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9io9
ALMA image of 9io9, showing the magnetic field in the 11 billion light years distant galaxy.
Observation data (J2000epoch)
ConstellationCetus
Right ascension02h09m41.27s[1]
Declination+00° 15′ 58.48″[1]
Redshift0.206 (lensing galaxy)[2]
2.554±0.0002(lensed galaxy)[3]
Distance2.5 and 11.1Gly(770 and 3,400Mpc)[4]
Other designations
G1, G2, HerS J020941.1+001557, HERS1, PJ020941.3

ASW0009io9 (9io9)is agravitationally lensedsystem of twogalaxies.The nearer galaxy is approximately 2billionlight-years(610Mpc) from Earth and is designatedSDSSJ020941.27+001558.4,while the lensed galaxy is 10 billion light-years (3.1 Gpc) distant and is designated ASW0009io9 (shortened to 9io9).[5][2]It was discovered in January 2014 by a group of citizen scientists, while classifying images on the website Spacewarps.org.[5]The discovery was announced on theBBCtelevision programmeStargazing Live.[5][2]

Name

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TheDaily Mailmistakenly named the galaxy 9Spitch and spread the news that Chetnik was the only discoverer of this galaxy. The term9Spitchcomes from Zbigniew "Zbish" Chetnik's nicknameZbish,after a BBC producer misheard his nickname.[5]Chetnik was however not the only one who discovered the galaxy. First the galaxy was classified on the website by volunteers, including Chetnik and then it was followed-up with professional telescopes by astronomers, who named it Red Radio Ring (RRR) or 9io9 after its Space Warps identifier.[2]SIMBADandNEDlists ASW0009io9 as one of the official names.[6][7]The name 9io9 is the official name of this galaxy and 9Spitch is a name adopted by one newspaper.

Observations

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The Red Radio Ring (RRR) was discovered by four independent groups, including the Space Warps project using deep images from theCanada–France–Hawaii Telescope,[2]a cross-match withHerschel-SPIRE andPlanckimages at 350 μm to identify strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) and follow up withLarge Millimeter Telescope,[8]a detection withHerschel-SPIRE 500 μm images to identify strongly lensed DSFGs,[9]and identification of 9io9 as the strongest lensed DSFG in the 278 GHz maps from theAtacama Cosmology Telescope(ACT) and follow-up with theGreen Bank Telescope.[10]

The galaxy was studied with the Large Millimetre Telescope, which detectedcarbon monoxidein the lensed galaxy, and theSubaru Telescope,which detected differentspectroscopic linesassociated withstar formationin the lensed galaxy. This study suggests a high star forming rate of about 2500Mʘyr−1or a thousand times the star forming rate of theMilky Way.The source reconstruction supports a compact core and an extended region, maybe indicative of ajet or lobecoming from anactive galactic nucleus(AGN). The galaxy might be in the center of a largegalaxy grouporclusterand it will likely evolve into a massiveelliptical galaxy.[2]

Observations with theNorthern Extended Millimeter Array(NOEMA) and detailed reconstruction of the lensed galaxy suggests an approximately 3-kiloparsec(9,800ly) diameter rotating disk of gas.[11]

Hubbleimage of 9io9

9io9 was observed with theAtacama Large Millimeter Array(ALMA) 12-meter antennas in December 2017 as part of project 2017.1.00814.S. The data revealed the presence ofatomic carbonandcarbon monoxideas a tracer of star formation. It was estimated that the total star formation rate of the molecular ring is about2800M☉yr−1.ALMA also detected thecyanide radicaltravelling twice the velocity of the rotation of the molecular ring, with aradial velocityof680km s−1.This is explained as a possible interaction between material outflowing from the AGN andinterstellar material.[3]

