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2G

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see2G (disambiguation).

2Gis a short notation forsecond-generation cellular network,a group of technology standards employed forcellular networks.2G was commercially launched on theGSMstandard inFinlandbyRadiolinja(now part ofElisa Oyj) in 1991.[1]After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed1G.While radio signals on 1G networks areanalog,radio signals on 2G networks aredigital,though both systems use digital signaling to connectcellular radio towersto the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by3Gtechnology.

The most common 2G technology was thetime-division multiple access(TDMA)-basedGSMstandard, used in most of the world outside Japan.[citation needed]In North America,Digital AMPS(IS-54 and IS-136) andcdmaOne(IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.[2][citation needed]In Japan the ubiquitous system wasPersonal Digital Cellular(PDC), though another,Personal Handy-phone System(PHS), also existed.[citation needed]

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

  1. Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between themobile phoneand thecellular base stationbut not necessarily in the rest of the network.
  2. Significantly moreefficient use of the radio frequency spectrumenabling more users per frequency band.
  3. Data services for mobile, starting withSMStext messages then expanding toMultimedia Messaging Service(MMS).

WithGeneral Packet Radio Service(GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximumtransfer speedof 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[3]WithEDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[3]

Evolution

[edit]
Cellular network standards and generation timeline. (Large titles on the colored area refer to the lines to their right.

2.5G (GPRS)

[edit]

2.5G( "second-and-a-half generation"[4]) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

2.75G (EDGE)

[edit]

GPRS networks evolved toEDGEnetworks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States.

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

[edit]

Phase-out

[edit]
See also:GSM § Discontinuation

2G, understood asGSMandCdmaOne,has been superseded by newer technologies such as3G(UMTS/CDMA2000),4G(LTE/WiMAX) and5G(5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available as of 2023in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers inNorth America,East Asia,andAustralasia.[5][6][7]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[8]In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G –Vodafonepreviously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[9]In the UST-Mobileshut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[10][11]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[12][13]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.[14]Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[15]with practical use in crime.[16]Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[17]

Android12and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.[18]iOS16and later can disable 2G connectivity by enablingLockdown Mode.[19]

Criticism

[edit]

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for olderfeature phonesand forinternet of things(IoT) devices such as smart meters,eCallsystems andvehicle trackersto avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[20]Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[21]

