1302
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Year1302(MCCCII) was acommon year starting on Monday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 2– In Germany,Henry IIbecomes the ruler of the independent nation ofMecklenburg(now encompassing the northeastern German state ofMecklenburg-Vorpommern) upon the death of his father,Henry the Pilgrim.Henry II had served as regent from 1290 to 1298 during Henry the Pilgrim's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and had continued most of the administration of Mecklenburg after the return of his 68-year-old father.
- January 20– In Egypt,Al-Mustakfi Ibecomes the new MuslimAbbasid Caliph of Cairo,leader ofIslamwithin theMamluk Sultanate,upon the death of his father, the CaliphAl-Hakim I.
- January 23–King Ferdinand IVof the SpanishKingdom of Castile,having recently reached the age of majority at age 16, marries 12-year-oldPrincess Constance,the only daughter ofKing DinisofPortugal,in a ceremony atValladolid.
- January 26– At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, KingEdward I of England( "Edward Longshanks" ) and the Scottish nobles led byRobert the Bruceagree to a nine-month peace treaty atLinlithgow,to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.[1]
- February 8–Yesün Temürbecomes theJinong(crown prince) of the Mongol Empire upon the death of his father Gammala, with authority over the Mongolian steppe north of the Gobi Desert. Yesün Temür will become the Emperor of China'sYuan dynastyin 1323 and reign for almost five years.
- February 10– Thepapal bullAusculta Filiis delivered toPhilip the Fair,King of France, butRobert II, Count of Artois,snatches the document from Jacques de Normans, the emissary ofPope Boniface VIIIand burns the paper in a fire.[2]
- February 19– The Italian artistCimabuecompletes construction of the image ofJohn the Evangelist,a major potion of themosaicChrist Enthroned,in thePisa Cathedral,after 94 days. Cimabue dies shortly afterward, and the full mosaic will not be completed until1320.
- March 3– Upon the death ofRoger-Bernard III, Count of Foix,who had founded theCo-principality of Andorrain1278,Roger's sonCount Gastoncontinues as the new French administrator on behalf of King Philip of France. The holder of the titleCount of Foixwill continue to be the French representative in Andorra, with almost 200 years of unbroken rule, until the death ofGaston IVin1472.
- March 4– After learning of the rejection of the papal bull by King Philip of France, Pope Boniface VIII sends CardinalJean Lemoineto inform King Philip of the Pope's plans for an ecclesiastical council to control the appointment of French clergy.
- March– Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland marries the 18-year-oldElizabeth de BurghatWrittleinEssex.She is the daughter ofRichard Óg de Burgh( "the Red Earl" ), a powerful Irish nobleman and close friend of King Edward I of England.
April–June
[edit]- April 8– (8 Shaban 701 AH) SultanMuhammad IIdies after a 29-year reign and is succeeded by his sonMuhammad IIIas ruler ofGranada.Within two weeks of his accession, he sends a Nasrid army underHammu ibn Abd al-Haqqto seizeBedmarand other neighboring strongholds fromCastile.Nasrid forces also attackJódar,northeast of Bedmar, and recaptureQuesada.Meanwhile, Muhammad contains friendly relations with KingJames II( "James the Just" ).[3]
- April 10– The first meeting of theEstates GeneralinFranceis convened KingPhilip IV( "Philip the Fair" ) at theNotre-DameinParis.During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and PopeBoniface VIIIabout the papal legate,Bernard Saisset– who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated withNavarre,under the banner of theCounty of Foix.[4]
- April 12–Ghazanof the Mongol Empire'sIlkhanatedivision sends a letter to Pope Boniface and announces preparations for a new campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate.[5]
- April 22– In what is nowTurkey,ByzantineEmperorMichael IX Palaiologoslaunches a military campaign against Turkish forces who have been conducting raids, and marches fromConstantinople.[6]His army travels southward as far asMagnesia ad Maeander(the ruins of which are now near the town ofOrtaklarin what is now Turkey'sAydin Province). Palaiologos seeks to directly confront the Turkish forces, but is dissuaded by his generals. In the meantime, the Turks resume their raids, isolating Michael at Magnesia. His army is dissolved without a battle, as the local forces are left behind to defend their homes. The Alans (Byzantine mercenaries) too leave, to rejoin their families inThrace.Michael is forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees.[7]
- May 17– At the age of 12,Eleanor of Anjou,daughter of KingCharles II of Naples,marries KingFrederick III of Sicily.
- May 18– Flemish militia kill 2,000 French soldiers in the course of theMatins of Bruges,afterPieter de ConinckandJan Breydelcall on soldiers to kill all of the French occupiers of the city in Flanders. The French Governor of Flanders,Jacques de Châtillon,escapes with a handful of soldiers while disguised as a priest. He arrives inParisto bring the news of the massacre to King Philip the Fair, who sends an army to capture the city.[8]
- June 12– The Baltic Sea town ofWesenberginDanish Estonia(now Rakvere) receives municipal self-government under the Hanseatic League doctrine ofLübeck law.
