890s

The890sdecade ran from January 1, 890, to December 31, 899.

Events

890

By place

Europe

• The Frankishnobles,who have ruledProvenceinanarchy(since887), declareLouis the Blind(a son of the lateusurperKingBoso) ruler ofLower Burgundy,at an assembly atValence.
• The sovereignty ofSvatopluk I,ruler (knyaz) ofMoravia,is confirmed inBohemia.Lusatiabecomes a part of his kingdom (approximate date).

Britain

• KingAlfred the Greatbegins to commission and undertake a series of translations intoOld English,beginning with his own version of PopeGregory the Great'sPastoral Care.
• LordÆthelred IIand LadyÆthelflæd(a daughter of Alfred the Great) of theMerciansfound thePriory of St. OswaldinGloucester(probably originally dedicated toSt. Peter).
• Ohthere of Hålogaland,a NorseVikingseafarer, narrates the story of his travels to Alfred the Great, who arranges for it to be written down.
• KingAnarawd ap RhodriofGwyneddmakes the first ceremonial visit to an Englishcourt(that of Alfred the Great).
• KingDonald IIofScotlandexpels the BritisharistocracyofStrathclyde.They flee south toNorth Wales.
• The town ofKirby Muxloe(in modern-dayLeicestershire) is founded inEngland(approximate date).

891

By place

Europe

• February 21–Guy III,duke ofSpoleto,is crownedHoly Roman EmperorbyPope Stephen V.His sonLambertis proclaimed king ofItaly,at the capital ofPaviainLombardy.
• Summer –Orso,Lombard prince ofBenevento,is deposed after the capture ofBeneventoby theByzantines.Benevento becomes the capital of thethemaofLongobardia.
• Battle of Leuven:Viking raiders on theDyle River(nearLeuven), in modern-dayBelgium,suffer a crushing defeat byFrankishforces under KingArnulf of Carinthia.

Emirate of Córdoba

• Muslim forces led byAbdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi,Umayyademir ofCórdoba,defeat the rebel leaderUmar ibn HafsunatPoley,inAl-Andalus(modernSpain).

Arabian Empire (Caliphate)

• June 2–Al-Muwaffaq,an Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief, dies at the capital ofBaghdad.His sonAl-Mu'tadidis recognized asregent,and second heir of theAbbasid Caliphate.

Japan

• February 25–Fujiwara no Mototsune,a Japanese statesman, dies. In his lifetime, he had forced the resignation of EmperorYōzeiand become head of theFujiwara clan.

By topic

Religion

• September 14–Pope Stephen Vdies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded byFormosus,formercardinal bishopofPortus,as the 111thpopeof theCatholic Church.

892

By place

Europe

• Summer –Poppo II,duke ofThuringia(CentralGermany), is deposed by KingArnulf of Carinthia.East Frankish forces and theirMagyar(Hungarian) allies invadeGreat Moravia.
• Vladimir,ruler (knyaz) of theBulgarian Empire,signs a military alliance with Arnulf of Carinthia of theEast Frankish Kingdom.This alliance works against the pro-Byzantinepolicy of his father.

Britain

• Autumn – AVikingforce with a fleet of 250longshipsarrives at theriver mouthof the settlement ofLympne(East Kent). They attack the small fortification (calledEorpeburnan).
• Viking raiders (80 ships) underHasteinarrive in theThames Estuary,and set up camp atMiddleton.KingAlfred the Greatdecides to position his army in theWealdenForest.

Arabian Empire

• April –Al-Mu'tadid,thede factoregentof theAbbasid Caliphate,removes his cousinAl-Mufawwadfrom succession. He becomescaliphhimself, after the death ofAl-Mu'tamid,returning the capital fromSamarratoBaghdad.
• May –Ibrahim II,AghlabidemirofIfriqiya,sends a large army toPalermo,to imposeArabauthority fromKairouan.After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.
• Summer – The PersiannobilityinstallsIsma'il ibn Ahmad,the former governor ofTransoxiana,as ruler (emir) of theSamanid Empire,after the death of his brotherNasr I.