Past 2G networks

[edit]
Country Status Network Shutdown date Standard Notes
Åland Ålcom 2024 GSM 2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 Jan 2022, all stations are planned to be shut down in 2024.[22]
Anguilla partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2024-02-19 GSM As of Feb 2023 the used 1900 MHz license is incompatible with a multilateral frequency coordination agreement.[23][24][25][26]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [27][28]
Antigua and Barbuda No Service APUA 2018-04-01 GSM [29]
Digicel 2024-05-31 GSM [30]
FLOW 2024-07-31 GSM [31]
Aruba partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2024-06-30 GSM [32]
SETAR active GSM 1900 MHz: GSM
Australia No Service Hutchison 3 2006-08-09 cdmaOne [33][34][35][36][37]
Optus 2017-08-01 GSM 2G shut down inWAandNTon 3 Apr 2017.[38][39]
Telstra 2008-04-28 cdmaOne [40][41][42][43][44]
Telstra 2016-12-01 GSM [45]
Vodafone 2018-06-14 GSM [46]
Bahamas No Service Aliv N/A (no 2G)
BTC 2024-06-30 GSM [47][48][49]
Bahrain Batelco 2021-11-30 GSM [50]
Barbados partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2025-03-31 GSM 900 MHz: 6 MHz GSM /
1800 MHz: 12 MHz GSM[51]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
Belgium Orange 2030 GSM [52]
Telenet 2027 GSM [53]
Proximus 2027 GSM [54]
Bermuda partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2024-01-31 GSM
One active GSM 1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE[55]
Bonaire partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2025-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
British Virgin Islands partially
unconfirmed 		CCT active GSM 850 MHz: 4 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS /
1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE[56]
Digicel 2021-07-19 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [57]
Brunei No Service UNN 2021-06-01 GSM National Wholesale Network used by DSTCom,Progresifandimagine.[58][59]
Canada Bell 2019-04-30 cdmaOne Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[60][61]
Rogers Wireless TBD GSM 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active.[62][63][64][65]
SaskTel 2017-07-31 cdmaOne [66][67]
Telus Mobility 2017-05-31 cdmaOne [68][69]
Cayman Islands partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2020-07-01 GSM [70][71]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
China China Unicom ? GSM Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2021.[72][73][74]
China Telecom ? cdmaOne Local shutdown commenced on 16 Jun 2020.
CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[75][76]
Colombia Claro 2023-02-23 GSM [77][78]
Tigo 2022-11-01 GSM [79]
Curaçao Digicel 2025-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-02-29 GSM [80][81]
Dominica unconfirmed Digicel 2027-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
France Bouygues 2026-12-31 GSM [82]
Orange 2025-12-31 GSM [52]
SFR 2026 GSM [83]
Grenada unconfirmed Digicel 2024-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
Guam unconfirmed GTA Teleguam ? GSM
Hong Kong 3 2021-09-30 GSM [84]
SmarTone 2022-10-14 GSM [85]
Iceland 2025 GSM Per government statement.[86]
Israel partially
unconfirmed 		Hot Mobile ? iDEN
2025 GSM Per government statement.[87]
Jamaica No Service FLOW 2024-04-15 GSM Shutdown commenced on 30 Sep 2022.[88][89][90]
Digicel 2024-08-31 GSM [91][90]
Japan No Service au KDDI 2012-07-22 cdmaOne [92]
NTT Docomo 2012-03-31 PDC [93]
Softbank 2010-03-31 PDC [94]
Jordan Umniah 2021-03-11 GSM [95]
Luxembourg Orange 2030 GSM [52]
Macau No Service CTM 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[96][97][98]
3 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[96][97]
SmarTone 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[96][97]
Mexico AT&T 2019-09-01 GSM [99]
Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
Movistar 2021-01-01 GSM [100]
Netherlands T-Mobile 2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT) 		GSM [101]
New Caledonia OPT-NC 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced in 2022.[102]
New Zealand 2degrees 2018-03-15 GSM [103]
Spark 2012-07-31 cdmaOne [104][105]
Norway Telenor 2025 GSM [106]
Telia 2025 GSM [106]
Panama Digicel 2022-06-30 GSM Complete shutdown of operations and market exit.[107][108][109][110]
Peru Bitel N/A (no 2G)
Poland Orange 2030 GSM [52]
Romania Orange 2030 GSM [52]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Digicel 2027-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [111]
Saint Lucia partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2027-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Digicel 2027-03-31 GSM
FLOW 2023-09-30 GSM [112][113][114][115]
Singapore No Service M1 2017-04-18 GSM [116]
Singtel 2017-04-18 GSM [116]
StarHub 2017-04-18 GSM [116]
Sint Maarten
Saba
Sint Eustatius 		No Service TelCell 2019-01-01 GSM [117]
FLOW(UTS) 2017-09-26 GSM [118]
Slovakia Orange 2030 GSM [52]
South Africa TBD GSM Per government statement.[119][120]
South Korea No Service KT 2012-03-19 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[121]
LG Uplus 2021-06-30 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[122]
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[123]
Spain Orange 2030 GSM [52]
Sweden Net4Mobility(Telenor/Tele2) 2025-12-31 GSM 2G network will be shut down by the end of 2025.[124][125][126]
Telia 2027 GSM Shutdown pushed back from 2025 to 2027.[127][128]
Switzerland No Service Salt 2020-12-31 GSM Shutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.[129][130][131]
Sunrise 2023-01-03 GSM With the introduction ofS-RANin 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.[132][133][134]
Swisscom 2021-04-07 GSM Official shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).[135][136][137]
Taiwan No Service Chunghwa Telecom 2017-06-30 GSM [138]
FarEasTone 2017-06-30 GSM [138]
Taiwan Mobile 2017-06-30 GSM [138]
Trinidad and Tobago Digicel 2024-03-31 GSM [139][140]
bmobile(TSTT) TBD GSM 850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS[141][142]
Turks and Caicos Islands Digicel 2025-06-30 GSM 900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM[143]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [144]
United Arab Emirates No Service Du 2023-12-31 GSM [145]
Etisalat 2023-12-31 GSM [146]
United Kingdom 2033 GSM Per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.[147][148][149]
United States
Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands 		AT&T 2017-01-01 GSM [150]
Cellcom
(US only) 		2023-12-01 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[151]
Claro
(PR only) 		? GSM
Commnet Wireless(Choice)
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[152]
Copper Valley Wireless 2022-09-30 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[153]
T-Mobile TBD GSM Shutdown commenced on 1 Sep 2024.[154][155]
T-Mobile(Sprint) 2022-05-31 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[156][157][158][159]
UScellular
(US only) 		2024-01-14 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[160][161]
Verizon
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA20001xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[162]
Venezuela Digitel 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced in May 2021.[163]
Movilnet 2025 GSM [163]
Movistar 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced on 01 Jul 2022.[163]
Vietnam 2024-09 GSM per government statement[164]
Shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.[165]
2024-09(for 2G-only devices)[166]
2026-09(for 3G and 4G (withoutVoLTE) devices)[167]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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