1303
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Year1303(MCCCIII) was acommon year starting on Tuesday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 17– A major earthquake strikesByzantiumandConstantinople(nowIstanbulin Turkey). Byzantine EmperorMichael IX Palaiologosspreads the word that the former Patriarch of the Eastern Church,Athanasius Ihad given him a warning about the imminent wrath of God against the city.[1]
- January 21–John XIIis forced to resign as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the January 17 earthquake.[1]
- January 28– In India, thesiege of Chittorgarh,capital of theMedapataKingdom (now in the state of Rajasthan), begins as theSultan of Delhi,Alauddin Khalji,seeks to acquire the territory of the Medapata Emperor,Ratnasimha.[2]
- February 24–Battle of Roslin:Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led byJohn Comyn III "the Red"andSimon Fraserambush and defeat an English scouting party underJohn SegraveatRoslin.During the battle, the Scots attack the English camp, capturing Segrave and several other nobles. But a second English brigade manages to rescue Segrave in a pitched battle. Later, the English army is again defeated, according to sources they lose between 28,000 and 30,000 men.[3]
- March 17–Joan IIof theAnscaridsbecomes the Countess and ruler ofBurgundy,a free state within theHoly Roman Empire(now the département of Jura in France), upon the death of her fatherOtto IV.
April–June
[edit]- April 4–Battle of Arques:Flemish forces (some 10,000 men) led byWilliam of Jülich( "the Younger" ) defeats a French army atArquesinFlanders.During the battle, the French cavalry (1,600 men) tries to break the Flemish infantry militia formations, but to no avail. Finally, the French withdraw toSaint-Omer,leaving 300 dead behind. Later, William receives a warm reception inBrugesas a liberator in May.[4]
- April 20– PopeBoniface VIIIfounds theUniversity of Romewith the papal bullIn Supremae praeminentia Dignitatis,as aStudiumfor ecclesiastical studies under his control, making it the first pontifical university.
- April 22–Battle of Marj al-Saffar:Mamluk forces (some 20,000 men) under SultanAl-Nasir Muhammaddefeat a Mongol army and their Armenian allies led byQutlugh-Shah,on the plain ofMarj al-Saffar.After the battle, Al-Nasir entersDamascusand chases the Mongols as far asAl-QaryatayninSyria.He returns toCairoin triumph through theBab al-Nasr( "Victory Gate" ) with chained prisoners of war.[5]
- May 16– King Edward I of England assembles 7,500 troops atRoxburghto prepare for a resumption of his campaign against theKingdom of Scotland,to begin after concluding peace between England and France.[6]In advance of the invasion, Edward orders that three pre-fabricated pontoon bridges be built and transported, in a fleet of 27 ships. After crossing into Scotland, Edward and his soldiers burns hamlet and towns, granges and granaries. Meanwhile,Richard Óg de Burgh, "the Red Earl"with forces fromIrelandcapture the castles ofRothesayandInverkip.[7]
- May 20–Treaty of Paris:KingPhilip the FairofFrancesigns a peace treaty withEdward Longshanks, King of England.According to the terms of the treaty,Gasconyis restored toEngland– as well as the cities ofBordeauxandBayonne.In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter,Isabella of France,be married to his sonEdward of Caernarfon,until she is old enough.
- May 26–Elizabeth Richeza,14-year-old daughter of the lateKing Przemysl IIof Poland, marries her father's former rival and the new King of Poland,King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.The marriage takes place at thePrague Cathedralin Bohemia (now in theCzech Republic,and Elizabeth is crowned as Queen Consort of Bohemia.
- May 31–Pope Boniface VIIIorders the nullification of the election of Wenceslaus as King of Hungary, and declares thatKároly Róbert,son of the late Hungarian kingCharles Martel of Anjou,is the rightful claimant to the throne. The Pope also threatens Wenceslaus with excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church if Wenceslaus continues to style himself "King of Hungary". The decision causes a breakdown of Hungary between supporters of Wenceslaus and supporters of Károly.
