240s
| Millennium |
|---|
| 1st millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
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| Categories |
The240sdecade ran from January 1, 240, to December 31, 249.
Events
240
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- TheRoman Empireis threatened on several fronts at the same time.Africarevolts and tribes in northwestGermania,under the name of theFranks,are raiding theRhinefrontier.
Persia
[edit]- April 12– PrinceShapur Ibecomes co-ruler of theSasanian Empirewith his father KingArdashir I.
- Siege of Hatra:The Sasanians besiege the capital of theKingdom of Hatraruled bySanatruq II.[1]
India
[edit]- Maharaja Sri-Guptabecomes ruler of theGupta Empire(approximate date).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Mani,a young mystic ofCtesiphon,proclaims himself aprophetat the court of Ardashir I. He preaches his doctrine,Manichaeism,throughout the Sassanid Empire.[2]
241
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Winter – EmperorGordian IIIreachesAntiochand, with his army, prepares an offensive against the Sassanids.
- Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheusbecomespraetorian prefectandde factoruler of theRoman Empire.
Persia
[edit]- PrinceShapur Isucceeds his fatherArdashir Ias ruler of theSassanid Empire.He begins his expansion inIndia.
- Shapur I annexes parts of theKushan Empire.The ancient city ofBagram(modernAfghanistan) is abandoned.
- Fall of Hatra:Shapur I capturesHatra,the capital of theKingdom of Hatra.The city is destroyed by the Sassanids.[3]
Europe
[edit]- November 1– The Battle ofSamhainis fought inIreland(approximate date).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- TheDura-Europos churchis converted from a house inSyria(approximate date).
242
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorGordian IIIbegins a campaign against KingShapur I,and leads victories atAntioch,Carrhae,Nisibis,andResaina.[4]
- Gordian III evacuates theCimmeriancities in theBosphorus(Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by theGoths.
Persia
[edit]- Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack onAntiochto drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law,Timesitheus,leads a Roman army to defeat the Sassanids atCarrhaeandNisibis.
- KingArdashir I,founder of theSassanid Empire,dies after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his son and co-ruler Shapur I.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- PatriarchTitussucceedsEugenius IasPatriarch of Constantinople(until272).
243
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Battle of Resaena:A Roman army underTimesitheusdefeats the Sassanids atResaena(modernSyria); KingShapur Iis forced to flee to theEuphrates.[5]
- Timesitheus becomes ill and dies under suspicious circumstances. Shapur I retreats to theSassanid Empire,giving up all the territories he has conquered.
- EmperorGordian IIIappointsPhilip the Arabas his newpraetorian prefect(after the death of Timesitheus) and proceeds with his campaign inMesopotamia.
- Cohors I Ubiorum,the garrison atCapidavainScythia Minor,is replaced by Cohors I Germanorum Civium Romanorum, until the end of the3rd century AD.
Asia
[edit]244
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Around February 11 –Battle of Misiche:KingShapur Iand his Iranian army defeats theRoman army.[6]
- February 11– EmperorGordian IIIis murdered bymutinoussoldiers in Zaitha (Mesopotamia). A mound is raised atCarchemishin his memory.
- Philip the Arab(Marcus Julius Philippus) declares himself co-emperor, and makes a controversial peace with theSassanian Empire,withdrawing from their territory and giving Shapur 500,000 gold pieces. The Sassanians occupyArmenia.
- Philip the Arab is recognized by theRoman Senateas the newRoman Emperorwith the honorificAugustus.He nominates his sonPhilippus,age 6, with the title ofCaesarand makes him heir to the throne; gives his brotherPriscussupreme power (rector Orientis) in the Eastern provinces; and begins construction of the city ofShahba(Syria) in the province of his birth.
- The vassal Upper Mesopotamian kingdom ofOsroeneis absorbed into the Roman Empire, its last ruler being Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu.
Asia
[edit]- Battle of Xingshi:Shu Handefeats the Chinese state ofCao Wei.
Korea
[edit]- TheGoguryeo–Wei Waris fought between the Korean kingdomGoguryeoand the Chinese stateCao Wei.
By topic
[edit]Art and Science
[edit]- Plotinus,Greekphilosopher,escapes the bloodshed that accompanies the murder of Gordianus III and makes his way toAntioch.Back inRomehe founds hisNeoplatonistschool and attractsdiscipleslikePorphyry,Castricius Firmus and Eustochius of Alexandria.
- 244–249 – Bust ofPhilip the Arab(in Braccio Nuovo,Vatican Museums,Rome).
Commerce
[edit]- Thesilvercontent of the Romandenariusfalls to 0.5 percent under emperor Philippus I, down from 28 percent under Gordian III.
