in this case the three batteries adopted individual titles: T/RGA/ARGYLL, T/RGA/ROSS&CROMARTY and T/RGA/BUTE.[14]

While serving in Macedonia in 1916 IV Mtn Bde was issued withBalmoral bonnetsfor officers and Kilmarnock bonnets for ORs.Tartanflashes were worn behind the RA gun badge, each battery having a different tartan:[14]

Commanding Officers[edit]

The following served as Commanding Officer (CO) of the units:

Honorary Colonels[edit]

The following served asHonorary Colonelof the unit:[7][8]

Memorial[edit]

There is a memorial in Stornoway to the men of 1st Ross-Shire Mountain Bty who died in Egypt, at Gallipoli and in the Balkans during the First World War, and during the Second World War. The monument is of stone in the form of a cairn surmounted by a thistle, standing in front of the Drill Hall and TA Centre at the crossroads of Church and Lewis Streets.[137][138]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^203 Anti-Tank Bty was reformed in31st Independent Bde Gp.On 31 July 1940 it exchanged with 223 A/T Bty from56th (King's Own) A/T Rgt,and served with that unit and with55th (Devon) LAA/AT Rgtin theBurma Campaign.233 Anti-Tank Bty later became 1 Air-Landing A/T Bty.[32][50][51]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Beckett.
  2. ^Grierson, pp. 1–12.
  3. ^Litchfield & Westlake, pp. 1–4.
  4. ^Spiers, pp. 163–8.
  5. ^abcdeLitchfield & Westlake, pp. 24–6.
  6. ^abcFrederick, pp. 649–50.
  7. ^abcdefgGrierson, pp. 149–51.
  8. ^abcdefghiArmy List,various dates.
  9. ^Beckett, Appendix VIII.
  10. ^Beckett, pp. 247–53.
  11. ^Dunlop, Chapter 14.
  12. ^Spiers, Chapter 10.
  13. ^abcFrederick, pp. 894, 898–9.
  14. ^abcdefghLitchfield, pp. 276–7.
  15. ^"London Gazette20 March 1908 ".
  16. ^abcBecke, Pt 2a, pp. 101–7.
  17. ^"Conrad,British Army, 1914".Archivedfrom the original on 19 February 2006.Retrieved19 February2006.
  18. ^ab"51st (Highland) Division – The Long, Long Trail".
  19. ^abc"51st (Highland) Division".10 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2009.
  20. ^abcBecke, Pt 1, pp. 117–24.
  21. ^"29th Division – The Long, Long Trail".
  22. ^"29th Division".8 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 8 November 2009.
  23. ^abBecke, Pt 3a, pp. 19–25.
  24. ^abBecke, Pt 3a, pp. 11–18.
  25. ^Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 55–9.
  26. ^'Mountain Batteries, RGA', The National Archives, file WO 95/5494/1.
  27. ^Farndale,Forgotten Fronts,Annex 1.
  28. ^Becke, Pt 1, pp. 97–103.
  29. ^Becke, Pt 1, pp. 105-11.
  30. ^Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 143–9.
  31. ^abFrederick, pp. 495, 515.
  32. ^abcdefgFrederick, pp. 914, 918, 920.
  33. ^ab"British Scottish Command on 3 September 1939:: The Patriot Files:: Dedicated to the preservation of military history".www.patriotfiles.com.
  34. ^"51 (West Highland) Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)".The Royal Artillery 1939-45.
  35. ^abcdefghij"204 & 242 Oban Anti-Tank Battery | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  36. ^"61 Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)".The Royal Artillery 1939-45.
  37. ^abc"HyperWar: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 [Appendix I]".www.ibiblio.org.
  38. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,p. 16.
  39. ^abcdefghijklmnopqJoslen, pp. 83–4.
  40. ^"HyperWar: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 [Chapter II]".www.ibiblio.org.
  41. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,p. 21.
  42. ^ab"HyperWar: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 [Chapter XVII]".www.ibiblio.org.
  43. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,pp. 85–6.
  44. ^"HyperWar: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 [Chapter XIX]".www.ibiblio.org.
  45. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,pp. 87–9.
  46. ^ab"HyperWar: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 [Chapter XX]".www.ibiblio.org.
  47. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,pp. 89–91.
  48. ^"St. Valery, June 1940 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  49. ^"Henry Owens, 1939 - 1940 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  50. ^Cowper, p. 336.
  51. ^Joslen, pp. 279, 514, 526.
  52. ^Farndale,Years of Defeat,pp. 89–93.
  53. ^Joslen, p. 341.
  54. ^Collier, Maps 17 & 20.
  55. ^Joslen, pp. 116, 276, 542–4.
  56. ^Joslen, p. 225.
  57. ^Frederick, p. 930.
  58. ^abcdJoslen pp. 104–5.
  59. ^abcd"2nd Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery RA | ParaData".www.paradata.org.uk.
  60. ^Molony, Vol V, pp. 242–3.
  61. ^abcFarndale,Years of Defeat.Annex M.
  62. ^Joslen, p. 55.
  63. ^ab"61 Anti Tank Regt 1944/45".WW2Talk.
  64. ^Joslen, p. 572.
  65. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 31, 35–8.