Asia

• FormerSillageneralKyŏn Hwŏnseizes the cities ofWansanjuandMujinju,taking over the territory ofBaekje.He wins the support of the people, and declares himself king.

893

By place

Europe

• Vladimir,ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire,is dethroned by his fatherBoris I,with help from loyalboyars.He is blinded, and succeeded by his brotherSimeon I,as prince ofBulgaria;the capital is moved fromPliskatoPreslav.Simeon makes analliancewith thePechenegs(orPatzinaks), asemi-nomadTurkic tribe from theCentral Asiansteppes.
• AnEast Frankishexpeditionary force underZwentibold,the eldest son of KingArnulf of Carinthia,crosses theAlpsintoFriuli.He makes junction atVerona,with the army of the deposed kingBerengar I,and proceeds to lay siege toPavia.After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back toBavaria,in case of aMagyarintervention.
• The 13-year-oldCharles III(the Simple), theposthumous sonofLouis the Stammerer,is crowned king of theWest Frankish Kingdomat theReims Cathedral—though he is not recognized as such by KingOdo(orEudes) until898.
• KingAlfonso IIIrepopulates the city ofZamorawithMozarabs(IberianChristianswho have lived underMoorishrule) fromToledoinAl-Andalus(modernSpain).
• Galindo II Aznárezsucceeds his fatherAznar II Galíndezas count ofAragon(until922).

Britain

• Spring – PrinceEdward,the son of KingAlfred the Great,defeats the DanishVikingraiders atFarnham,and forces them to take refuge onThorney Island.At the same time,DanesfromEast Angliasail around theCornishcoast, and besiegeExeter.
• Spring – A Viking army underHasteinmoves to afortified campatBenfleet(Essex). The Danish camp is captured by theSaxons,while the army is out raiding. Hastein is forced to retreat toShoebury.
• Summer –Battle of Buttington:A combined Welsh andMercianarmy under LordÆthelredbesieges a Viking camp atButtingtonin Wales. The Danes escape with heavy losses, and take their families to safety in East Anglia.
• Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city ofChester,after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys the food supplies, forcing them to move intoWales.
• Asser,bishop ofSherborne,writes hisLife of King AlfredinWessex.He studies for 6 months each year in Alfred's household.

Arabian Empire

• Spring – CaliphAl-Mu'tadidrecognizesKhumarawayhas autonomousemiroverEgyptandSyria,in exchange for an annualtributeof 300,000dinars.TheJaziraprovinces ofDiyar Rabi'aandDiyar Mudarare returned to theAbbasid Caliphate.Muslim forces recover direct control ofMosul(modernIraq) from theShayban.

Eurasia

• March 23–893 Ardabil earthquake.Several earthquake catalogues and historical sources describe this earthquake as a destructive earthquake that struck the city ofArdabil,Iran.The magnitude is unknown, but the death toll was reported to be very large. TheUSGS,in their "List of Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths", give an estimate that 150,000 were killed, which would make it the ninth deadliest earthquake in history.
• December 28– Anearthquakedestroys the city ofDvininArmenia.

By topic

Religion

• Council of Preslav:The Byzantineclergyis expelled fromBulgaria,and theGreek languageis replaced with Old Bulgarian (also known asOld Church Slavonic), as an official language.
• KingYasovarman I(called theLeper King) of theKhmer Empire(modernCambodia) dedicates theLoleiTemple of theRoluos groupto the godShivaand the royal family.

894

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Byzantine–Bulgarian War:Stylianos Zaoutzes,leading minister andbasileopator,convinces EmperorLeo VI(the Wise) to move the Bulgarian market fromConstantinopletoThessaloniki.This affects the commercial importance of Bulgarian trade.Simeon I,ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire,mobilizes his Bulgarian forces and invadesByzantineterritory, ravaging the countryside.

