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2008 in spaceflight

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2008in spaceflight
First successful flight of a SpaceXFalcon 1
Orbital launches
First15 January
Last25 December
Total69
Successes66
Failures2
Partial failures1
Catalogued67
National firsts
SatelliteVenezuela
Vietnam
Space travellerSouth Korea
Rockets
Maiden flightsAriane 5ES
Long March 3C
PSLV-XL
Safir
Zenit-3SLB
RetirementsH-IIA 2024
Crewed flights
Orbital7
Total travellers37

The year 2008 contained several significant events inspaceflight,including the first flyby ofMercuryby a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery ofwater iceonMarsby thePhoenixspacecraft, which landed in May, the firstChinesespacewalkin September, the launch of the firstIndianLunarprobein October, and the first successful flight of a privately developed orbital launch vehicle by SpaceX'sFalcon 1.

Overview[edit]

The internationally accepted definition of a spaceflight is any flight which crosses theKármán line,100 kilometres above sea level. The first recorded spaceflight launch of the year occurred on 11 January, when aBlack Brantwas launched on asuborbitaltrajectory fromWhite Sands,with theLIDOSultraviolet astronomypayload.[1]This was followed by the first orbital launch of the year on 15 January, by aSea LaunchZenit-3SL,with theThuraya 3communications satellite.[2]The launch marked the return to flight for Sea Launch following the explosion of a Zenit-3SL on the launch pad the previous January during an attempt to launch theNSS-8satellite.

Five carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2008; theAriane 5ES,Long March 3C,Zenit-3SLB,PSLV-XL,and the operational version of theFalcon 1,with an upratedMerlin-1Cengine.[3]These were all derived from existing systems. TheBlue SparrowandSejjilmissiles also conducted their maiden flights, and theATK Launch Vehiclemade its only flight, but was destroyed byrange safetyafter it went off course. In November, the baselineProton-Mwas retired in favour of the Enhanced variant, first launched in2007.

The firstVietnameseandVenezuelansatellites,Vinasat-1andVenesat-1respectively, were launched in 2008, while a failedIranianlaunch was reported to have been that country's first indigenous orbital launch attempt. In September,SpaceXconducted the first successful orbital launch of a privately developed and funded liquid-fuelled carrier rocket, when the fourthFalcon 1launchedRatSat,following previous failures in 2006, 2007, and August.

Space exploration[edit]

The discovery of water ice on Mars

Indialaunched its first Lunar probe,Chandraayan-1,on 22 October, with the spacecraft enteringselenocentric orbiton 8 November. On 16 November, theMoon Impact Probewas released, and crashed into the Lunar surface. Although no other spacecraft were launched beyondgeocentric orbitin 2008, several significant events occurred in interplanetary flights which had been launched in previous years.MESSENGERconducted flybys of Mercury in January and October, the first spacecraft to do so sinceMariner 10in 1975.Cassinicontinued to make flybys of the moons ofSaturn,including several close passes ofEnceladus,one at a distance of 25 kilometres.[4]In SeptemberRosettaflew past the asteroid2867 Šteins.On 25 May, thePhoenixspacecraft landed in theGreen ValleyonMars,where it discoveredwater ice.[5]Phoenix exceeded its design life of 90 days, finally failing on 10 November. TheUlyssesspacecraft, launched in 1990, was also retired in 2008.[6]

Crewed spaceflight[edit]

Seven crewed flights were launched in 2008, one byChina,two byRussiaand four by theUnited States.In April,Yi So-yeonbecame the firstSouth Koreanto fly in space, aboardSoyuz TMA-12.On the same flight,Sergey Volkovbecame the first second-generationcosmonaut.Yi returned to Earth aboardSoyuz TMA-11,which nearly ended in disaster following a separation failure between the descent and service modules, resulting in aballistic reentry.[7]In September, China conducted its third crewed mission,Shenzhou 7,from whichZhai ZhigangandLiu Bomingconducted the first Chinese spacewalk.[8]Soyuz TMA-13,launched in October, was the hundredth flight of theSoyuz programmeto carry a crew at some point in its mission.[9]

Assembly of theInternational Space Stationcontinued, with the delivery of theColumbusmodule bySpace ShuttleAtlantison missionSTS-122in February. March saw the launch of theJules VerneAutomated Transfer Vehicle,anuncrewedEuropean spacecraft which was used to resupply the space station. Also in March, Space ShuttleEndeavourlaunched onSTS-123with the first component of theJapanese Experiment Module,the Experiment Logistics Module. STS-123 marked the final flight of theSpacelabprogramme, with a SpaceLab pallet used to carry the Canadian-builtDextreRMS extension. The second JEM component, the main pressurised module, was launched bySTS-124,flown byDiscoveryin May. In November,Endeavourlaunched on theSTS-126logistics flight, with theLeonardoMPLM.

Launch failures[edit]

On 14 March, a Proton-M with aBriz-Mupper stage launchedAMC-14.Several hours later, on 15 March, the Briz-M engine cut off prematurely during a burn,[10]leaving the satellite in amedium Earth orbit.Following a small legal dispute,[11]the satellite was sold, and raised to ageosynchronous orbitby its manoeuvring thrusters, at the expense of a large amount of its fuel and hence operational life.[12]

On 3 August, SpaceX launched the third Falcon 1. Due to residual thrust caused by the upgraded Merlin-1C engine which was being flown for the first time, the first stage recontacted the second during staging, resulting in the rocket failing to reach orbit. TheTrailblazer,PreSatandNanoSail-Dsatellites were lost in the failure, as was aspace burialcapsule, containing the remains of several hundred people, including astronautGordon Cooper,actorJames Doohan,writer and directorJohn Meredyth LucasandApollomission plannerMareta West.[13]

On 16 August, Iran launched aSafir,which though officially successful, was reported to have failed due to a second stage malfunction. The purpose of this launch is in doubt, as before the launch it was claimed that it would place theOmidinto orbit, whilst following the launch, it was reported that aboilerplatepayload had been launched.[14]Other reports indicated that the launch was only a suborbital test of the rocket.[15]If this was an orbital launch attempt, it was the first Iranian attempt to launch a satellite.