Religion
[edit]- 244–245 – Last phase of construction of the house-styleDura-Europos synagogueinSyria,one of the oldest to survive (wall-paintings in theNational Museum of Damascus,Syria).
245
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorPhilip the ArabentrustsTrajan Deciuswith an important command on theDanube.[7]
- InBritain,many thousands of acres of modern-dayLincolnshireare inundated by a greatflood.[8]
- The philosopherPlotinusgoes to live inRome.
Asia
[edit]- Lady Triệu,aVietnamesewarrior, begins her 3-year resistance against the invadingChinese.
246
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorPhilip the Arabfights theGermansalong theDanube River.[9]
- The first of twoCouncils of Arabiain the RomanChristian Churchis held inBostra,Arabia Petraea.[10]
Korea
[edit]- BaekjeKingdom under KingGoi of Baekjeattacks the ChinesecommanderyofDaifang.
247
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Romebecomes 1,000 years old. The 1,000th anniversary is commemorated with theLudi Saecularesfestivals, celebrated throughout theRoman Empire.
- Marcus Julius Philippus Augustusand his 10-year-old sonMarcus Julius Philippus CaesarbecomeRoman Consuls.
- TheGothsappear on the lowerDanubefrontier; they invadeUkraineandRomania.
- EmperorPhilip the Arabmarks the millennium ofRomeby holding theLudi Saeculares.
- The last of the twoCouncils of Arabiain the RomanChristian Churchis held inBostra,Arabia Petraea.
Asia
[edit]- HimikoofYamataikoku,inJapan,begins a war against King Himikoku of Kunukoku.[11]
- Cheomhaebecomes king of the Korean kingdom ofSilla.[12]
248
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- The revolts ofPacatianusinMoesiaandIotapianusinSyriaare put down by SenatorTrajan Decius,by order of EmperorPhilip the Arab.
- TheRoman Empirecontinues the celebration of the 1,000th anniversary ofRome,with theludi saeculares,organized by Philip the Arab.
Asia
[edit]By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Cyprian,Christian writer ofBerberdescent, becomes bishop ofCarthage.
- Origenwrites an eight-volume work, criticizing thepaganwriterCelsus.
249
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Trajan Deciusputs down a revolt inMoesiaandPannonia.Loyallegionariesproclaim him emperor, and he leads them intoItaly.
- Battle of Verona:Decius defeats and kills EmperorPhilip the Arab.
- Decius begins persecutingChristians,and others refusing to participate in Emperor worship.
Asia
[edit]- February 5–Incident at Gaoping Tombs:In the Chinese state ofCao Wei,regentSima Yi,in acoup d'état,forces his co-regentCao Shuangto relinquish his power, after taking control of the capital city ofLuoyang.Sima Yi issues amemorial,which lists the various crimes he and his associates has committed.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- InAlexandria,the populace pillages the homes of Christians.
Significant people
[edit]![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=hv){kind=small} | This section is empty.You can help byadding to it.(March 2016) |
Births
240
- Lucian of Antioch,Syrian theologian and martyr (d.312)
- Sporus of Nicaea,Greek mathematician (approximate date)
- Zenobia,queen of thePalmyrene Empire(d.274)[14]
241
- Cao Mao,Chinese emperor of theCao Weistate in theThree Kingdomsperiod (d.260)
242
243
- Sun Hao,Chinese emperor of theEastern Wustate (d.284)
- Sun Liang,Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d.260)
244
- December 22–Diocletian,Roman emperor (d.311)
- Alexander of Constantinople,bishop ofByzantium(approximate date)
245
- Iamblichus,SyrianNeoplatonistphilosopher (approximate date)
- Diocletian,Roman emperor[15]
246
247
- Pan Yue,Chinese poet and writer of theJin Dynasty(d.300)[16]
- Prisca,Roman empress and wife ofDiocletian(d.315)
248
- Flavia Iulia Helena,Greco-RomanAugusta(empress), mother of Constantine I (approximate date) (d.330)
- Li Liu(Cheng Han or Xuantong), ChineseGrand general(d.303)
- Sima You(or Dayou), Chinese prince and politician (d.283)
249
- Shi Chong(orJilun), Chinese politician and statesman
Deaths
240
- Ammonius Saccas,Neoplatonicphilosopher (approximate date)
- Herodian of Antioch,Roman historian and writer (b.170)
- Huang Quan(or Gongheng), Chinese general
241
- Sanatruq II,king ofHatra(Ending of theKingdom of Hatra)
- Sun Deng,Chinese prince of theEastern Wu state(b.209)