Europe

• Spring – KingArnulf of CarinthiainvadesItalyat the head of anEast Frankishexpeditionary army, joining up with the deposed kingBerengar IatVerona.He conquersBresciaafter little resistance, and sacksBergamoafter a one-monthsiege.The cities ofMilanandPaviaopen their doors to Arnulf. EmperorGuy IIIescapes from Pavia, to hide in the mountains ofSpoleto(Umbria).
• March– Arnulf of Carinthia proceeds toPiacenza,and from there invades central Italy. After a successful campaign, he calls the invasion off and returns to Pavia – probably because DukeRudolph I of Burgundywas threatening to invadeLorraine.Arnulf has himself proclaimedKing of Italyat Pavia, leaving Berengar I as hisvice-regentin Italy.
• Arnulf of Carinthia returns toGermanythrough theAlps,harried by militias dispatched by Rudolph I of Burgundy and margraveAnscar I of Ivrea.Only with much difficulty is Arnulf able to get his army through theAosta Valleyand throughSt. Moritz,back into Germany. Guy III descends from theApennines,and re-seizes the Italian kingdom.
• December– Guy III dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old sonLambert,already associated as co-emperor since892.At the pleading of ArchbishopFulk of Reims,Pope Formosusreconciles with the young emperor. Lambert proceeds from Spoleto to Pavia, where he is acclaimed and crowned with theIron Crown of Lombardy.
• Svatopluk I,ruler (knyaz) ofGreat Moravia,dies after a 34-year reign, in which he has united theSlavictribes in his kingdom. He is succeeded by his eldest sonMojmir II.ThePrincipality of Nitra(modern-daySlovakia) is given as anappanageto his brotherSvatopluk II.
• Árpád,head of the confederation of theHungarian tribes,comes to an agreement with the prince of the Moravians, Svatopluk II, that Hungarian and Moravian armies will together expel theEastern FranksfromPannonia.
• PrincePetar of Serbiadefeats his revolting cousinBran;he is captured and blinded (according to aByzantine tradition that meant to disqualify a person from taking the throne).

Britain

• TheVikingsinNorthumbriaandEast Angliaswear allegiance and hand over hostages to KingAlfred the Great,but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest ofEngland.A Viking force returns fromExeterand sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunderChichester.They are defeated by the Saxongarrison,losing many ships and men.
• KingAnarawdofGwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by theNorsemen.Anarawd is forced to ask for help from Alfred the Great and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd's confirmation in theChristian Church,with Alfred as 'godfather'.
• Autumn –Battle of Benfleet:Danish Viking forces retire toEssex,after being deprived of food by Alfred the Great (see893). They draw theirlongshipsup theThamesand into theLea,entrenching themselves atBenfleet.

Japan

• EmperorUdaorders commercial relations (calledImperial Japanese embassies to China) to cease withChina(approximate date).

895

By place

Europe

• TheMagyarsare expelled fromwestern Siberia,and settle in theCarpathian Basin,under the leadership ofÁrpád(the traditional date of896held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). EmperorLeo VI(the Wise) seeks aid from the Magyars, and after crossing theDanubeonByzantineships, they ravage Bulgarian territory.
• Simeon I(the Great), ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire,seeks refuge in the fortress ofDrastar,while the Magyars reach the outskirts of the capitalPreslav.Facing a difficult situation with war on two fronts, Simeon calls for atruce.Leo VI sends the diplomatLeo Choirosphaktesto Bulgaria, to negotiate the terms.
• KingOdo(orEudes) takes a large army againstRheims,and forces anti-kingCharles the Simpleto flee toGermany.KingArnulf of Carinthia,throwing off his agreements with Odo, charges his illegitimate sonZwentiboldto invade theWest Frankish Kingdom,and re-install Charles on thethrone.
• May – Arnulf of Carinthia summons theImperial Dietin his residence atWorms.Angered by the non-appearance of Charles the Simple, he again supports Odo's claim to the throne of the West Frankish Kingdom. In the same assembly, he crowns Zwentibold as king ofLotharingia.
• Guy IV,duke ofSpoleto,conquersBenevento(after the Byzantines have moved the capital ofByzantine Italyfrom Benevento toBari). Guy makes himself prince, thereby uniting the two Italian states. The Byzantines attempt to retake Benevento, but are defeated by Lombard troops.
• December – Arnulf of Carinthia invadesItaly,at the head of anEast Frankishexpeditionary army. He arrives inPaviaand reorganizes theLombard state.Arnulf partitions the northern part of the kingdom: the western half (March of Lombardy) and the eastern half (March of Verona).
• Arnulf of Carinthia crosses thePo Riverand divides his army in two: one corps (Swabian) proceeds toFlorence(viaBologna), while the other corps (Franks) moves through theLunigianato the precincts ofRome.
• Spytihněv I,duke ofBohemia,together with theSlavníkprinceWitizla,breaks away fromGreat Moravia,and swears allegiance to Arnulf of Carinthia inRegensburg.