  66. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 48, 56–7, 66, 74–5.
  67. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 107, 223–4, 232, 234–6, 316, 320, 324–6.
  68. ^Horrocks, p. 147.
  69. ^Horrocks, pp. 148–55.
  70. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 335, 338–41, 353.
  71. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 364–7, 370–2.
  72. ^"Two personal accounts of the 61st Anti-Tank Reg. at Wadi Akarit | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  73. ^Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, p. 377.
  74. ^abcde"61ST ANTI-TANK Regiment IN SICILY Campaign | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  75. ^Molony, Vol V, pp. 61, 78, 82, 93.
  76. ^Molony, Vol V, pp. 115–7.
  77. ^Molony, Vol V, pp. 150–2, 158–9.
  78. ^Molony, Vol V, p. 179.
  79. ^Ellis,Normandy,pp. 79, 247–50.
  80. ^"Extract from Operation Order No. 1 - Overlord | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  81. ^"The Triangle, Normandy, June-July 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  82. ^Ellis,Normandy,p. 343.
  83. ^Ellis,Normandy,pp. 419–24.
  84. ^"Breakout and Operation Totalise | August 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  85. ^"Operation Totalise, The Breakout, Normandy, August 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  86. ^"Operation" Totalise "account by Major A McKinnon | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  87. ^Ellis,Normandy,pp. 430–1, 449.
  88. ^"The Return to St. Valery | September 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  89. ^Ellis,Germany,pp. 14–5.
  90. ^Lindsay, pp. 76–81.
  91. ^"THE ATTACK ON LE HAVRE | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  92. ^"154 Brigade at Dunkirk | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  93. ^Lindsay, pp. 82–95.
  94. ^"The Low Countries, Oct - Dec 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  95. ^abcdef61 A/T Rgt war diary at RA Netherlands.
  96. ^"Operation Colin, The Battle of Mass, 23rd October 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  97. ^"Attack on St. Michels Gestel and Vught | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  98. ^"The" Island "- | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  99. ^"CROSSING OF AFTERWATINGS CANAL | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  100. ^Ellis,Germany,pp. 126–7.
  101. ^Ellis,Germany,p. 160.
  102. ^Lindsay, pp. 116–24.
  103. ^"Operation Ascot, 14th November 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  104. ^Ellis,Germany,p. 237.
  105. ^Lindsay, pp. 124–37.
  106. ^"Operation Noah, Holland, Nov-Dec 1944 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  107. ^Horrocks, pp. 238–41.
  108. ^Lindsay, pp. 138, 141, 150–64.
  109. ^"Ardennes - Battle of the Bulge, January 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  110. ^"Ronchamps, Ardennes, January 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  111. ^"La Roche, Ardennes, January 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  112. ^"Subsequent Operations, Ardennes, Jan 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  113. ^Horrocks, pp. 248–55.
  114. ^Ellis,Germany,pp. 258–67.
  115. ^Lindsay, pp. 173–208.
  116. ^"Reichswald and Operation Veritable, Holland, February 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  117. ^"Hekkens, Reichswald, Feb 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  118. ^"Goch, Final Objective in Operation Veritable, Feb 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  119. ^Ellis,Germany,pp. 288–92.
  120. ^Horrocks, p. 257.
  121. ^Lindsay, p. 218.
  122. ^Saunders, pp. 46, 66–7, 195–218.
  123. ^"Crossing the Rhine, March 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  124. ^Ellis,Germany,pp. 307, 311–2, 316, 339–40.
  125. ^Horrocks, pp. 262–6.
  126. ^Lindsay, pp. 237–54.
  127. ^"Advance to Bremen - Div COMD's Policy | Account | 51st Highland Division Website".51hd.co.uk.
  128. ^"Victory in Europe, April - May 1945 | 51st Highland Division".51hd.co.uk.
  129. ^abcdFrederick, p, 997.
  130. ^Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  131. ^"THE TERRITORIAL ARMY 1947".www.orbat.info.
  132. ^abcd"British Army units from 1945 on - 235 - 265 Regiments 1947-67".british-army-units1945on.co.uk.
  133. ^abcLitchfield, p. 282.
  134. ^"British Army units from 1945 on - 414 - 443 Regiments 1947-67".british-army-units1945on.co.uk.
  135. ^Frederick, p. 1000.
  136. ^Grierson, Plate V.
  137. ^"1st Ross-shire Mountain Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery".Imperial War Museums.
  138. ^"The Scottish Military Research Group - Commemorations Project:: View topic - Ross & Cromarty Mountain Battery, RGA (TF)".warmemscot.s4.bizhat.com.