- June 18– Scottish noblesEdmund ComynandSimon Fraserlead an invasion fromDumfriesshirein Scotland, crossing the border into England atCumberlandand laying waste toCarlisleand its surrounding area.[8]
- June 23–Athanasius Ireturns to leadership of the Eastern Orthodox church inByzantium,receiving recognition as theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinoplealmost 10 years of having been driven from that office.[1]
July–September
[edit]- August 8–1303 Crete earthquake:An earthquake destroys theLighthouse of AlexandriainEgypt,one of theSeven wonders of the World.[9]
- August 26–Siege of Chittorgarh:Delhi forces led by SultanAlauddin Khaljicapture the massiveChittor Fortin northernIndia,after an 8-month-long siege. Alauddin orders a general massacre of Chittor's population.[10]
- August– The 17-year-old KingFerdinand the Summoned,supervised by his mother, Queen-RegentMaría de Molina,signs a peace treaty atCórdobawithGranadafor three years. In return,Muhammad IIIrenews his vassalage withCastileand pays the same tribute given as to his father, the late KingSancho the Brave.The strategic port city ofTarifaremains in Castilian hands.[11]
- September 7– Boniface VIII is imprisoned byGuillaume de Nogaret,French councillor and advisor, on behalf of Philip the Fair at his residence inAnagni.During the incident,Gregory Bicskei,archbishop ofEsztergom,is killed. Boniface is for three days held in captivity, where he is beaten, tortured and nearly executed.
- September 16– The Kagen era begins in Japan during the reign of the Emperor Gonijo.
- September 25–1303 Hongdong earthquake:An earthquake destroys the cities ofTaiyuanandPingyang,some 200,000 people are killed.
- September– EmperorAndronikos II Palaiologos,facing a possible siege ofConstantinopleby Ottoman-Turkish forces, seeks support from the European kingdoms. He makesRoger de Flor,Italian military adventurer and nobleman, an offer of service. Roger with his fleet and army (some 7,000 men), now known as theCatalan Company,departs fromMessinawith 36 ships (including 18 galleys), and arrives in Constantinople. He is adopted into the imperial family, Andronikos appoints him as grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army and fleet.[12]
October–December
[edit]- October 11–Pope Boniface VIIIdies while imprisoned atAnagni,after apontificateof 8 years.
- October 22– At thepapal conclave in Rometo select a new Roman catholic Pontiff, Cardinal Nicolò Boccasini, Bishop of Ostia, is elected unanimously.
- October 27– The coronation of Cardinal Boccasini asPope Benedict XI,194th pope of theRoman Catholic Church,is performed at St. Peter's Basilica byCardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.
- November 9– Edward I Longshanks, King of England spends the winter atDunfermline Abbeywhere he plans the attack onStirling Castle.He stations an army in the field and operations continue throughout the winter. An English force (some 1,000 men) raids and plunder intoLennoxas far asDrymen.Meanwhile, LordJohn BotetourtraidsGallowayin strength, with fourbannerets(some 3,000 men).[13]
- December 18–Pope Benedict XIissues a mandate directing that the rights of CardinalJean LemoineofFrance,to income from the dioceses of Bayeux and Amiens is to be protected while Lemoine is serving aspapal legate.