- June 14–Matteo I Visconti,Lord of Milan(Signore di Milano), the semi-independent Italian region within theHoly Roman Empire,is deposed byGuido della Torre,but will return in 1311.
July–September
[edit]- July 11– TheBattle of the Golden Spurstakes place as France retaliates against Flanders for the May 18Matins of Brugesmassacre. Flemish forces led byWilliam of Jülich( "William the Younger" ) and Pieter de Coninck defeat the French army (some 9,000 men) atKortrijkin Flanders. The cavalry charges of the French prove unable to defeat the untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds. Many French nobles (some 500 knights) are killed, like the commanderRobert II of Artois,and forced to retreat.[9]
- July 27–Battle of Bapheus:To counter the Turkish threat atNicomedia,EmperorAndronikos II Palaiologossends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over theBosporusto relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by SultanOsman Idefeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside ofBithynia,withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city ofGemlik.[10][11]
- August 5–John Segraveis appointed to the custody ofBerwick Castle,leaving him in charge with an English force of some 20,000 men. Robert, along with other nobles, gives his allegiance to Edward.[12]
- August 31– ThePeace of Caltabellottais signed between KingCharles the Lame, King of NaplesandKing Frederick III of Sicily,ending theWar of the Sicilian Vespers.TheKingdom of Sicilywill pass to Angevin rule on Frederick's death, in return Charles pays a tribute of some 100,000 ounces of gold. Frederick hands over all his possessions inCalabriaand releases Charles' sonPhilip I,prince ofTaranto,from his prison inCefalù.[13]
- September 3– (1 Muharram 702 AH) At the start of the new Muslim year 702 AH, Mamluk SultanAl-Nasir Muhammadsends a fleet of 20 galleys) toTripoli of Lebanon,where Mamluk forces led by Kahardash al-Zarraq al-Mansuri, begin a blockade and siege.[14]
- September 26– (28 Muharram 702 AH)Fall of Ruad:TheKnights Templar,European Crusaders to the Holy Land, surrender their control of the island ofRuad(now Arwad, off of the coast of Syria) to the Mamluk Sultanate.[15]Hugh Dampierre negotiates a promise that the Europeans will be allowed safe conduct to a Christian-ruled land of their choice, but Knights are attacked as soon as they emerge from the garrison. Templar Grand MasterBarthélemy de Quincyis killed in battle, all of the Syrian Christian bowmen and footsoldiers are executed, and the surviving Knights Templar are taken as prisoners of war and incarcerated in Cairo.
- September–Roger de Flor,Italian military adventurer and knight (condottiere), founds theCatalan Companygroup of mercenaries, with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.
October–December
[edit]- October 4– Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, signs a peace treaty with theRepublic of Venice,ending theByzantine–Venetian War.The Venetians return most of their conquests – but keep the islands ofKea,Santorini,SerifosandAmorgos– which are retained by theprivateerswho have captured them. Andronikos agrees to repay the Venetians for their losses sustained during the massacre of Venetian residents (see1296).[16]
- November 18– Boniface VIII issues the papal bullUnam sanctam,which asserts the superiority of the papacy's spiritual power over secular rulers.[17]
- December 2– The coronation ofMartha of Denmark,wife of Sweden'sKing Birgersince1298,asQueen consort of Swedentakes place in a ceremony atSöderköping.
- December 10– The Inuigin Era (Kengen) begins in Japan during the reign after the coronation ofEmperor Gonijo.
- December 31–Theobald IIof the House of Metz becomes the newDuke of Lorrainewithin theHoly Roman Empireafter the death of his father,Frederick III.
Date unknown
[edit]- TheTemple of Confuciusis erected inBeijingduring the reign of EmperorTemür Khan(or "Chengzong" ) of the ChineseYuan Dynasty.