On 22 August, the inaugural launch of theAlliant TechsystemsALV X-1was terminated 27 seconds after launch fromWallops Flight Facilitywhen it veered off course. Both hypersonic physics experiments on board were destroyed.[16]

Summary of launches[edit]

The ATK Launch Vehicle, launched on a suborbital flight in August

In total, sixty nine orbital launches were made in 2008, with sixty seven reaching orbit, and two outright failures if the Iranian launch in August is counted.[3]This is an increase of one orbital launch attempt on 2007, with two more launches reaching orbit, which continues a trend of increasing launch rates seen since 2006. The final launch of the year was conducted on 25 December, by a Proton-M with threeGLONASSnavigation satellites for the Russian government.

Launch of an SM-3 missile to destroy USA-193

Suborbital spaceflight in 2008saw a number ofsounding rocketandmissilelaunches. On 21 February, aRIM-161 Standard Missile 3was used as ananti-satellite weaponto destroy theUSA-193satellite. USA-193 was a US spy satellite which had failed immediately after launch in2006.[17][18]

By country[edit]

China conducted twelve orbital launches of a planned fifteen. Europe had intended to conduct seven launches ofAriane 5rockets, and the maiden flight of theVegarocket, however payload delays pushed one of the Arianes into 2009, and the Vega was delayed due to development issues. India had originally scheduled five to seven launches, however only three of these were conducted, mostly due to delays with the launch ofChandraayan-1.Japan scheduled three launches for 2008, of which one was launched; anH-IIAwithWINDSin February. Russia and the former Soviet Union conducted twenty six launches, not including the international Sea and Land launch programmes, which conducted six. Fourteen launches were conducted by the United States, which had originally announced plans to launch many more, however technical issues with several rockets, particularly theAtlas V,Delta IIandFalcon 1,caused a number of delays. The Atlas problems, combined with a series of delays to the launch ofNRO L-26on aDelta IV,resulted in just two of ten plannedEELVlaunches being conducted.[3][19]Two of six plannedSpace Shuttlelaunches were also delayed to 2009, one due to problems withExternal Tankdelivery, and another due to a major systems failure on theHubble Space Telescope,which it was to have serviced.Israelwas not reported to have scheduled, or conducted an orbital launch attempt.

List of launches[edit]

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ =CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay(UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January[edit]

11 January
05:32[1] 		CanadaBlack Brant IX United StatesWhite SandsLC-36 United StatesNASA
United StatesLIDOS JHU Suborbital UV Astronomy 05:42 Successful
Apogee:315 kilometres (196 mi)
15 January
11:49[2] 		UkraineZenit-3SL NorwayOcean Odyssey United NationsSea Launch
United StatesThuraya 3 Thuraya Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
17 January[20] IsraelJericho III IsraelPalmachim IsraelIsraeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force Suborbital Missile test 17 January Successful
18 January
07:30[21] 		CanadaBlack Brant XII NorwayAndøya United StatesNASA
United StatesSCIFER-2 Cornell/Dartmouth Suborbital Ionospheric research 18 January Successful
Apogee:1,460 kilometres (910 mi)
21 January
03:45[2] 		IndiaPSLV-CA IndiaSatish DhawanFLP IndiaISRO
IsraelTecSAR(Polaris) IAI Low Earth Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
25 January[22] PakistanShaheen-I PakistanSonmiani PakistanPakistan Army
Pakistan Army Suborbital Missile test 25 January Successful
28 January
00:18[2] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-M KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaRoskosmos
RussiaEkspress AM-33 RSCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
31 January
19:14[23] 		BrazilUnited StatesVS-30-Orion NorwayAndøya GermanyNorwayDLR/Andøya
United KingdomHotPay-2 University of Leeds Suborbital Ionospheric research 31 January Successful
Apogee:380.6 kilometres (236.5 mi)

February[edit]

4 February[24] IranSafir IranSemnan IranISA
IranKavoshgar-1 ISA Suborbital Test flight 4 February Successful
5 February
13:02:54[2] 		RussiaSoyuz-U KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaProgress M-63 Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics 7 April
11:50[25]		 Successful
ISS flight 28P
6 February
09:14:40[26] 		JapanS-310 JapanUchinoura JapanJAXA
JAXA Suborbital Ionospheric research 6 February Successful
7 February
11:30[27] 		BrazilVSB-30 SwedenEsrange GermanyEuropeDLR/ESA
GermanyEuropeTEXUS-44 DLR/ESA Suborbital Microgravity 7 February Successful
Apogee:264 kilometres (164 mi)
7 February
19:45:30[2] 		United StatesSpace ShuttleAtlantis United StatesKennedyLC-39A United StatesUnited Space Alliance
United StatesSTS-122 NASA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly 20 February
14:07:10[28]		 Successful
United NationsColumbus ESA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with sevenastronauts
11 February
11:34[2] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-M KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
NorwayThor-5 Telenor Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
21 February
03:26[29] 		United StatesRIM-161 Standard Missile 3 United StatesUSSLake Erie United StatesU.S. Navy/MDA
United StatesASAT MDA Suborbital Satellite intercept 03:29[29] Successful
DestroyedUSA-193satellite[17]
21 February
06:15[27] 		BrazilVSB-30 SwedenEsrange GermanyEuropeDLR/ESA
GermanyEuropeTEXUS-45 DLR/ESA Suborbital Microgravity 21 February Successful
23 February
08:55[2] 		JapanH-IIA2024 JapanTanegashimaLA-Y JapanMitsubishi
JapanWINDS(Kizuna) JAXA/NICT Geosynchronous Communications
Technology		 In orbit Successful[30]
26 February
07:28[31] 		IndiaK-15 Sagarika IndiaINSKalinga IndiaIndian Navy
Indian Navy Suborbital Missile test 26 February Successful

March[edit]