Britain

• KingAnarawdofGwyneddis supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest ofSeisyllwg(Wales). He is successful, and his brotherCadellis finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.
• Autumn – KingAlfred the Greatblockades theLea Riverand builds fortifications, trapping the DanishVikingsatHertford.They abandon theirlongshipsand escape toBridgnorth,located in theSevern Valley.

Arabian Empire

• Hamdan ibn Hamdun,aTaghlibiArab chieftain, is defeated and captured by CaliphAl-Mu'tadidat the fortress ofMardin(near modernCizre). Hamdan's sonHusaynentersAbbasidservice, beginning the rise of theHamdanid Dynasty.

Mexico

• Birth ofTopiltzin,future emperor of theToltec Empire,in Michatlauhco, modern-dayMorelos(approximate date).

By topic

Music

• TheMusica enchiriadisis composed, marking the beginning of westernpolyphonicmusic (approximate date).

896

By place

Europe

• February– KingArnulf of CarinthiainvadesItalyat the head of anEast Frankishexpeditionary army. He stormsRome(theLeonine City), and has himself crownedHoly Roman EmperorbyPope FormosusatSt. Peter's.Arnulf sets out to establish his authority inSpoleto,but suffers astroke;he is forced to call off the campaign, and returns toBavaria.
• March– KingLambert IIproceeds to re-conquer Italy. Heading north, he captures westernLombardy,anddecapitatescount Maginulf of Milan. In the meantime, the deposed kingBerengar IrecoversVerona(March of Friuli) from Arnulf's candidate, countWalfred of Verona,who dies in office with "great fidelity to the emperor".
• Battle of Southern Buh:Bulgarian forces underSimeon I('the Great') defeat theMagyars,near the banks of theSouthern Buhriver (modernUkraine). The Magyars withdraw fromBulgaria,and are forced tomigrateto newpastures.Led byÁrpád,they settle in theCarpathian Basin(modernHungary).
• Summer –Battle of Boulgarophygon:Simeon I invades theTheme of Thrace(in the southeasternBalkans). TheByzantinestransfer a new army toEurope,to deal with the Bulgarian threat. The armies clash atBoulgarophygon(modernTurkey); the Byzantines are completely destroyed in battle.
• November– Lambert II and Berengar I agree to sign a treaty atPavia.Berengar receives therealmbetween theAddaand thePo,while the rest stays under the control of Lambert (including theMarch of Tuscany). They shareBergamo,and Lambert pledges to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter.
• PrinceKlonimir,pretender to thethroneof theSerbian Principality,is defeated by his ruling cousin,Petar.He is recognized as sole ruler of Serbia by Simeon I, resulting in a 20-year peace andalliance(approximate date).

Britain

• Summer – KingAlfred the Greatorders the building of English warships (almost twice as long as thelongships) on theItchenatSouthampton,against the DanishVikingraiders inWessex.
• A Vikingpiratearmy underHastein(a son ofRagnar Lodbrok) ravages theWelsh kingdomsofBrycheiniogandGwent(approximate date).

Arabian Empire

• Kharijite Rebellion:TheKharijiteuprising against theAbbasid CaliphateinJazirais ended. CaliphAl-Mu'tadidreunifies the entire province under centralgovernment,and installs his son and heir,Al-Muktafi,as governor.

