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2024 Washington summit

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NATO Summit Washington 2024
2024 Washington Summit
Host countryUnited States
Date9–11 July 2024
Venue(s)Walter E. Washington Convention Center[1]
CitiesWashington, D.C.
Follows2023 Vilnius summit
Precedes2025 The Hague summit
Websitenato.int
For the first time, a photo at the Washington summit captures all 32 NATO member states' delegation groups together (9th of July 2024)

The2024 Washington summitwas the33rd summitof theheads of stateandgovernmentof the thirty-two members of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), their partner countries and theEuropean Union(EU), which took place inWashington, D.C.,United States,on 9–11 July 2024.[2]The summit commemorates the landmark 75th anniversary of NATO, which was founded on 4 April 1949 with the signing of theNorth Atlantic Treatyin Washington, DC. The summit was also the fourthNATO summitto be held in the United States following the1978 Washington summit,1999 Washington summitand2012 Chicago summit.It also marks the first summit sinceSweden acceded to NATOand the last forJens StoltenbergasSecretary General.

Background

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The official title of the 2024 Washington summit is "Ukraine and transatlantic security."[3]It is meant to highlight the focus on NATO's response to escalating global threats to peace and democracies, with particular attention toRussia's ongoing invasion of Ukraineand North Korea's involvement on the side of Russia through weapon supply and troop deployment to the Ukrainian front lines.[4][5][6]Following the announcement ofRussian and North Korean cooperation agreements,Stoltenberg stated that Ukraine-South Korea cooperation would be discussed at the summit.[7]The alliance is also set to discuss perceived threats posed by China and the security situation in theIndo-Pacificregion.[8][9]Additionally, agenda includes dialog on boosting defence production and reaffirming allies' commitment to military readiness and the defence of all of NATO's territory.[10][11]

Expectations

[edit]

At anAtlantic Councilevent, US permanent representative to NATOJulianne Smithindicated that NATO was not ready to extend a formal invitation to Ukraine for membership during theprevious year's summitin Vilnius and is unlikely to do so at the upcoming Washington summit. Instead, she expects NATO allies to provide Ukraine with a "deliverable" that would bring the country closer to membership, focusing on institutionalizing the bilateral support that has grown over the past two years. While details on this deliverable remain unclear, Smith emphasized NATO's ongoing commitment to Ukraine through measures like theNATO-Ukraine Council,established at the 2023 NATO summit.[12]

On 27 June 2024, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited NATO Headquarters, where NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg welcomed him to discuss the final preparations for the Washington Summit. Stoltenberg stated that he expects NATO Allies to agree on NATO taking the lead in the coordination and provision of security assistance and training for Ukraine. He also proposed a long-term financial pledge to provide Ukraine with greater predictability in the support it receives.[13]

Pre-summit developments

[edit]

2024 Ukrainian mobilization law

[edit]

Despite acontroversial mobilization law passed in 2024,[14]which lowered the mobilization age from 27 to 25, Ukraine still faces a severe manpower shortage.[15][16]With a population of 144 million people,[17]Russia significantly outnumbered Ukraine's 38 million in 2022.[18]This demographic advantage gives Russia greater manpower resources. However,Russian losses in the war are generally considered higher than Ukraine's.Both have lost significant amounts of personnel, though no precise numbers can be given until after the invasion and when all cases are investigated.[19][20]

International support for Ukraine

[edit]

On 14 May 2024, United States Secretary of StateAntony Blinkenarrived to Kyiv announced to reaffirm the support of his country, less than a month after Congress approved a $60 billion aid package.[21]With expedited delivery of military assistance, including artillery and air defence systems, the trip underscored the Biden administration's commitment to Ukraine's long-term security amidst escalating conflict.[22]Blinken stated, "We are with you today. And we will stay by your side until Ukraine's security, sovereignty, its ability to choose its own path is guaranteed."[23]

On the morning of 24 May, Hungarian Prime MinisterViktor Orbánsaid in a broadcast onMagyar Rádióthat his government planned to redefine Hungary's NATO membership "without taking part in NATO operations outside NATO territory" due to his stance on foreign aid to Ukraine.[24][25]Orbán is the only leader of any EU and NATO member state who, despite united efforts by both blocs to support Ukraine economically, militarily and politically,[26][27]continues to maintain close ties with Russian PresidentVladimir Putin.[28]Earlier in January, the EU threatened to impose voting sanctions on Hungary and permanently cut off its funding if Orbán's government continued to veto a €50 billion (approximately US$54 billion) aid package for Ukraine.[29][30]This resulted in Hungary dropping its veto and a successful EU agreement on such aid.[31][32]