9 March
04:03:07[2] 		EuropeAriane 5ES FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
EuropeJules VerneATV ESA Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics 29 September
13:31		 Successful
Maiden flight of Ariane 5ES and ATV
11 March
06:28:14[2] 		United StatesSpace ShuttleEndeavour United StatesKennedyLC-39A United StatesUnited Space Alliance
United StatesSTS-123 NASA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly 27 March
00:39:08[33]		 Successful
United StatesSpacelab MD002[32] NASA Low Earth(STS/ISS) ISS logistics Successful
United NationsJEM ELM-PF JAXA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
United NationsDextre(SPDM) MDA Corporation Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with seven astronauts
Final flight ofSpacelab programme,pallet used to transportDextre[32]
13 March
10:02[2] 		United StatesAtlas V411 United StatesVandenbergSLC-3E United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesUSA-200(Improved Trumpet)[34] NRO Molniya[34] ELINT[34] In orbit Operational
NRO Launch 28,first Atlas V launch from Vandenberg
14 March
23:18:55[2][38] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-M KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
United StatesAMC-14 SES Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Partial launch failure[3]
Upper stage malfunction during second burn left spacecraft in wrong orbit[10][35]
Initial recovery attempted but abandoned due to legal issues.[11][36]Later sold and recovery efforts restarted.[37]
15 March
06:10[39] 		United StatesDelta II7925-9.5 United StatesCape CanaveralSLC-17A United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesUSA-201(GPS IIR-19/M6)[40] US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
80th consecutive successfulDelta IIlaunch.[39]
19 March
22:47:59[41] 		UkraineZenit-3SL NorwayOcean Odyssey United NationsSea Launch
United StatesDirecTV-11 DirecTV Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
23 March
04:45[42] 		IndiaAgni 1 IndiaIntegrated Test RangeLC-4[42] IndiaIndian Army
SFC/DRDO Suborbital Missile test 23 March Successful
27 March
17:15[43] 		RussiaKosmos-3M RussiaPlesetskSite 132/1 RussiaGermanyCOSMOS International
GermanySAR-Lupe 4 Bundeswehr Low Earth(SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
28 March BrazilVSB-30 NorwayAndøya NorwayAndøya
NorwayMini-DUSTY 14 Andøya Suborbital Ionospheric research 28 March Successful

April[edit]

2 April
08:01[44] 		United StatesLGM-30G Minuteman III United StatesVandenbergLF-09 United StatesU.S. Air Force
United StatesGT-196GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 2 April Successful
Travelled 6,759 kilometres (4,200 mi) downrange[44]
8 April
11:16:39[25][46] 		RussiaSoyuz-FG KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaSoyuz TMA-12 Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISSExpedition 17[46] 24 October
03:37[47]		 Successful
Crewed flight with threecosmonauts,including firstSouth Koreanin space[25]and first second-generation cosmonaut[45]
Docked on 10 April at 12:57 GMT[46]
14 April
16:58[48] 		CanadaBlack Brant IX United StatesWhite SandsLC-36 United StatesNASA
United StatesSEE UCBLASP Suborbital UV Astronomy[49] 17:08[48] Successful
14 April
20:12:00[50] 		United StatesAtlas V421 United StatesCape CanaveralSLC-41 United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesICO G1 ICO Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Heaviest single commercial satellite to be placed in GSO.
Heaviest satellite to be launched by an Atlas rocket.[50]
15 April IsraelBlue Sparrow IsraelF-15 Eagle,Israel IsraelIsraeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force Suborbital Test flight 15 April Successful
Maiden flight of Blue Sparrow.
16 April
17:01[51] 		United StatesPegasus-XL Marshall IslandsUnited StatesStargazer,Kwajalein Atoll United StatesOrbital Sciences
United StatesC/NOFS STP/NASA Low Earth Electrodynamics 28 November 2015 Successful
18 April
22:17[52] 		EuropeAriane 5ECA FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
VietnamVinasat-1 VNPT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
BrazilStar One C2 Star One Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
FirstVietnamesesatellite
19 April[53][54] PakistanShaheen-II PakistanSonmiani PakistanPakistan Army[55]
Pakistan Army[55] Suborbital Missile test 19 April Successful
21 April[56] PakistanShaheen-II PakistanSonmiani PakistanPakistan Army
Pakistan Army Suborbital Missile test 21 April Successful
25 April
15:35[57] 		ChinaLong March 3C ChinaXichangLA-2 ChinaCNSA
ChinaTianlian I-01 CNSA Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Maiden flight of Long March 3C
26 April
22:16:02[58] 		RussiaSoyuz-FG/Fregat KazakhstanBaikonurSite 31/6 EuropeRussiaStarsem
EuropeGIOVE-B ESA Medium Earth Navigation
Technology demonstration		 In orbit Operational
28 April
03:53:51[60][61] 		IndiaPSLV-C IndiaSatish DhawanSLP IndiaISRO
IndiaCartosat-2A[62] ISRO Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
IndiaTWSAT(IMS-1)[62] ISRO Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
GermanyRUBIN-8[63] OHB System Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀DenmarkAAUSAT-II[64] Aalborg Low Earth Radiation[64] In orbit Operational
⚀CanadaCanX-2[65] UTIAS Low Earth Technology demonstration[65] In orbit Operational
⚀CanadaCanX-6[66] UTIAS/COM DEV Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀GermanyCOMPASS-1[67] Aachen Low Earth Earth observation
Technology demonstration		 In orbit Operational
⚀JapanCute-1.7+APD II[68] Tokodai Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
⚀NetherlandsDelfi-C3[69] Delft Low Earth Technology demonstration 13 November 2023[70] Successful
⚀JapanSEEDS-2[71] Nihon Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
All payloads except CartoSat, TWSAT and RUBIN wereCubeSats,launched under designation NSL-4, except CanX-6 which was NSL-5.[59]
RUBIN-8 intentionally remained attached to upper stage
28 April
05:00[73] 		UkraineZenit-3SLB KazakhstanBaikonurSite 45/1 United NationsLand Launch
IsraelAMOS-3(AMOS-60) SCL Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
First Land Launch flight and maiden flight of Zenit-3SLB.
Reached incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket underperformance.[72]Corrected by satellite through use of spare fuel, without affecting operational life.

May[edit]

1 May
05:30[74][75] 		CanadaBlack Brant IX United StatesWhite SandsLC-36 United StatesNASA
JHU Suborbital UV Astronomy 05:40 Successful
7 May
04:26[76][77] 		IndiaAgni-III IndiaIntegrated Test Range LC-4 IndiaIndian Army
SFC/DRDO Suborbital Missile test 04:41 Successful
8 May United StatesUGM-133 Trident II United StatesUSSNebraska United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 8 May Successful
8 May United StatesUGM-133 Trident II United StatesUSSNebraska United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 8 May Successful
14 May
20:22:54[78][79] 		RussiaSoyuz-U KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaProgress M-64 Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics 8 September[80] Successful
ISS flight 29P
15 May
04:00[82][83][81] 		BrazilVSB-30 SwedenEsrange SwedenGermanySSC/DLR
SwedenEuropeMASER-11 SSC/ESA Suborbital Microgravity 15 May Successful[81]
Apogee:252 kilometres (157 mi)[81]
21 May
09:43[84] 		UkraineZenit-3SL NorwayOcean Odyssey United NationsSea Launch
United NationsGalaxy 18 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
22 May
10:04[86][87] 		United StatesLGM-30G Minuteman III United StatesVandenbergLF-10 United StatesU.S. Air Force
United StatesGT-197GM U.S. Air Force/NNSA[86] Suborbital Missile test 22 May Successful
Long range test[85]
23 May
05:00[88] 		IndiaPrithvi IndiaIntegrated Test Range IndiaIndian Army
Indian Army[88] Suborbital Missile test 23 May Successful
User test[88]
23 May
15:20:09[89] 		RussiaRokot/Briz-KM RussiaPlesetskSite 133/3[73] RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2437(Rodnik)[90] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2438(Rodnik)[90] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2439(Rodnik)[90] VKS Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational
RussiaYubeleiny NPO PM[91] Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
27 May
03:02[92] 		ChinaLong March 4C ChinaTaiyuanLC-1 ChinaCASC
ChinaFengyun 3A CMA Sun-synchronous Weather[93] In orbit Operational
29 May ChinaTszyuylan-2 ChinaP629 submarine,Yellow Sea ChinaPLAN
PLAN Suborbital Missile test 29 May Successful
31 May
21:02:12[94][95] 		United StatesSpace ShuttleDiscovery United StatesKennedyLC-39A United StatesUnited Space Alliance
United StatesSTS-124 NASA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly 14 June
15:15[96]		 Successful
United NationsJEM-PM JAXA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly In orbit Operational
Crewed flight with seven astronauts