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- Autumn –Battle of Dimbos:The Byzantine governors (tekfurs) ofPrusa,Adranos,Kestel,andUlubatbegin a military campaign against the Ottoman-Turkish forces of SultanOsman I.They attack the Ottoman capital city ofYenişehirand proceed to relieveNicaea,which is under an Ottoman blockade. Osman musters a 5,000-strong army and defeats the Byzantine forces at a mountain pass near Yenişehir.[14]
Asia
[edit]- Mongol invasion of India:Mongol forces appear outsideDelhiand begin the siege of the city. Alauddin Khalji and a Delhivanguardarmy return to the capital, while the Delhi garrison resists assaults of the Mongols.[15]
- Autumn – Mongol forces lift the siege of Delhi after two months, they retreat with great plunder and war booty. Meanwhile, Alauddin Khaliji orders to strengthen border fortresses along the Mongol routes to India.[16]
Births
[edit]- May 19–Saw Zein(orBinnya Ran De), Burmese ruler (d.1330)
- July 12–Hugh de Courtenay,Englishnoblemanand knight (d.1377)
- Bridget of Sweden(orBirgitta), Swedish nun and mystic (d.1373)
- Catherine II,Latin empress consort,regentand co-ruler (d.1346)
- Henry Ferrers,English nobleman, constable and knight (d.1343)
- Hōjō Shigetoki,Japanese nobleman (rensho) and official (d.1333)
- Marie of Évreux,French noblewoman (House of Capet) (d.1335)
- Willem IV of Horne,Dutch nobleman, diplomat and knight (d. 1343)
Deaths
[edit]- March 4
- Daniel of Moscow,Russian nobleman and prince (b.1261)
- Theodora Palaiologina,Byzantine empress consort (b.1240)
- March 17–Otto IV,French nobleman and co-ruler (House of Ivrea)
- May 19–Ivo of Kermartin,French priest, judge and saint (b.1253)
- July 8–Procopius of Ustyug,German merchant and wonderworker
- August 8–Henry of Castile(the Senator), Spanish prince (b.1230)
- August 9–Thomas Maule,Scottish nobleman, captain and knight
- August 25–Ninshō,Japanese monk, disciple and priest (b.1217)
- September 7–Gregory Bicskei,Hungarianprelateand archbishop
- October 11–Boniface VIII,pope of theCatholic Church(b. 1230)
- October 27–Beatrice of Castile,queen consort ofPortugal(b.1242)
- November 1–Hugh XIII of Lusignan,French nobleman (b.1259)
- December 9–Richard Gravesend,English archdeacon and bishop
- Drakpa Odzer,Tibetan monk,abbotandImperial Preceptor(b.1246)
- Elizabeth of Sicily,queen consort ofHungaryandCroatia(b. 1261)
- Erik Knudsen Skarsholm,Danish nobleman and knight (b.1235)
- Hajib Shakarbar,Indian scholar, poet, writer and mystic (b.1213)
- Ibn Abd al-Malik,Almohad historian, biographer and writer (b.1237)
- John of St. Amand,French pharmacist and philosopher (b. 1230)
- Otto VI(the Short), German nobleman and co-ruler (b.1255)
References
[edit]- ^abcDonald M. Nicol,The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453(Cambridge University Press, 1993) p.103
- ^"The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", by Banarsi Prasad Saksena, inA Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526),ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (People's Publishing House, 1970) p. 367
- ^Sadler, John (2005).Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568,p. 86. Harlow: Pearson Education.ISBN978-0-582-77293-9.
- ^Verbruggen, J. F. (1997).The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340,p. 197. Suffolk: Boydell Press.ISBN0-85115-630-4.
- ^Waterson, James (2007).The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks,p. 210. Greenhill Books.ISBN978-1-85367-734-2.
- ^Jeffrey Hamilton,The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010) p.79
- ^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey:Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298,pp. 86–87.ISBN1-84176-510-4.
- ^Fiona Watson,Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, 1286-1307(Birlinn, 2013) p.176
- ^Ambraseys, N. N.; Melville, C. P.; Adams, R. D. (2005).The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review.Cambridge University Press. p. 42.ISBN9780521020251.
- ^Kishori Saran Lal (1950).History of the Khalijis (1290–1320),p. 120. Allahabad: The Indian Press.OCLC685167335.
- ^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011).The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait,p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
- ^Waley, Daniel (1985).Later Medieval Europe,p. 165 (2nd ed.). New York: Longman Inc.ISBN0-582-49262-9.
- ^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey:Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298,p. 87.ISBN1-84176-510-4.
- ^Donald Nicol (1997).Theodore Spandounes: On the origin of the Ottoman emperors,p. 10. Cambridge University Press.
- ^Peter Jackson (2003).The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History,pp. 222–224. Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.
- ^René Grousset (1970).The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia,p. 339. Rutgers University Press.ISBN978-0-8135-1304-1.