On 27 June 2024, Ukraine and EU signed a historic security deal, which set out the commitment of all 27 member states to aid Ukraine with extensive support, regardless of any internal institutional changes, according to the Ukrainian President Zelenskyy.[33][34]On the same day 2 similar deals were signed with Lithuania and Estonia. Ukraine has already signed 19 similar bilateral security agreements, including with the United States, France and the UK.[35]These agreements, while not mutual defence pacts, signify strategic partnerships aimed at bolstering Ukraine's stability and security amidst ongoing regional challenges.

Relations with Russia

[edit]
See also:Russia–NATO relations

On 24 May 2024, the State Department announced that Secretary of State Antony Blinken would visit Eastern Europe amidst escalating concerns over Russia's advances in Ukraine as it opened a new northern front with an attack on the Kharkiv region,[36][37]potential Russian interference inMoldova,[38]andGeorgian protestsagainst a proposed "foreign agent" bill similar tothat adopted in Russia.[39][40]Blinken visitedChişinauon 29 May andPragueon 30 and 31 May. He met Czech Foreign MinisterJan Lipavskýand other officials to deliberate on support for Ukraine, alongside the Georgian "foreign agent" bill.[41][42]

Weapon use policy changes

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On 3 May, during a visit to Kyiv, UK Foreign SecretaryDavid Cameronsaid that Ukraine had the decision as to how it would use British weapons and the right to strike with them inside Russia. This was a major policy change on the part of the United Kingdom, anuclear stateand key NATO member.[43]Kremlin Press SecretaryDmitry Peskovand the spokeswoman forMinistry of Foreign AffairsMaria Zakharovacondemned the decision.[44]On 29 May, representatives ofFinland,CanadaandPolandissued separate statements saying that Ukraine can strikevalid military targetsinside Russia using their weapons.[45]

By the end of May, several leaders had also endorsed lifting the concurrent ban on Western-supplied weapons, including presidentsEmmanuel Macronof France,Edgars Rinkēvičsof Latvia andAlar Karisof Estonia; German ChancellorOlaf Scholz;and prime ministersAlexander De Crooof Belgium,Petr Fialaof the Czech Republic andMette Frederiksenof Denmark, as well as the foreign ministers of Canada, Lithuania, Norway, the United Kingdom and Poland; and the defence ministers of Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Conversely, Belgium and Italy were against the use of Western-supplied weapons by Ukraine to strike targets within Russia.[46][47]

On 30 May, US PresidentJoe Bidenimplicitly gave Ukraine permission to strike inside Russia, but only near theKharkiv Oblast,with no exact borderlines defined.[48]The decision came after Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyyand other officials urged their allies to allow Ukraine to strike inside Russia with Western-supplied weapons in response to the daily bombings of Ukrainian cities by Russian forces from military bases located inside Russia.[47]Shortly after the US lifted these restrictions, theGerman governmentgave permission for Ukraine to use its weapons inside Russia.[49]This came with a "just over the border" striking policy limited toKharkiv Oblast,where Russia launched an offensive and made tactical gains.[50][51]

On 20 June 2024, facing pressure from Ukraine and its European allies,[52]and in response to the North Korea-Russia mutual defence pact,[53][54]the United States authorised Ukraine to use American-supplied weapons against Russian forces across the border, extending beyond the region near Kharkiv.[55][56][57]This decision facilitated successful Ukrainian military operations that included strikes into Russian territory.[58]Ukrainian officials have subsequently advocated for the lifting of restrictions on long-range missile systems such as theATACMS,which Ukraine is currently not allowed to use on Russian territory.[59]

On 19 June 2024, North Korea and Russia signed a mutual defence agreement during Vladimir Putin's first visit to Pyongyang in 24 years.[60][61]This event has been marked as a major escalation of tensions on theKorean Peninsula.In response, South Korea summoned Russian Ambassador Georgy Zinoviev to protest the deal.[62][63]On 20 June, South Korean national security adviser Chang Ho-jin stated, "We will reconsider the issue of supplying weapons to Ukraine."[64]This statement was also marked an unprecedented change in South Korea's strict military doctrine, which traditionally prohibits sending arms to countries engaged in active military conflicts.[65][66]Putin warned that it would be a "big mistake" if South Korea arms Ukraine.[67][68]

Member state defence spending

[edit]
Finnish PresidentAlexander Stubbmeets with U.S. PresidentJoe Bidenand Canadian Prime MinisterJustin TrudeauinWashington, D.C.