June[edit]

5 June
18:13 		United StatesTR-SRBM FTM-14 United StatesUSSTripoli,Kauai United StatesU.S. Navy/MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIStarget 5 June Successful
Destroyed after re-entry by endoatmosphericSM-2missile launch
9 June
12:15[97] 		ChinaLong March 3B[98] ChinaXichangLC-2 ChinaCASC
ChinaChinasat 9[99] CNPT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
11 June
16:05[100] 		United StatesDelta II7920H-10C United StatesCape CanaveralSLC-17B United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesFGST[101](GLAST)[102] NASA Low Earth Gamma-ray astronomy In orbit Operational
12 June
22:05:02[103] 		EuropeAriane 5ECA FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
United KingdomSkynet 5C MoD Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
TurkeyTurksat 3A Türksat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
13 June United StatesMRT United StatesBarking Sands United StatesU.S. Navy/MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIStarget 13 June Successful
Used for simulated test, not intercepted
13 June United StatesMRT United StatesBarking Sands United StatesU.S. Navy/MDA
MDA Suborbital AEGIStarget 13 June Successful
Used for simulated test, not intercepted
19 June
06:36
[105][106] 		RussiaKosmos-3M RussiaKapustin YarSite 107 RussiaGermanyCOSMOS International
United StatesOrbcomm CDS-3 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
United StatesOrbcomm QL-1 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational[107]
United StatesOrbcomm QL-2 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
United StatesOrbcomm QL-3 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Operational[107]
United StatesOrbcomm QL-4 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
United StatesOrbcomm QL-5 Orbcomm Low Earth Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft affected by communications problems, four had failed by December 2009.[104]
20 June
07:46:25[105] 		United StatesDelta II7320 United StatesVandenbergSLC-2W United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesJason-2(OSTM) NASA Low Earth Oceanography In orbit Operational
26 June
02:16[108] 		United StatesTRBM FTT-09 United StatesC-17,Pacific Ocean United StatesU.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital THAADTarget 26 June Successful
Intercepted after re-entry byTHAADlaunched fromKMRat 02:22GMT.[108][109][110]
26 June
19:57[111][112] 		CanadaBlack Brant XI United StatesWallops Island United StatesNASA
MDA[112] Suborbital Technology demonstration 26 June Successful
26 June
23:59[113] 		RussiaProton-K/DM-2[114](??DM-3[37]) KazakhstanBaikonurSite 81/24 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2440(Prognoz)[37] VKS Geosynchronous Missile defence[37] In orbit Operational
30 June[115] United StatesNike-Orion NorwayAndøya NorwayAndøya
NorwayGermanyECOMA 2008-1 Andøya/DLR Suborbital Aeronomy 30 June Successful

July[edit]

7 July
21:30[115] 		United StatesNike-Orion NorwayAndøya NorwayAndøya
NorwayGermanyECOMA 2008-2 Andøya/DLR Suborbital Aeronomy 7 July Successful
Apogee:125 kilometres (78 mi)
7 July
21:47[116] 		EuropeAriane 5ECA FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
Saudi ArabiaBadr-6 Arabsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
BermudaProtoStar-1[117] ProtoStar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
9 July[118] IranShahab-3[citation needed] IranStrait of Hormuz[118] IranIRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part ofGreat Prophet IIIexercise.[citation needed]
9 July[118] IranShahab-2[119] IranStrait of Hormuz[118] IranIRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[citation needed]missile type not confirmed.
9 July[118] IranShahab-1[119] IranStrait of Hormuz[118] IranIRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 9 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise,[citation needed]missile type not confirmed.
10 July[120] IranShahab-3 IranStrait of Hormuz IranIRGC
IRGC Suborbital Missile test 10 July Successful
Part of Great Prophet III exercise, missile type not confirmed.
12 July
10:46[115] 		United StatesNike-Orion NorwayAndøya[115] NorwayAndøya
NorwayGermanyECOMA 2008-3 Andøya/DLR Suborbital Aeronomy[115] 12 July Successful
Apogee: 123 kilometres (76 mi)[115]
14 July
10:10[121] 		United StatesTerrier-Orion[122] United StatesWallops IslandLP-1 United StatesNASA
United StatesSubTEC-II NASA/Wallops Suborbital Technology demonstration 14 July Successful
16 July
05:20:59
[123][124] 		UkraineZenit-3SL NorwayOcean Odyssey United NationsSea Launch
United StatesEchostar 11 Echostar Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
18 July
22:47[125] 		United StatesUGM-27 Polaris(STARS United StatesKodiak Island United StatesU.S. Air Force
United StatesFTX-03 MDA Suborbital Target 18 July Successful[126]
Radar targeting test only, missile not intercepted
22 July
02:40:09
[127][128] 		RussiaKosmos-3M RussiaPlesetskSite 132/1 RussiaGermanyCOSMOS International[citation needed]
GermanySAR-Lupe 5 Bundeswehr Low Earth (SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Operational
26 July
18:31[129] 		RussiaSoyuz-2.1b RussiaPlesetskSite 43/4 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2441(Persona)[129] VKS Low Earth (SSO) Reconnaissance In orbit Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft lost due to electrical malfunction[citation needed]

August[edit]

