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5535 Annefrank

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5535 Annefrank
Annefrankviewed byStardustin 2002
Discovery [1]
Discovered byKarl Wilhelm Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date23 March 1942
Designations
(5535) Annefrank
Named after
Anne Frank
(Holocaust victim)[2]
1942 EM·1978 EK6
1986 TV14·1991 BO2
main-belt·Flora [3]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch4 September 2017 (JD2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter0
Observation arc75.02 yr (27,400 days)
Aphelion2.3527AU
Perihelion2.0721 AU
2.2124 AU
Eccentricity0.0634
3.29yr(1,202 days)
23.021°
0° 17m58.2s/ day
Inclination4.2473°
120.64°
9.1351°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions(6.6 x 5.0 x 3.4 km)[1]
4.34±0.23km[4]
4.8 km[1]
4.94 km(calculated)[3]
15.12h[5]
15.156±0.0474h[6]
21.33±0.990h[7]
0.21±0.03[8]
0.24(assumed)[3]
0.279±0.092[9]
0.311±0.056[4]
S [3][8]
13.650±0.120(R)[7]·13.679±0.001(R)[6]·13.7[1][3][4]·13.88±0.32[10]
Animation of Stardust'strajectory from 7 February 1999 to 7 April 2011
Stardust·81P/Wild·Earth·5535 Annefrank·Tempel 1

5535 Annefrank(/ˌænˈfræŋk/), provisional designation1942 EM,is a stonyFlorianasteroidand suspectedcontact binaryfrom the innerasteroid belt,approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter. It was used as a target to practice the flyby technique that theStardust space probewould later use on the cometWild 2.[8]

The asteroid was discovered 23 March 1942, by German astronomerKarl ReinmuthatHeidelberg Observatoryin southwest Germany.[11]It was named afterAnne Frank,a victim of theHolocaust.[2]

Orbit and classification

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Annefrankis a member of theFlora family,one of the largest collisional populations ofstony asteroidsin the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in theinnermain-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4AUonce every 3 years and 3 months (1,202 days). Its orbit has aneccentricityof 0.06 and aninclinationof 4°with respect to theecliptic.[1]

The body'sobservation arcbegins atCrimea–Nauchnijin 1978, with its identification as1978 EK6,36 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.[11]

Physical characteristics

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Annefrankhas been characterized as a commonS-type asteroid.[3][8]

Diameter, albedo and shape

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On 2 November 2002, theStardust space probeflew pastAnnefrankat a distance of 3079 km. Its images show the asteroid to be 6.6 × 5.0 × 3.4 km, twice as big as previously thought, and its main body shaped like a triangular prism with several visibleimpact craters.[8]From the photographs, thealbedoofAnnefrankwas computed to be between 0.18 and 0.24.[8]Preliminary analysis of the Stardust imagery suggests thatAnnefrankmay be acontact binary,although other possible explanations exist for its observed shape.[8]

Rotation and poles

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In October 2006, ground-basedphotometricobservations were used in an attempt to measureAnnefrank'srotational period.Analysis of the ambiguouslightcurvegave a period of15.12hours and a brightness variation of 0.25magnitudewith two alternative period solutions of 12 and 22.8 hours, respectively (U=2).[3][5]

In January 2014, photometric observations at thePalomar Transient Factorygave a rotation period of15.156and21.33hours with an amplitude of 0.17 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).[6][7]

The lightcurve data suggests thatAnnefrankis notLambertian,meaning that surface features, such as shadows from boulders and craters, play a role in the object's perceived brightness and not just the asteroid's relative size when seen from that orientation.[5]

The body's shortest axis is approximately aligned perpendicular to itsorbital plane.[8]

Naming

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Thisminor planetwas named afterAnne Frank,the German-Dutch-Jewish diarist who died in aNazi concentration campduring theSecond World War.[2]The official naming citation was published by theMinor Planet Centeron 14 May 1995 (M.P.C.25230).[12]

References

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  1. ^abcdef"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)"(2017-03-29 last obs.).Jet Propulsion Laboratory.Retrieved22 June2017.
  2. ^abcSchmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(5535) Annefrank".Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (5535) Annefrank.Springer Berlin Heidelberg.p. 472.doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5280.ISBN978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. ^abcdefg"LCDB Data for (5535) Annefrank".Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB).Retrieved20 March2017.
  4. ^abcMasiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012)."Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids".The Astrophysical Journal Letters.759(1): 5.arXiv:1209.5794.Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M.doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.Retrieved20 March2017.
  5. ^abcSchmidt, B. E.; Bauer, J.; Buratti, B. J.; Russell, C. T. (March 2007)."Rotational Light Curve and Rotation Period of 5535 Annefrank"(PDF).38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference(1338): 1859.Bibcode:2007LPI....38.1859S.Retrieved20 March2017.
  6. ^abcWaszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015)."Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry".The Astronomical Journal.150(3): 35.arXiv:1504.04041.Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W.doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75.Retrieved20 March2017.
  7. ^abcChang, Chan-Kao;Ip, Wing-Huen;Lin, Hsing-Wen; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Ngeow, Chow-Choong; Yang, Ting-Chang; et al. (August 2015)."Asteroid Spin-rate Study Using the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory".The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.219(2): 19.arXiv:1506.08493.Bibcode:2015ApJS..219...27C.doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/2/27.Retrieved20 March2017.
  8. ^abcdefghDuxbury, Thomas C.; Newburn, Ray L.; Acton, Charles H.; Carranza, Eric; McElrath, Timothy P.; Ryan, Robert E.; et al. (February 2004)."Asteroid 5535 Annefrank size, shape, and orientation: Stardust first results"(PDF).Journal of Geophysical Research.109(E2): E02002.Bibcode:2004JGRE..109.2002D.doi:10.1029/2003JE002108.Retrieved22 June2017.
  9. ^Hillier, John K.; Bauer, James M.; Buratti, Bonnie J. (January 2011)."Photometric modeling of Asteroid 5535 Annefrank from Stardust observations".Icarus.211(1): 546–552.Bibcode:2011Icar..211..546H.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.009.Retrieved20 March2017.
  10. ^Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015)."Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results".Icarus.261:34–47.arXiv:1506.00762.Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.Retrieved20 March2017.
  11. ^ab"5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)".Minor Planet Center.Retrieved20 March2017.
  12. ^"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive".Minor Planet Center.Retrieved20 March2017.
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