On 17 June, while visiting President Biden inWashington, D.C.ahead of the summit, NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenbergannounced that a record 23 of 32 NATO member states were meeting their defence spending targets of 2% of their country's GDP.[69][70]According to NATO, defence spending for European member states and Canada was up 18%.[69][70]

Several Eastern members of the block have pushed for higher military budgets. Poland's PresidentAndrzej Dudacalled on NATO countries to urgently increase spending to 3% of theirGDP.[71][72]Poland is expected to and committed to allocating more than 4% of its GDP on defence in 2024,[73][74]which would surpass other countries spending by a significant margin, while theBaltic stateshave jointly committed to invest at least 2.5% of GDP in defence.[75]

British Prime MinisterKeir Starmerwith outgoing NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg

The UK Prime MinisterKeir Starmerurged NATO members to increase defence spending further, aligning with his plans for the UK to allocate tens of billions of pounds extra to military budget in response to growing global threats faced by alliance members.[76][77]Starmer also committed the United Kingdom to raising defence spending to 2.5%, though did not indicate when it would be raised.[78]On the flight to the summit, Starmer reiterated his "cast iron commitment" to spending 2.5%.[79]Starmer stated he will lay out a "road map", following a “root and branch” review of the country's defences, which officials said will include a concrete date to hit the spending target.[80]

Ukraine

[edit]
See also:Ukraine–NATO relations
Zelenskyy in summit
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg met with The President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv

Leaders such as Biden supported theUkraine Compact.[81][82][83]

Ukrainian public stance on NATO

[edit]

TheOrange Revolutionin Ukraine in 2004, which nullified the election of pro-Russian presidential candidateViktor Yanukovych,still did not reflect on public opinion with a significant vote of 60% against joining NATO.[84][85]

Following theRussian annexation of Crimeaandpro-Russian unrestin 2014, Ukrainian support for NATO membership has been growing gradually. After the 2022 invasion, public stances on membership significantly changed from a relatively low 59.2% in favour and 28.1% against in 2021 to a resounding 89% in favour by May 2023.[86]Subsequently, the rate stabilized at 77% in favour and 5% against by 2024.[87]

NATO stance on Ukraine

[edit]

NATO officially highlights support for Ukraine is unwavering, with the alliance determined to stand by Ukraine indefinitely. This stance is meant to send a strong message to Russia that NATO allies remain united and committed to help Ukraine fight off Russia's illegal invasion.[88][89]

Although some NATO members, particularly those inEastern Europe,pushed for Ukrainian accession to the alliance, they considered it to not be possible before the invasion ends due to the implication that NATO could be considered to be directly involved in thewar with Russiaif Ukraine were already made a member.[90][91]

Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan(left) in Washington, D.C., July 11, 2024

Israel–Hamas war

[edit]
See also:United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas warandBritish support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war

Speaking at the Washington summit, Spanish Prime MinisterPedro Sánchezurged NATO members to avoid "double standards" regarding thewars in Gazaand Ukraine,[92]saying, "If we demand respect for international law in Ukraine, we must demand it in Gaza as well."[93]

In his speech, Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğansaid that NATO values are being trampled byIsraelin theGaza Strip.[93]

Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

[edit]
See also:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

The foreign ministers ofArmeniaandAzerbaijanand U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken held a trilateral meeting on the sidelines of the summit. Armenia and Azerbaijan have made considerable progress towards finalizing a peace agreement following theborder crisisand the2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.Blinken stated, "Today is an opportunity to take stock in the progress that's been made, what remains. But based on all of the engagements that we've had, including in recent weeks, I believe both countries are very close to being able to reach a final agreement, one that the United States would strongly, strongly support."[94]

Summit

[edit]
See also:NATO Washington Summit Declaration
PresidentJoe Bidenawards NATO Secretary GeneralJens StoltenbergthePresidential Medal of Freedom