China

• EmperorZhao ZongappointsLi Keyong,aShatuomilitary governor (jiedushi), as Prince of Jin. He becomes the first ruler ofJin(see907) following the collapse of theTang dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• April 4– PopeFormosusdies atRome,after a four-year reign. He is succeeded byBoniface VI,as the 112thpopeof theCatholic Church.
• April – Boniface VI dies (probably murdered), after apontificateof 15 days. He is succeeded byStephen VI,as the 113th pope of Rome.

897

By place

Europe

• Spring – KingLambert IItravels toRomewith his mother, QueenAgeltrudeand brotherGuy IV,LombarddukeofSpoleto,to meet PopeStephen VIto receive reconfirmation of his imperial title. Guy is murdered on theTiberby agents ofAlberic I,a Frankishnoblemanwith political interests. He seizes Spoleto (possibly at the instigation of KingBerengar I) and sets himself up as duke.

Britain

• English warships (nine vessels from Alfred's new fleet) intercept six Vikinglongshipsin the mouth of an unknownestuaryon the south coast (possibly atPoole Harbour) inDorset.TheDanesare blockaded, and three ships attempt to break through the English lines. Lashing theVikingboats to their own, the English crew board the enemy's vessels and kill everyone on board. Some ships manage to escape, two of the other three boats are driven against theSussexcoast. Theshipwreckedsailors are brought before KingAlfred the GreatatWinchesterand hanged. Just one Viking ship returns toEast Anglia.

Arabian Empire

• Caliphal-Mu'tadidrecovers control of theCilicianThughur(southeasternAnatolia) and of northernSyria,during the turmoil in theTulunidgovernment (approximate date).
• 15 March–Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq YahyaentersSa'dahand founds theZaydiImamate of Yemen.

Japan

• EmperorUdaabdicates thethroneafter a ten year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old sonDaigo,as the 60themperor of Japan.

By topic

Religion

• January – TheCadaver Synod:Lambert II orders Stephen VI to exhume the nine-month-old cadaver of former popeFormosus,to redress him in papal robes, and have him put on trial while seated in a chair atSt. Peter's.Formosus is 'convicted' of several crimes, his fingers ofconsecrationare cut off, and the body is stripped of hisvestments.
• August – Stephen VI is removed from office, imprisoned andstrangledin his cell. He is succeeded byRomanusas the 114thpopeof theCatholic Church.
• December – Romanus is deposed and succeeded byTheodore IIas the 115th pope of Rome, who dies twenty days later.

898

By place

Europe

• January 1– KingOdo I(or Eudes) dies atLa Fère(NorthernFrance) after a 10-year reign. His rival, the 18-year-oldCharles the SimpleinLaon,gains sovereignty and becomes ruler (with no real authority) of theWest Frankish Kingdom.This puts an end to five years of civil war between the Frankishnobles.
• Summer –Adalbert II,margrave ofTuscany,revolts (pushed by his wifeBertha) against his cousin, EmperorLambert II.The Tuscan army proceeds against theLombardcapital ofPavia.Lambert with his forces atMarengodefeats Adalbert atBorgo San Donnino,taking him, as a prisoner, to Pavia.
• October 15– Lambert II dies from falling off his horse whilehunting— or is killed (possibly assassinated by supporters of Maginulf of Milan). After the death of Lambert, his rivalBerengar Igains recognition as king ofItaly.He releases Adalbert II and receives homage from the Italian nobles.

Britain

• KingAlfred the Greatmakes his eldest sonEdward the Elderco-ruler ofWessexin preparation for his accession to the Englishthrone.

By topic

Religion

• January – PopeJohn IXisconsecratedand succeedsTheodore IIas the 116thpopeof theCatholic Church.His rivalSerguis III(aSpoletanally of Lambert II) is excommunicated and takes refuge at the court of Adalbert II.
• John IX holds councils atRomeandRavennato rehabilitate the late PopeFormosus.He condemns theCadaver Synodof the late PopeStephen VI,and restores the clergymen who were deposed by Stephen's faction.