1 August[citation needed] RussiaR-29 RussiaRyazan,Barents Sea[citation needed] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 1 August Successful[citation needed]
2 August
08:30[130][131] 		JapanS-520 JapanUchinoura JapanJAXA
JAXA/Teikyo Suborbital Microgravity 2 August Successful
Apogee: 293 kilometres (182 mi)
3 August
03:34[132][137] 		United StatesFalcon 1 Marshall IslandsOmelek United StatesSpaceX
United StatesTrailblazer ORS/MDA Intended:Low Earth Technology demonstration ~T+140 seconds[138] Launch failure[138]
⚀United StatesPreSat[139] Santa Clara/NASA[139][140] Intended:Low Earth Biological
⚀United StatesNanoSail-D[139] Santa Clara/NASA[139][141] Intended:Low Earth Solar sail
United StatesExplorers[142] Celestis Intended:Low Earth Space burial
First and second stage recontact due to residual thrust.[132]PreSAT and NanoSail-D CubeSats, Celestis burial payload included remains of astronautGordon Cooper,[133]actorJames Doohan,[134]writer and directorJohn Meredyth Lucas,[135]andApollomission plannerMareta West[136]
13 August
08:01[144] 		United StatesLGM-30G Minuteman III United StatesVandenberg United StatesU.S. Air Force
United StatesGT-195GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 13 August Successful[144]
Travelled about 6,790 kilometres (4,220 mi) downrange.[143]
14 August
20:44[105] 		EuropeAriane 5ECA FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
JapanSuperbird 7 SCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
United StatesAMC-21 SES Americom Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
16 August
19:32[145] 		IranSafir[146] IranSemnan IranISA
IranDemoSat[147] ISA Intended: Low Earth[145] Test flight 16 August Launch failure[145]
Reported to have been firstIranianorbital launch attempt. Officially successful, however no objects were left in orbit.[145]Unofficial reports of a second stage malfunction.[145]Also reported to have been a suborbital test, or an attempt to launch theOmidsatellite, instead of an orbital test launch.
18 August
22:43[148][149][150] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-MEnhanced KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39[150] RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
United KingdomInmarsat-4 F3[151] Inmarsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
22 August
09:10[153] 		United StatesALV United StatesMARSLP-0B United StatesAlliant Techsystems
United StatesSOAREX-VI NASA Suborbital Technology demonstration T+27 seconds[153] Launch failure
United StatesHy-BoLT NASA Suborbital Aerodynamics
Only flight of ALV, veered off course to the South and destroyed byRSO[152]
25 August[154] United StatesUGM-133 Trident II United StatesUSSLouisiana,Pacific Ocean United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful
25 August[154] United StatesUGM-133 Trident II United StatesUSSLouisiana,Pacific Ocean United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Missile test 25 August Successful
28 August[155] RussiaRT-2PM Topol(RS-12M) RussiaPlesetsk RussiaRVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 28 August Successful
29 August
07:15:58[156] 		UkraineDnepr KazakhstanBaikonurSite 109/95 RussiaISC Kosmotras
GermanyTachys(RapidEye-1)[157] RapidEye/Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[158]
GermanyMati(RapidEye-2)[157] RapidEye/Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[158]
GermanyChoma(RapidEye-3)[157] RapidEye/Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[158]
GermanyChoros(RapidEye-4)[157] RapidEye/Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[158]
GermanyTrochia(RapidEye-5)[157] RapidEye/Planet Labs Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful[158]

September[edit]

6 September
03:25[159] 		ChinaLong March 2C ChinaTaiyuanLC-1 ChinaCASC
ChinaHuan Jing 1A CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
ChinaHuan Jing 1B CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
6 September
18:50:57[160] 		United StatesDelta II7420 United StatesVandenbergSLC-2W United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
United StatesGeoEye 1(Orbview 5) GeoEye Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
10 September
19:50:02[80] 		RussiaSoyuz-U KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaProgress M-65 Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics 7 December
08:48:47[161]		 Successful
ISS flight 30P
18 September
02:05[162] 		FTT-10 United StatesKauai United StatesMDA
MDA Suborbital Target 18 September Launch failure[162]
TwoTHAADintercept launches cancelled.[162]
18 September
14:45[163] 		RussiaRSM-56 Bulava(R-30) RussiaDmitri Donskoi,White Sea[164] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 15:05[165] Successful
19 September
21:48[157][166] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-M KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
CanadaNimiq-4[167] Telesat Canada Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
24 September
06:57[168] 		United StatesChimera[168](Minuteman/Minotaur II) United StatesVandenbergLF-06 United StatesOrbital Sciences
United StatesNFIRE 2b MDA Suborbital Target 24 September Successful
Tracked byNFIREsatellite
24 September
09:27:59[169] 		UkraineZenit-3SL NorwayOcean Odyssey United NationsSea Launch
United NationsGalaxy 19 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
25 September
08:49:37
[157][170] 		RussiaProton-M/DM-2[171] KazakhstanBaikonurSite 81/24 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2442(GLONASS)[157][172] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[173] In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2443(GLONASS)[157][172] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[173] In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2444(GLONASS)[157][172] VKS Medium Earth Navigation[173] In orbit Operational
25 September
13:10[157][175] 		ChinaLong March 2F ChinaJiuquanLA-4/SLS-1 ChinaCASC
ChinaShenzhou 7 CMSA Low Earth Crewed flight 28 September
09:37:40[174]		 Successful
ChinaBan Xing[174] CMSA Low Earth Technology demonstration 30 October 2009[176] Successful
ChinaShenzhou 7-GC[174] CMSA Low Earth Technology demonstration 4 January 2010[177] Successful
Crewed flight with threeyǔhángyuán,crew conducted first ChineseEVA
Ban Xing deployed from Shenzhou on 27 September at 11:27 GMT, GC separated on 28 September at 08:48 to begin independent mission[174]
28 September
23:15[179] 		United StatesFalcon 1 Marshall IslandsOmelek United StatesSpaceX
United StatesRatSat[174] SpaceX Low Earth Boilerplate In orbit Successful[179][178]
Launchedboilerplatepayload. First privately funded and developed liquid fuelled rocket to reach orbit.[178]

October[edit]