Harringtonet al.(2019) reports four independent detections of the Red Radio Ring, including the detection with Space Warps. In their paper they report newAtacama Pathfinder Experiment(APEX) observations, presenting the detection ofnitrogen[N II] 205 μm. The velocity structure of the nitrogen is similar to carbon monoxide and they concluded that both share the same volume. The ratio of the nitrogenluminosityand the infrared luminosity resembles more a normalstar-forming galaxyand less a galaxy with star-formation influenced by aquasar.[12]

Magnetic field

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In 2023 observations with ALMA helped to detect amagnetic fieldfor 9io9, the furthest detected magnetic field ever detected at the time of the discovery. The field is a thousand times weaker thanEarth's magnetic field,but extends 16,000light years.[13]A field strength of around 500μGwas measured and the magnetic fields are orientated parallel to the gas disk of the galaxy.[14]

References

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  1. ^ab"SDSS J020941.27+001558.4".Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Retrieved19 January2015.
  2. ^abcdefGeach, J. E.; et al. (September 2015)."The Red Radio Ring: a gravitationally lensed hyperluminous infrared radio galaxy atz= 2.553 discovered through the citizen science project Space Warps ".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.452(1): 502–510.arXiv:1503.05824.Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452..502G.doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1243.
  3. ^abGeach, J. E.; et al. (October 2018)."A Magnified View of Circumnuclear Star Formation and Feedback around an Active Galactic Nucleus atz= 2.6 ".The Astrophysical Journal.866(1). L12.arXiv:1807.03313.Bibcode:2018ApJ...866L..12G.doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aae375.S2CID53580326.
  4. ^"NED Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator - light travel time".NED.Retrieved6 September2023.
  5. ^abcd"Daily Fail".Zooniverse.org. 17 January 2014.Retrieved19 January2015.
  6. ^"[GMV2015] ASW0009io9".simbad.u-strasbg.fr.Retrieved2023-09-06.
  7. ^"By Name | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database".ned.ipac.caltech.edu.Retrieved2023-09-06.
  8. ^Harrington, K. C.; et al. (June 2016)."Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of Extremely Luminous High-zSources Identified byPlanck".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.458(4): 4383–4399.arXiv:1603.05622.Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.4383H.doi:10.1093/mnras/stw614.
  9. ^Nayyeri, H.; et al. (May 2016)."Candidate Gravitationally Lensed Dusty Star-forming Galaxies in theHerschelWide Area Surveys ".The Astrophysical Journal.823(1). 17.arXiv:1601.03401.Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...17N.doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/17.S2CID6571822.
  10. ^Su, T.; et al. (January 2017)."On the redshift distribution and physical properties of ACT-selected DSFGs".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.464(1): 968–984.arXiv:1511.06770.Bibcode:2017MNRAS.464..968S.doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2334.PMC7402280.PMID32753768.
  11. ^Rivera, Jesus; et al. (July 2019)."The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: CO(J= 3 – 2) Mapping and Lens Modeling of an ACT-selected Dusty Star-forming Galaxy ".The Astrophysical Journal.879(2). 95.arXiv:1807.08895.Bibcode:2019ApJ...879...95R.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab264b.S2CID55011123.
  12. ^Harrington, Kevin C.; et al. (September 2019)."The 'Red Radio Ring': ionized and molecular gas in a starburst/active galactic nucleus atz~ 2.55 ".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.488(2): 1489–1500.arXiv:1906.09656.Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.1489H.doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1740.
  13. ^[email protected]."Furthest ever detection of a galaxy's magnetic field".www.eso.org.Retrieved2023-09-06.
  14. ^Geach, J. E.; Lopez-Rodriguez, E.; Doherty, M. J.; Chen, Jianhang; Ivison, R. J.; Bendo, G. J.; Dye, S.; Coppin, K. E. K. (6 September 2023)."Polarized thermal emission from dust in a galaxy at redshift 2.6"(PDF).Nature.621(7979): 483–486.arXiv:2309.02034.Bibcode:2023Natur.621..483G.doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06346-4.PMC10511318.PMID37674076– via ESO archives.
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