References[edit]

  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions,London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,ISBN1-847347-38-X.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56),London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,ISBN1-847347-39-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,ISBN1-847347-39-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26),London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,ISBN1-847347-41-X.
  • Ian F.W. Beckett,Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908,Aldershot, The Ogilby Trusts, 1982,ISBN0-85936-271-X.
  • Basil Collier,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom,London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
  • Col Julia Cowper,The King's Own: The Story of a Royal Regiment,Volume III:1914–1950,Aldershot: Gale & Polden, 1957.
  • Col John K. Dunlop,The Development of the British Army 1899–1914,London: Methuen, 1938.
  • MajL.F. Ellis,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940,London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, 978-1-85457-056-6.
  • Major L.F. Ellis,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West,Vol I:The Battle of Normandy,London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004,ISBN1-845740-58-0.
  • Major L.F. Ellis,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West,Vol II:The Defeat of Germany,London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004,ISBN1-845740-59-9.
  • Gen SirMartin Farndale,History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18,Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988,ISBN1-870114-05-1.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale,History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941,Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996,ISBN1-85753-080-2.
  • J.B.M. Frederick,Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978,Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
  • J.B.M. Frederick,Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978,Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
  • Maj-GenJames Grierson,Records of the Scottish Volunteer Force 1859–1908,Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1909.
  • Lt-Gen SirBrian Horrocks,A Full Life,London: Collins, 1960.
  • Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960].Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945.Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press.ISBN978-1-84342-474-1.
  • Lt-ColMartin Lindsay,So Few Got Through,London: Collins, 1946/Arrow Books (pbk; nd)/Leo Cooper, 2000,ISBN0850527546.
  • Norman E.H. Litchfield,The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges),Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992,ISBN0-9508205-2-0.
  • Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake,The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges),Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982,ISBN0-9508205-0-4.
  • Brig C.J.C. Molony,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East,Vol V:The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944,London: HMSO, 1973/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,ISBN1-845740-69-6.
  • Maj-GenI.S.O. Playfair& Brig C.J.C. Molony,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East,Vol IV:The Destruction of the Axis forces in Africa,London: HMSO, 1966/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,ISBN1-845740-68-8
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  • Edward M. Spiers,The Army and Society 1815–1914,London: Longmans, 1980,ISBN0-582-48565-7.

External sources[edit]

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