The three day, 75th NATO summit opened on Tuesday, July 9, 2024, with a reception at theAndrew W. Mellon Auditorium.[95]During the reception, United States President Joe Biden presented outgoing NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenbergwith thePresidential Medal of Freedom,the highestcivilian award of the United States.[95]

On the first day of the summit on July 9, 2024,US PresidentJoe Bidenaccused Russian President Vladimir Putin of wanting to erase "Ukraine off the map". He announced that several NATO nations including the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Romania would provide Ukraine with equipment for five air defense systems. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy warned that action in Ukraine needed to be conducted prior to theU.S. presidential electionin November 2024 to limit the impact of decisions Donald Trump might take, if he were elected president, to reduce support for NATO and Ukraine.[96]

The alliance accusedChinaof being a "decisive enabler of Russia’s war against Ukraine" through its "large-scale support for Russia’s defence industrial base".[93]

On July 10, 2024, all 32 member states of NATO approved the Washington Summit Declaration that outlined the developments made by NATO and policy decisions made, primarily involving providing support for Ukraine in the face of Russia's invasion and condemning nations that supported Russia during the conflict, which included China,Iran,North Korea,andBelarus.[96]

The United States announced its intention to deploylong-range missilesin Germany from 2026.[97][98]US weapons in Germany would includeSM-6andTomahawkcruise missiles andhypersonic weapons.[99]The United States' decision to deploy missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment ofPershing IIlaunchers in Western Europe in the 1980s.[100]The decision was supported by German ChancellorOlaf Scholz.[101]

Participants

[edit]
The Army Fife and Drum Corps performs a “Troop in Review”
President Joe Biden and his guests on the South Lawn of the White House
President Joe Biden shakes hands with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the NATO Summit in Washington, D.C., July 11, 2024
the NATO Summit at the Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C., July 11, 2024
Japanese Prime MinisterFumio Kishidain Washington, D.C., July 11, 2024
Key
Non-NATO member
Country or

organization

Head of delegation Title Ref.
NATO Jens Stoltenberg Secretary General [102]
Albania Edi Rama Prime Minister
Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan Foreign Minister [103]
Australia Richard Marles Deputy Prime Minister [104]
Azerbaijan Jeyhun Bayramov Foreign Minister [105]
Belgium Alexander De Croo Prime Minister
Bulgaria Dimitar Glavchev Prime Minister [106]
Canada Justin Trudeau Prime Minister [107]
Croatia Zoran Milanović President
Czech Republic Petr Pavel President [108]
Denmark Mette Frederiksen Prime Minister
Estonia Kaja Kallas Prime Minister
European Union Charles Michel Council President
Ursula von der Leyen Commission President
Finland Alexander Stubb President [109]
France Emmanuel Macron President
Germany Olaf Scholz Chancellor
Georgia Ilia Darchiashvili Foreign Minister [110]
Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis Prime Minister
Hungary Viktor Orbán Prime Minister
Iceland Bjarni Benediktsson Prime Minister
Israel Israel Katz Foreign Minister [111]
Italy Giorgia Meloni Prime Minister
Japan Fumio Kishida Prime Minister [112]
Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs President
Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda President
Luxembourg Luc Frieden Prime Minister
Montenegro Milojko Spajić Prime Minister
Netherlands Dick Schoof Prime Minister
New Zealand Christopher Luxon Prime Minister
North Macedonia Hristijan Mickoski Prime Minister
Norway Jonas Gahr Støre Prime Minister
Poland Andrzej Duda President
Portugal Luís Montenegro Prime Minister
South Korea Yoon Suk Yeol President
Romania Klaus Iohannis President
Slovakia Peter Pellegrini President
Slovenia Robert Golob Prime Minister
Spain Pedro Sánchez Prime Minister
Sweden Ulf Kristersson Prime Minister
Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan President [113]
Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy President [114]
United Kingdom Keir Starmer Prime Minister [115]
United States Joe Biden(host) President [116]

Reactions

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See also

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References

[edit]
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  104. ^"'Consistent': Albo defends NATO no-show ".Yahoo News Australia.2 July 2024.
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  109. ^"Finnish delegation attends Washington Nato summit marking alliance's 75th anniversary".Yleisradio Oy.8 July 2024.
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