1 October
06:37:16 		UkraineDnepr RussiaDombarovskiy RussiaISC Kosmotras
ThailandTHEOS GISTDA Low Earth Earth observation In orbit Operational
11 October[citation needed] RussiaR-29RMU Sineva RussiaTula,Barents Sea RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 11 October Successful
Long-range test[citation needed]
12 October
07:01[180] 		RussiaSoyuz-FG KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaSoyuz TMA-13[181] Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISSExpedition 18 8 April 2009
07:16		 Successful
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts, including aspace tourist.100th flight of theSoyuz programmeto be crewed at some point in its mission[9]
12 October
07:24[citation needed] 		RussiaRT-2PM Topol(RS-12M) RussiaPlesetsk RussiaRVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 07:50[citation needed] Successful
12 October[182] RussiaR-29R Vysota RussiaZelenograd,Sea of Okhotsk[182] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 12 October Successful
12 October[182] RussiaR-29RM Shtil RussiaYekaterinburg,Barents Sea[182] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 12 October Successful
19 October
17:47:23[183] 		United StatesPegasus-XL/Star-27 Marshall IslandsUnited StatesStargazer,Kwajalein Atoll United StatesOrbital Sciences
United StatesIBEX NASA High Earth Solar In orbit Operational
20 October
08:39[184] 		CanadaBlack Brant IX United StatesWhite SandsLC-36 United StatesNASA
NRL Suborbital UV Astronomy[185] 08:49[184] Successful
22 October
00:52:11[187] 		IndiaPSLV-XL IndiaSatish DhawanSLP IndiaISRO
IndiaChandrayaan-1[188] ISRO Selenocentric Lunarorbiter In orbit Partial spacecraft failure
IndiaMIP ISRO Selenocentric Lunarimpactor 14 November Successful
First Indianlunarspacecraft,[186]failed on 28 August 2009 after less than half of planned mission duration, maiden flight of PSLV-XL
22 October
09:10[189] 		RussiaRS-18 UR-100N KazakhstanBaikonur RussiaRVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 22 October Successful
22 October
12:30[190] 		United StatesNike-Orion SwedenEsrange SwedenGermanyEuroLaunch
SwedenGermanyREXUS-4 SSC/DLR Suborbital Student research 22 October Successful
Apogee:175 kilometres (109 mi)
25 October
01:15[192] 		ChinaLong March 4B ChinaTaiyuanLC-2[191] ChinaCASC
ChinaShijian6-03A CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
ChinaShijian6-03B CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
First launch from Taiyuan LC-2[191]
25 October
02:28[193] 		United StatesDelta II7420-10 United StatesVandenbergSLC-2W United StatesUnited Launch Alliance
ItalyCOSMO-3 ASI[194] Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
29 October
16:53:53[195] 		ChinaLong March 3B/E ChinaXichangLC-2 ChinaCASC
VenezuelaVeneSat-1(Simón Bolívar) VMoST Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful; Partial spacecraft failure
FirstVenezuelansatellite.[195]Lost in March 2020 due to the failure of both solar array drives.[196]

November[edit]

1 November[197] Pacific Blitz United StatesBarking Sands United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Target 1 November Successful
Intercepted by SM-3 missile, part ofPacific Blitzexercise[197]
1 November[197] United StatesRIM-161 SM-3 Pacific Blitz United StatesUSSPaul Hamilton,Pacific Ocean[197] United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy[197] Suborbital Intercept test 1 November Successful
Intercepted target missile, part ofPacific Blitzexercise[197]
1 November[197] Pacific Blitz United StatesBarking Sands United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy Suborbital Target 1 November Successful
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed. Part ofPacific Blitzexercise[197]
1 November[197] United StatesRIM-161 SM-3 Pacific Blitz United StatesUSSHopper,Pacific Ocean[197] United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy[197] Suborbital Intercept test 1 November Spacecraft failure
Sensor fault resulted in failure to intercept target missile.[197]Part ofPacific Blitzexercise[197]
5 November
00:15[198] 		ChinaLong March 2D[199] ChinaJiuquan Satellite Launch CenterSLS-2[200] ChinaCASC
ChinaChuang Xin 1B CNSA Low Earth Weather In orbit Operational
ChinaShiyan 3[200] CNSA Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Operational
5 November
09:00[201] 		United StatesLGM-30G Minuteman III United StatesVandenberg United StatesU.S. Air Force
United StatesGT-198GM U.S. Air Force Suborbital Missile test 5 November Successful
Travelled 6,740 kilometres (4,190 mi) downrange[201]
5 November
20:44 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-M KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
LuxembourgAstra 1M SES Astra Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Final flight of standard Proton-M
12 November
05:56[202] 		IndiaShaurya[203] IndiaIntegrated Test RangeLC-3[204] IndiaDRDO
Indian Army Suborbital Missile test 12 November Successful
12 November[205] IranSejjil IranIran IranIRGC AF
IRGC AF Suborbital Missile test 12 November Successful
Maiden flight ofSejjilmissile
13 November
09:06[206] 		FranceM51 FranceCEL FranceFOST
FOST Suborbital Missile test 13 November Successful
14 November
15:50[207] 		RussiaSoyuz-U RussiaPlesetskSite 16/2 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2445(Kobalt-M) VKS Low Earth Optical imaging 23 February 2009[208]
16:15[209]		 Successful
14 November CanadaBlack Brant IX United StatesWhite SandsLC-36 United StatesNASA
NRL[210] Suborbital Solar[210] 14 November Successful
15 November
00:55:39[212] 		United StatesSpace ShuttleEndeavour[213] United StatesKennedyLC-39A United StatesUnited Space Alliance
United StatesSTS-126[214] NASA Low Earth(ISS) ISS assembly 30 November
21:25:06[215]		 Successful
ItalyUnited StatesLeonardoMPLM ASI/NASA Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics Successful
United StatesPSSC U.S. Air Force Low Earth Technology demonstration 17 February 2010
17:31[216]		 Successful
Crewed flight with seven astronauts, PSSC deployed from Shuttle at 20:33 GMT on 29 November and operated for 110 days.[211]
19 November
02:18[217][218] 		JFTM-2 United StatesBarking Sands United StatesU.S. Navy
U.S. Navy/JMSDF Suborbital Target 19 November Successful
Intercept by SM-3 missile failed
19 November
02:21[218] 		United StatesRIM-161 SM-3 JFTM-2 JapanJDSChōkai,Pacific Ocean JapanJMSDF
JMSDF Suborbital Interceptor 19 November Spacecraft failure
Infrared sensor fault, failed to intercept target[219]
26 November
12:38:27[220] 		RussiaSoyuz-U KazakhstanBaikonurSite 1/5 RussiaRoscosmos
RussiaProgress M-01M Roscosmos Low Earth(ISS) ISS logistics 8 February 2009
08:20[221]		 Successful
First flight of modernisedProgress spacecraft,Kursanomaly necessitated manual docking.
ISS flight 31P
26 November
13:24[citation needed] 		RussiaRS-24 Yars RussiaPlesetsk RussiaRVSN RF
RVSN RF Suborbital Missile test 26 November Successful
26 November[222] IranKavoshgar-2 IranSemnan IranISA
IranKavoshgar-2 ISA Suborbital Test flight 26 November Successful
Payload recovered by parachute
28 November[223] RussiaRSM-56 Bulava (R-30) RussiaDmitri Donskoi,White Sea[224] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 28 November Successful

