2A28 Grom
| 2A28 Grom | |
|---|---|
 Detailed view of a BMP-1 turret showing the 73 mm gun tube of the 2A28 | |
| Type | Smoothborelow-pressure cannon |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| Used by | SeeBMP-1 Service History |
| Wars | Seelist of conflicts |
| Production history | |
| Designer | KBP |
| Designed | Early 1960s |
| Manufacturer | KBP |
| Produced | 1966–present |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 115 kg |
| Length | 1195 mm |
| Width | 218 mm |
| Height | 322 mm |
| Shell | PG-15V (HEAT), OG-15V (HE-FRAG), PG-15VN (HEAT-DP)[citation needed] |
| Caliber | 73 mm |
| Barrels | 1 |
| Elevation | -4° to +15° (aimed fire), +33° (maximum non-aimed)[citation needed] |
| Traverse | 20 °/s horizontal, 6 °/s vertical |
| Rate of fire | 8 rounds per minute[citation needed] |
| Muzzle velocity | 400 m/s at the muzzle, 665 m/s maximum (PG-15V); 290 m/s at the muzzle (OG-15V)[citation needed] |
| Maximum firing range | 1300 m (PG-15V), 4500 m (OG-15V)[citation needed] |
| Sights | 1PN22M, 1PN22M2[citation needed] |
The2A28 Gromalso known asKBP 2A28 Grom,is the main armament of the Soviet-designedBMP-1andBMD-1infantry fighting vehicles.It is a 73 mm low pressuresmoothboresemi-automatic gun with a wedge breech block.[1]Development of the 2A28 Grom was directly linked to that of theSPG-9recoilless gun;both fired projectiles similar to rocket-propelled grenades.[2]
Development history[edit]
During the early 1960s, theSoviet Armed Forcesissued a requirement for a new infantry transporter that was highly mobile, sufficiently armed to destroy comparable Western vehicles such as theM59and theSchützenpanzer Lang HS.30,and allowed embarked infantrymen to fight from within its crew compartment. This concept evolved into theBMP-1.[1]
The BMP was initially to be armed with a 23mmautocannon,a choice directly inspired by the success of the West German HS.30.[citation needed]However, the Soviet government had invested heavily in the development ofanti-tank guided missile(ATGM) systems and discussion soon shifted to arming the BMP with missiles. This would allow it to defend itself againstmain battle tanks.TheKB Priborostroyeniyedesign bureau in Tula soon proposed a specialized turret carrying both a low-velocity smoothbore gun and a mount for9M14 MalyutkaATGMs. The purpose of the gun was to destroy tanks at closer ranges where the missiles were largely ineffective.
Description[edit]
The gun is relatively compact and weighs 115 kilograms (254 lb). In the BMP, the gun is brought to bear by an electric motor, with a manual mechanical backup. The maximum horizontal and vertical traverse speed with the electrical system is 20 °/s and 6 °/s respectively. Minimum horizontal and vertical direction rate is correspondingly 0.1 °/s and 0.07 °/s. The gun can be depressed and elevated between −4° and +33°, with aimed fire possible up to an elevation of +15°. The turret can traverse 360°.[3]Cyclicrate of fireis between 8 and 10 rounds per minute, with the gun returning to an elevation of +3° 30' to reload after each shot if the autoloader is used.
It is fed from a forty-round mechanized conveyor double-row magazine located around the turret ring of the BMP-1. The gun is reloaded by the M3 electromechanicalautoloaderwith ammunitionconveyor,but can be reloaded by hand if necessary. The autoloader is not reliable; it can break down from vibration when the vehicle is moving at high speed over rough ground, and its operation is a danger to the gunner's fingers. With the autoloader, the gun has a rate of fire of 8 rounds per minute.[1]These drawbacks caused the autoloader to be removed in Ob'yekt 765Sp3, Finnish BMP-1 and Swedish Pbv 501. Some units removed the autoloader altogether when new vehicles were delivered, but the mechanized ammunition conveyor magazine was retained.
Ammunition[edit]
The 2A28 'Grom' smoothbore gun fires the same projectiles as theSPG-9infantry light recoilless gun, but with a smaller propellant charge. Before 1974, the ammunition only consisted of high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds; the PG-15V HEAT fixed fin-stabilized rocket-assisted round. After 1974, OG-15VHE-Fragmentationprojectiles were introduced. In the Ob'yekt 765Sp3, the standard ammunition load is 24 PG-15V HEAT rounds and 16 OG-15V HE-Frag rounds.
The PG-15V HEAT round weighs 3.47 kilograms (7 lb 10 oz) and uses a 2.6 kg (5 lb 12 oz) PG-9 shell with a 0.322 kg (11.4 oz)RDXexplosive charge in the warhead.[3][4]A small PG-15P powder charge is used to boost the projectile from the gun barrel at 400 metres per second (1,300 ft/s). Once the projectile has travelled 10–20 m (33–66 ft), the rocket motor starts and accelerates it to 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s).