- Sun Shao,Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (b.188)
- Zhuge Jin,Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (b.174)
242
- Ammonius Saccas,Egyptian philosopher (b.175)
- Ardashir I,king of theSassanid Empire(b.180)
- Cao Hui,Chinese prince of theCao Weistate
- Man Chong(orBoning), Chinese politician
243
- Gu Yong(orYuantan), Chinese official and politician (b.168)
- Hu Zong(orWeize), Chinese official and general (b.183)
- Timesitheus,Roman advisor and praetorian prefect (b.190)
- Xue Zong(orJingwen), Chinese official, politician and poet
244
- February 11–Gordian III,Roman emperor (b.225)
- Cao Xun,Chinese prince of theCao Weistate (b.231)
- Ge Xuan(orXiaoxian), ChineseTaoist(b.164)
- Zhang Cheng(orZhongsi), Chinese general (b.178)
245
- Ammonius Saccas,Alexandrian-Greek philosopher (approximate date)
- Lu Xun(orBoyan), Chinese general and statesman (b.183)
- Wu(orWu Xian), Chinese empress of theShu Hanstate
- Wu Can(orKongxiu), Chinese official and politician
- Zhao Yan(orBoran), Chinese official and general (b.171)
- Zhang Xiu(orShusi), Chinese general and statesman (b.205)
246
- Dong Yun(orXiuzhao), Chinese general and politician
- Gu Tan(orZimo), Chinese official and politician (b.205)
- Jiang Wan(orGongyan), Chinese general and statesman
247
- Abba Arikha,Babylonian Jewish scholar andrabbi(b.175)
- Bu Zhi(orZishan), Chinese general, official and statesman[17]
- Xiang Lang(orJuda), Chinese general, official and politician
- Zhang Chunhua,wife ofSima Yi,regent of theCao Weistate (b.189)
248
- Dongcheon,Korean ruler ofGoguryeo(b.209)
- Himiko(or Shingi Waō), Japanese queen regnant (b.170)
- Lady Triệu(Triệu Ẩu or Triệu Thị Trinh), Vietnamese female warrior (b.226)
- Wang Ping,Chinese general and politician
249
- February 9
- May 18–Jiang Ji(orZitong), Chinese general
- Jotapianus(orJotapian), Romanusurper
- Ma Zhong(orDexin), Chinese general and politician
- Philip II(the Younger), Roman emperor (b.237)
- Philip the Arab,Roman general and emperor (b.204)
- Quan Cong,Chinese general and politician (b.198)
- Wang Bi,Chinese philosopher and politician (b.226)
- Xu Miao(orJingshan), Chinese politician (b.172)
- Zhu Ran,Chinese adviser and general (b.182)
References
[edit]- ^Edwell, Peter (2007).Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control.Routledge. p. 168.ISBN9781134095735.
- ^Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2016-04-18).Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China.BRILL. pp. 42–54.ISBN978-90-04-30894-7.
- ^Edwell, Peter M. (2008).Between Rome and Persia the middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman control.London: Routledge. p. 168.ISBN978-1-134-09573-5.OCLC1162124729.
- ^Shahbazi, Shapur."ŠĀPUR I: History".Encyclopædia Iranica.RetrievedFebruary 19,2024.
- ^A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East,ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 147.
- ^Sundermann, Werner (1993)."The Date of the Barm-e Delak Inscription".Bulletin of the Asia Institute.New Series.7:203–204.JSTOR24048443.RetrievedFebruary 9,2024.
- ^"Decius | Reign of Trajan, Goths, Senate | Britannica".www.britannica.com.Retrieved2023-12-07.
- ^Stratton, J. M. (1969).Agricultural Records.London: John Baker.ISBN0-212-97022-4.
- ^Alan K. Bowman; Peter Garnsey; Averil Cameron, eds. (2008).The Cambridge ancient history.Vol. 12, The crisis of empire, A.D. 193-337 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 37.ISBN978-1-139-05392-1.OCLC457145065.
- ^Catholic Encyclopedia: Councils of Arabia
- ^Walker, Brett L. (2015).A Concise History of Japan.Cambridge University Press. p. 18.ISBN9781107004184.
- ^"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org.Retrieved21 April2019.
- ^"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org.Retrieved18 April2019.
- ^Southern, Pat (2008-11-17).Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen.A&C Black. p. 3.ISBN978-1-4411-4248-1.
- ^Cousin, Jean."Diocletian".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedFebruary 23,2024.
- ^Song, Geng (2004).The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture.Hong Kong University Press. p. 143.ISBN9789622096202.
- ^Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.M.E. Sharpe. 1998. p. 272.ISBN9780765641823.
- ^Chen, Shou (300).Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi ed.). China.