December[edit]

1 December
04:42[225] 		ChinaLong March 2D ChinaJiuquan Satellite Launch CenterSLS-2 ChinaCASC
ChinaYaogan-4 CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Operational
2 December
05:00[226] 		RussiaMolniya-M/2BL[227] RussiaPlesetskSite 16/2 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2446(Oko) VKS Molniya Missile defence In orbit Operational
5 December
10:35:10[228] 		BrazilUnited StatesVS-30-Orion NorwaySvalRak NorwayAndøya
NorwayICI-2[229] Oslo Suborbital Auroral 10:45[228] Successful
Apogee:330 kilometres (210 mi)[228]
5 December
20:04[231] 		United StatesUGM-27 Polaris (STARS) FTG-05 United StatesKodiak Island United StatesU.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital Target 20:29[232] Partial spacecraft failure
Decoy target failed to deploy,[230]intercepted byGBI
5 December
20:21[231] 		United StatesGround Based Interceptor FTG-05 United StatesVandenberg United StatesU.S. Air Force
MDA Suborbital Target 20:29[232] Successful
Intercepted Polaris
10 December
13:43:00[233] 		RussiaProton-M/Briz-MEnhanced KazakhstanBaikonurSite 200/39 RussiaUnited StatesInternational Launch Services
CanadaCiel-2[105] Ciel[234] Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
15 December
03:22[235] 		ChinaLong March 4B ChinaTaiyuanLC-2 ChinaCASC
ChinaYaogan-5 CNSA Low Earth (SSO) Earth observation 2 September 2014 Successful
20 December
22:35[236] 		EuropeAriane 5ECA FranceKourouELA-3 FranceArianespace
FranceHot Bird 9[105] Eutelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
FranceEutelsat W2M[105] Eutelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Spacecraft failure[237]
23 December
00:54[238] 		ChinaLong March 3A ChinaXichangLC-2 ChinaCASC
ChinaFengyun 2E CMA Geosynchronous Meteorology In orbit Operational
23 December
03:00[240] 		RussiaRSM-56 Bulava[241] RussiaDmitry Donskoi[239] RussiaVMF
VMF Suborbital Missile test 23 December Launch failure
Self-destruct system activated after missile went off course.[239]
25 December
10:43[242] 		RussiaProton-M/DM-2Enhanced KazakhstanBaikonurSite 81/24 RussiaRVSN RF
RussiaKosmos 2447(GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2448(GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
RussiaKosmos 2449(GLONASS) VKS Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Operational
First flight of Proton-M Enhanced with DM-2 upper stage, last orbital launch from Baikonur to be conducted by the Russian military

Deep Space Rendezvous[edit]

Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
5 January Cassini 40th flyby ofTitan Closest approach: 1,010 kilometres (630 mi)
14 January MESSENGER 1st flyby ofMercury Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 19:04GMT[243]
22 February Cassini 41st flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 March Cassini 3rd flyby ofEnceladus Closest approach: 52 kilometres (32 mi)
25 March Cassini 42nd flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 May Cassini 43rd flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
25 May Phoenix Landing onMars Region D, Arctic area -Green Valley,near theHeimdalcrater:68°13′08″N125°44′57″W/ 68.2188°N 125.7492°W/68.2188; -125.7492.Touchdown at 23:38GMT.Successful[244]
28 May Cassini 44th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,400 kilometres (870 mi)
31 July Cassini 45th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,613 kilometres (1,002 mi)
11 August Cassini 4th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 54 kilometres (34 mi)
5 September Rosetta Flyby of2867 Šteins

Closest approach: 800 kilometres (500 mi)

6 October MESSENGER 2nd flyby of Mercury
9 October Cassini 5th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 25 kilometres (16 mi)
31 October Cassini 6th flyby of Enceladus Closest approach: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
3 November Cassini 46th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,100 kilometres (680 mi)
8 November Chandrayaan-1 Injection intoSelenocentric orbit Periselene: 504 kilometres (313 mi), Aposelene: 7,502 kilometres (4,662 mi)[245]
14 November MIP Landing on the Moon Lunar Impactor
19 November Cassini 47th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 1,023 kilometres (636 mi)
5 December Cassini 48th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 960 kilometres (600 mi)
21 December Cassini 49th flyby of Titan Closest approach: 970 kilometres (600 mi)
Distant, non-targeted flybys ofDione,Enceladus,Mimas,Tethysand Titan by Cassini occurred throughout the year.

EVAs[edit]

Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Function Remarks
30 January
09:56[246] 		7 hours
10 minutes 		17:06[247] Expedition 16
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesPeggy Whitson
United StatesDaniel M. Tani 		Replace motor and bearing in solar array joint
11 February
14:13[248] 		7 hours
58 minutes 		22:11[248] STS-122
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRex J. Walheim
United StatesStanley G. Love 		InstallPower Data Grapple FixtureonColumbus Originally to have been conducted by Walheim andHans Schlegel,Love replaced Schlegel on medical grounds.[249]
13 February
14:27[250] 		6 hours
45 minutes 		21:12[250] STS-122
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRex J. Walheim
GermanyHans Schlegel 		Replace depleted nitrogen tank
15 February
12:07[250] 		7 hours
25 minutes 		20:32[250] STS-122
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRex J. Walheim
United StatesStanley G. Love 		Install experiments onColumbus,load failed gyroscope onto Shuttle for return to Earth
14 March
01:18[251] 		7 hours
1 minute 		08:19[251] STS-123
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRichard M. Linnehan
United StatesGarrett Reisman 		InstallKiboELM-PS and startDextreassembly
15 March
23:49[252] 		7 hours
8 minutes 		16 March
06:57[252] 		STS-123
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRichard M. Linnehan
United StatesMichael Foreman 		Dextreassembly
17 March
22:52[252] 		6 hours
53 minutes 		18 March
05:44[252] 		STS-123
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRichard M. Linnehan
United StatesRobert L. Behnken 		Dextre assembly, installMISSE-6experiment, and store spare parts outside the ISS MISSE installation failed[252]
20 March
22:04[252] 		6 hours
24 minutes 		21 March
04:08[252] 		STS-123
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRobert L. Behnken
United StatesMichael Foreman 		Testheat shieldrepair techniques
22 March
20:34[252] 		6 hours
2 minutes 		23 March
02:36[252] 		STS-123
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesRobert L. Behnken
United StatesMichael Foreman 		StoreOBSSon ISS, retry MISSE-6 installation[253]
3 June
16:22[254] 		6 hours
48 minutes[95] 		23:10[95] STS-124
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesMike Fossum
United StatesRon Garan 		InstallJEM Pressurised Module,InspectSARJ,retrieve OBSS.[254]
5 June
15:04[95] 		7 hours
11 minutes[95] 		22:15[95] STS-124
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesMike Fossum
United StatesRon Garan 		Adjust covers on JEM, Inspect SARJ.[255]
8 June
13:55[95] 		6 hours
33 minutes[95] 		20:28[95] STS-124
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesMike Fossum
United StatesRon Garan 		Replace nitrogen tank, inspect SARJ.[256]
10 July
18:48[257] 		6 hours
18 minutes[257] 		11 July
01:06[257] 		Expedition 17
(ISSPirs)[257] 		RussiaSergei Volkov
RussiaOleg Kononenko 		Removepyrotechnic boltfromSoyuz TMA-12for inspection.[258]
15 July
17:08[257] 		5 hours
54 minutes[257] 		23:02[257] Expedition 17
(ISSPirs)[257] 		RussiaSergei Volkov
RussiaOleg Kononenko 		Install docking targeting equipment, rotate exposed experiments[259]
27 September
08:38 		22 minutes 09:00 Shenzhou 7 ChinaZhai Zhigang(full)
ChinaLiu Boming(stand-up) 		Test spacesuit, collect experiment First Chinese EVA
18 November
18:09 		6 hours
52 minutes 		19 November
01:01 		STS-126
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesHeidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
United StatesStephen G. Bowen 		Transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from ESP3 to the shuttle's cargo bay, transferred a new flex hose rotary coupler to ESP3 for future use, removed an insulation cover on theKiboExposed Facilityberthing mechanism, began cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ, and replacement of its 11 trundle bearing assemblies.[260][261]
20 November
17:58 		6 hours
45 minutes 		21 November
00:43 		STS-126
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesHeidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
United StatesRobert S. Kimbrough 		Relocated the twoCETAcarts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, lubricated the station robotic arm's latching end effector A snare bearings, continued cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ[262][263][264] Conducted on tenth anniversary of the launch of the ISS[262]
22 November
18:01 		6 hours
57 minutes 		23 November
00:58 		STS-126
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesHeidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
United StatesStephen G. Bowen 		Completed cleaning and lubrication of all but one of the trundle bearing assemblies (TBA) on the starboard SARJ.[265][266]
24 November
18:24 		6 hours
7 minutes 		25 November
00:31 		STS-126
(ISSQuest) 		United StatesStephen G. Bowen
United StatesRobert S. Kimbrough 		Completed replacement of trundle bearing assemblies on starboard SARJ, lubricated the port SARJ, installed a video camera, re‐installed insulation covers on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, performed Kibo robotic arm grounding tab maintenance, installed spacewalk handrails on Kibo, installed Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) antennae on Kibo, photographed radiators, and photographed trailing umbilical system cables.[267]
23 December
00:51 		5 hours
38 minutes 		06:29 Expedition 18
(ISSPirs) 		United StatesMichael Fincke
RussiaYuri Lonchakov 		InstallLangmuir probe,EXPOSE-RandIPI-SMexperiments.[268] EXPOSE-R installation failed[268]

Orbital launch statistics[edit]

By country[edit]

China: 11Europe: 6India: 3Iran: 1Japan: 1Russia: 24Ukraine: 8USA: 15
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Remarks
China 11 11 0 0
Europe 6 6 0 0
India 3 3 0 0
Iran 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch attempt[145]
Japan 1 1 0 0
Russia 24 23 0 1
Ukraine 8 8 0 0
United States 15 14 1 0
World 69 66 2 1

By rocket[edit]

By family[edit]

By type[edit]

By configuration[edit]

By launch site[edit]

5
10
15
20
China
France
India
International waters
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Marshall Islands
Russia
United States
Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Baikonur Kazakhstan 19 18 0 1
Cape Canaveral United States 3 3 0 0
Dombarovsky Russia 1 1 0 0
Jiuquan China 3 3 0 0
Kapustin Yar Russia 1 1 0 0
Kennedy United States 4 4 0 0
Kwajalein Marshall Islands 4 3 1 0 Two launches usedStargazeraircraft
Kourou France 6 6 0 0
Ocean Odyssey United NationsInternational 5 5 0 0
Plesetsk Russia 6 6 0 0
Satish Dhawan India 3 3 0 0
Semnan Iran 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch attempt
Taiyuan China 4 4 0 0
Tanegashima Japan 1 1 0 0
Vandenberg United States 4 4 0 0
Xichang China 4 4 0 0
Total 69 66 2 1

By orbit[edit]

  • Transatmospheric
  • Low Earth
  • Low Earth (ISS)
  • Low Earth (SSO)
  • Low Earth (retrograde)
  • Medium Earth
  • Geosychronous
    (transfer)
  • Inclined GSO
  • High Earth
  • Heliocentric
Orbital regime Launches Successes Failures Accidentally
achieved 		Remarks
Transatmospheric 0 0 0 0
Low Earth 36 34 2 0 11 to ISS
Medium Earth/Molniya 6 6 0 0
Geosynchronous/GTO 25 25 0 0
High Earth/Lunar transfer 2 2 0 0
Heliocentric/Planetary transfer 0 0 0 0
Total 69 67 2 0

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Bergin, Chris."NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen."Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S."Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)".CelesTrak.[dead link]
  • Krebs, Gunter."Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed."Space Launch Report".Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2009.Retrieved13 August2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan."GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven."Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark."Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian."Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly."Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar".Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog".NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive.NASAGoddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar".NASAJet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
  • "Space Information Center".JAXA.[dead link]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса"[Chronicle of space exploration].CosmoWorld(in Russian).

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ab"36.243 UG McCandliss/Johns Hopkins University".NASA Sounding Rockets Office. 11 January 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2008.Retrieved15 March2008.
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