The OG-15V HE-Frag round weighs 4.57 kilograms (10 lb 1 oz), it uses an OG-9 shell with a 0.73 kg (1 lb 10 oz)TNTbursting charge.[5]The muzzle velocity of the OG-9 is 290 m/s (950 ft/s). The OG-15V is loaded by hand as it is too short to be handled by the autoloader.
2A28 Grom turret has a launcher for Malyutka and Malyutka-M ATGMs.
Performance[edit]
The HEAT warhead can penetrate 280–350 millimetres (11–14 in) of steel armor—more than enough to penetrate the frontal armor ofNATOmain battle tanks (MBT)s of the 1970s, such as the USM60A1,the BritishChieftainor the GermanLeopard 1.[6]The modernised PG-9 shell is able to penetrate up to 400 millimetres (16 in) of steel armor.[citation needed]
On the ranges, the PG-9 proved capable of hitting a 2-metre (6.6 ft) high target at a range of 765 metres (837 yd), while its maximum direct fire range is 1,300 metres (1,400 yd), reduced to 400 metres (440 yd) at night, due to the limitations of the night vision system. Under battlefield conditions, it has a maximum effective range of 500 metres (550 yd).[7]
Maximum effective indirect range of the OG-15V HE-Frag round against formation targets is 4,400 metres (4,800 yd). Its effective direct fire range against small point targets is around 1,000 metres (1,100 yd).[3]
A coaxial 7.62 mmPKTmachine gun is mounted to the right of the main armament for which the BMP-1 carries 2,000 rounds in belts of 250. They are stowed in two boxes under the main gun.[4]The machine gun has a rate of fire of around 800 rounds a minute.
The 2A28 "Grom" gun and PKT coaxial machine gun cannot be accurately fired while the vehicle is moving over rough ground. This means that the BMP-1's main armament is less capable than modern stabilised autocannons, which can be fired accurately while moving. The BMP-1 is unable to engage targets using the 2A28 "Grom" gun from some hull-down positions due to its limited depression, making it vulnerable to enemy fire.[8]The limited elevation of the main gun, its lack of firepower and inaccuracy against point targets at 500–700 metres (550–770 yd) meant that it could not fight effectively in the mountains of Afghanistan.
Applications[edit]
In Soviet and Russian service, the only other armored fighting vehicle besides the BMP-1 known to have utilized the 2A28 Grom was theBMD-1.[1]However, it is also mounted on the ChineseType 86 (WZ-501)[9]and the IranianBoragh.[10]
Both theArmed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iranand theCuban Revolutionary Armed Forcesare known to possess a number of wheeledBTR-60PBarmored personnel carriers retrofitted with the complete turret and main gun assembly of the BMP-1.[11]There is a fire support variant of theWZ-551in Chinese service equipped with the 2A28 Grom in a modified turret.[12]TheNamibian Armycurrently operates a variant of theWZ-523and theWer'wolf MKIIAPC mounting the BMP-1 turret.[13] In 2024 the Russian military was seen using a towed version of the system.<ref>[1]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^abcdChristopher F. Foss (1976).Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles(1976 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pp.260–261.ISBN0-354-01022-0.
- ^Institute for Defence Analyses, various (1995).Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945-1995.Quantico: United States Marine Corps Intelligence Agency. p. 22.OCLC33890115.
- ^abc"Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej - Portal Gov.pl".Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej.Archived fromthe originalon April 1, 2008.
- ^ab(1979) Боевая машина пехоты БМП-1. Техническое описание и инструкция по эксплуатации (Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-1. Technical Description and Service Instruction). The Ministry of Defence of the USSR.
- ^"BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle".www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^Zaloga 1995,p. 22[dead link]
- ^Hull/Markov/Zaloga, p. 248
- ^"BMP-1 Fighting Vehicle".www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^Blasko, Dennis J. (2013).The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century.Routledge. p. 128.ISBN9781136519970.
- ^Cordesman, Anthony H.; Kleiber, Martin (2007).Iran's Military Forces and Warfighting Capabilities: The Threat in the Northern Gulf.Greenwood. p. 52.ISBN978-0-313-34612-5.
- ^Iranian army unveils new Heidar-6 8x8 APC based on Soviet-made BTR-60 PB with BMP-1 turret- Armyrecognition.com, 19 April 2017
- ^Christopher F. Foss (2001).Jane's Armour and Artillery(2002 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. p. 438.ISBN978-0710623096.
- ^"Ministry of Defence".January 25, 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 25 January 2017.
References[edit]
- Hull, Andrew W.; Markov, David R.; Zaloga, Steven J. (1999).Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present.Darlington, Md.: Darlington Productions.ISBN1-892848-01-5.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (1995).BMP Infantry Fighting Vehicle 1967–94.Illustrated by Peter Sarson. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1-85532-433-6.
External links[edit]
- 73mm-2A28-Grom-Gun-Manual[permanent dead link](in Russian)