Births
[edit]- November 30–Andrew Corsini,Italian prelate and bishop (d.1374)
- December 7–Azzone Visconti,Italiannoblemanand knight (d.1339)
- Fang Congyi,ChineseDaoistpriest and landscape painter (d.1393)
- Hōjō Sadayuki,Japanese nobleman, governor andsamurai(d.1333)
- Konoe Tsunetada,Japanese nobleman (kugyō) andregent(d.1352)
- Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya,Indian GrandMuftiand writer (d. 1374)
- Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen,Tibetan ruler and politician (d.1364)
Deaths
[edit]- January 2–Henry I,German nobleman and co-ruler (b.1230)
- January 19–Al-Hakim I,Abbasid ruler (caliph) ofCairo(b.1247)
- January 26–Godfrey Giffard,EnglishLord Chancellorand bishop
- February 1–Andrea dei Conti,Italian priest and mystic (b.1240)
- February 10–Gerald Le Marescal,Irish archdeacon and bishop
- March 3–Roger-Bernard III,French nobleman and knight (b.1243)
- March 9–Richard FitzAlan,English nobleman and knight (b.1267)
- March 20–Ralph Walpole,English cleric, archdeacon and bishop
- April 8–Muhammad II( "al-Faqih" ), Nasrid ruler ofGranada(b.1235)
- April 9–Constance of Sicily,queen and regent ofAragon(b.1249)
- May 2–Blanche of Artois,queen and regent ofNavarre(b.1248)
- June 30–Ingeborg Birgersdotter,Swedish noblewoman (b.1253)
- July 11(Battle of the Golden Spurs):
- Godfrey of Brabant,Dutch nobleman and knight
- Guy I of Clermont,French nobleman and knight
- Jacques de Châtillon,French governor and knight
- John I de Trie,French knight andtrouvère(b.1225)
- John I of Ponthieu,French nobleman and knight
- John II of Brienne,French nobleman and knight
- Pierre Flotte,French knight, lawyer and chancellor
- Raoul II of Clermont,French nobleman and knight
- Robert II,French nobleman andseneschal(b.1250)
- Simon de Melun,French knight and Marshal (b. 1250)
- September 6–John St. John,English knight and seneschal
- September 18–Eudokia Palaiologina,empress ofTrebizond
- September 26–Barthélemy de Quincy,French Grand Master
- October 29–Matthew of Aquasparta,Italian Minister General
- November 17–Gertrude the Great,German mystic (b.1256)
- December 2–Audun Hugleiksson,Norwegian knight (b. 1240)
- December 13–Adolf II,German nobleman and prince-bishop
- December 26–Valdemar Birgersson,king ofSweden(b.1239)
- December 29–Vitslav II,Danish nobleman, knight and prince
- December 31–Frederick III,German nobleman and knight
- Balian of Ibelin,Cypriot nobleman and seneschal (b. 1240)
- Dietrich of Apolda,German monk, hagiographer and writer
- Gerardo Bianchi,Italian churchman, cardinal and diplomat
- Godfrey Giffard,English chancellor and bishop (b. 1235)
- Henry III of Bar,French nobleman and knight (b.1259)
- Henry le Walleis,English advisor, mayor and politician
- Hu Sanxing,Chinese historian and politician (b. 1230)
- Ibn Daqiq al-'Id,Egyptian scholar and writer (b.1228)
- John Comyn II,Scottish nobleman, knight and regent
- John de Sècheville,English philosopher and scientist
- Lotterio Filangieri,Italo-Norman nobleman and knight
- Louis I,Swiss nobleman and knight (House of Savoy)
- Maghinardo Pagani,Italian nobleman and statesman
- William of March,EnglishLord Treasurerand bishop
References
[edit]- ^John Mackintosh,The History of Civilisation in Scotland(Alexander Gardner, 1892) p. 274
- ^"Boniface VIII", by Thomas Oestreich, inThe Catholic Encyclopedia,ed. by Charles G. Herbermann (The Encyclopedia Press, 1907) p.666
- ^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait,p. 118. University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
- ^Andrew Latham (2019). "Medieval Geopolitics: The Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France".Medievalists.net.
- ^"Why Did the West Fail to Recover the Holy Land Between 1291 and 1320?", by Malcolm Barber, inCrusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages,ed. by Simon John and Nicholas Morton (Taylor & Francis, 2016)
- ^Savvas Kyriakidis,Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453(Brill, 2011)
- ^Nicol, Donald M. (1993).The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453,pp. 125–126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-43991-6.
- ^Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).A Global Chronology of Conflict,p. 294. Vol. 1.ISBN978-1-85-109667-1.
- ^Verbruggen, J. F. (2002).The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302,p. 192. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.ISBN978-0-85115-888-4.
- ^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453,pp. 76–77. University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-0-8122-1620-2.
- ^Laiou, Angeliki E.(1972).Constantinople and the Latins: Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328,pp. 90–91. Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0-674-16535-9.
- ^Lee, Sidney (1897). "Segrave, John de".Dictionary of National Biography.Vol 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^Lock, Peter (2013).The Routledge Companion to the Crusades.Routledge. p. 123.ISBN9781135131371.
- ^Amir Mazor,The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Manṣūriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279 –741/1341(V&R Unipress, 2015) p.131
- ^Malcolm Barber,The Trial of the Templars(Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.22ISBN0-521-85639-6
- ^Nicol, Donald M. (1988).Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations,pp. 217–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-34157-4.
- ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History,p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ISBN0-304-35730-8.