899

By place

Europe

• Summer – KingArnulf of Carinthiaenlists the support of theMagyars,to raid northernItaly.They overrun the Lombard plain all the way toPavia.KingBerengar Iassembles a large army against the Magyars, and confronts them near theAdda River.Daunted at the strong force,Árpád(head of the confederation of theHungarian tribes) offers to make peace and restore much of what they've taken, if they are permitted to leave Italy unmolested. Berengar refuses, and the Magyars withdraw to theBrenta River.Árpád renews his offer, offering to leave all his booty and even some hostages. Again Berengar refuses, and awaits their crossing of the Brenta River for a final battle.
• September 24–Battle of the Brenta:The Magyar forces, consisting of 5,000 men, take a circuitous route through the mountains, crossing the Brenta River and proceed south to fall upon the encamped Lombard army (15,000 men) atCartigliano.The Magyars massacre much of Berengar's unprepared army. He himself manages to escape toPavia,changing his dress with the clothing of one of his soldiers. Árpád renews the offensive and heads acrossLombardy,pillaging the countryside aroundTreviso,Vicenza,Bergamoand other towns all the way toVercelli.He turns south and heads down theAemilian Road,sackingReggio Emilia,ModenaandBologna.
• December 8– Arnulf of Carinthia dies fromparalysisfollowing astrokeand is entombed inSt. Emmeram's AbbeyatRegensburg(Bavaria). He is succeeded by his 6-year-old sonLouis III(the Child) as ruler of theEast Frankish Kingdom.Arnulf's counselorHatto I,archbishop ofMainz,becomesregentand guardian of the young king. Louis (possibly at the instigation of Hatto) claimsLotharingiafrom his half-brotherZwentiboldand with the support of the East Frankishnobleshe provokes a civil war. The Lombardthroneis left temporarily vacant.
• Winter – The Magyars turn back north towards the shores of theVenetian Lagoon.They pillageChioggiaandPellestrina,and advance towardsMalamocco.Their advance into the lagoon is checked by the assembly of theVenetian fleetunder dogePietro Tribuno,which defeats the Magyar's river crossing vessels at Albiola, causing them to pull back. This close call with the Magyars prompts the Venetians to initiate the fortification of theRialtoand the building of protective chains over theGrand Canal.

Britain

• October 26– KingAlfred the Greatdies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading DanishVikingsto withdraw, consolidatedEnglandaroundWessex,divided parts ofMerciainto shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famousscholarsto Wessex and made his own translations ofLatinworks. He is succeeded by his eldest son,Edward the Elderas king of Wessex.
• Winter –Æthelwold's Revolt:Following the death of Alfred the Great,Æthelwold(youngest son of the late kingÆthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates atWimborne,the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, andChristchurch.Edward set up hisarmy campatBadbury Rings.Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees toNorthumbria.

Arabian Empire

• Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani,Muslim ruler ofDiyar Bakr,surrenders at the besieged capital ofAmid(modernTurkey) to CaliphAl-Mu'tadidin exchange for clemency.Al-Muktafi,the son of Al-Mu'tadid, is installed as governor of theJazira(UpperMesopotamia), ending the semi-independentShaybanid Dynasty,which has ruled in Diyar Bakr since the870s.
• TheQarmatians,led byAbu Sa'id al-Jannabi,captureBahrain's capital of Hajr andAl-Hasa(Eastern Arabia). Abu Sa'id makes it hisresidenceand establishes areligious utopianrepublic.

By topic

Religion

• Regino of Prüm,aBenedictinechurchman, is expelled fromPrümand becomesabbotofSt. Maximin's Abbey(which is destroyed by the Vikings) inTrier.

Significant people

• Al-Mu'tamid
• Al-Mu'tadid
• Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
• Charles the Simple

References

Sources

• Bianquis, Thierry(1998)."Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969".In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517.Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.ISBN0-521-47137-0.
• Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2005).A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival.Palgrave.ISBN1-4039-6929-9.
• Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996).Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN0-8122-1587-7.
• Kristó, Gyula (1996).Hungarian History in the Ninth Century.Szegedi Középkorász Műhely.ISBN978-1-4039-6929-3.