1793
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1793(MDCCXCIII) was acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1793rd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 793rd year of the2nd millennium,the 93rd year of the18th century,and the 4th year of the1790sdecade. As of the start of 1793, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
TheFrench Republicintroduced theFrench Revolutionary Calendarstarting with the yearI.
Events[edit]
January–June[edit]
- January 7– TheEbel riotoccurs in Sweden.
- January 9–Jean-Pierre Blanchardbecomes the first to fly in agas balloonin theUnited States.
- January 13–Nicolas Jean Hugon de Bassville,a representative ofRevolutionary France,is lynched by a mob in Rome.
- January 21–French Revolution:After being found guilty of treason by the FrenchNational Convention,Citizen Capet,Louis XVI of France,isguillotinedin Paris.[1]
- January 23–Second Partition of Poland:TheRussian Empireand theKingdom of PrussiapartitionthePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- February– InManchester, Vermont,the wife of a captain falls ill, probably with tuberculosis. Some locals believe that the cause of her illness is that a demon vampire is sucking her blood. As a cure, Timothy Mead burns the heart of a deceased person in front of a crowd of a few hundred people.[2]
- February 1–French Revolutionary Wars:TheFrench First Republicdeclares war onGreat Britain,theDutch Republicand (on March 7)Spain.[3]During the year, theWar of the First Coalitionis joined byPortugal,theHoly Roman Empire,NaplesandTuscanyin opposition to France.
- February 11–French expedition to Sardinia(Expédition de Sardaigne):A French fleet underadmiral Laurent Truguetdebarks troops nearCagliariinSardinia.
- February 22– French expedition to Sardinia: A small French and Corsican force briefly occupies the small Sardinian island ofLa Maddalena,then withdraws to Corsica. 23-year-old lieutenantNapoleon Buonaparteis second-in-command.
- February 25–George Washingtonholds the firstCabinetmeeting as President of the United States.
- February 27– The Giles Resolutions are introduced to theUnited States House of Representatives,asking the House to condemnAlexander Hamilton's handling of loans.
- March 1–3–John Langdonserves asPresident pro tempore of the United States Senate.
- March 4–George Washingtonissworn inas the president of the United States inPhiladelphia,for his second term.[4]
- March 5– French troops are defeated by Austrian forces, andLiègeis recaptured.
- March 18
- Second Battle of Neerwinden:A coalition army ofHabsburg monarchyandDutch Republictroops repulses attacks from French Republican forces, nearNeerwinden,Flemish Brabant.
- The firstrepublicanstate in Germany, theRepublic of Mainz,is declared byAndreas Joseph Hofmann.
- April 6–French Revolutionary Wars:TheCommittee of Public Safetyis established in France, withGeorges Dantonas its head.
- April 9–Edmond-Charles Genêt,France's new Minister to the United States, arrives atCharleston, South Carolina.[4]
- April 22–George Washingtonsigns theNeutrality Proclamation.[4]
- April 25– The pioneer parishes ofNew OrleansandLouisianaare erected, as well as incorporated into the Roman CatholicDiocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas.
- May 25–French expedition to Sardinia:The last French troops occupying the small Sardinian island ofSan Pietrosurrender to a Spanish fleet.
- May 31–French Revolution:Regular troops underFrançois Hanriotdemand that theGirondinsbe expelled from the National Convention.
- June– TheMacartney Embassy,a British diplomatic mission to China led byGeorge Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney,reachesCanton,but will be rebuffed by theQianlong Emperor.[3]
- June 2–French Revolution:TheGirondinsare overthrown in France.
- June 10–French Revolution:TheJardin des Plantesand theMuséum national d'histoire naturelleare created by the National Convention. The museum opens in Paris the following year, and the garden houses one of the first publiczoos.
- June 20–22–Haitian Revolution:Battle of Cap-Français– French Republican troops and black slave insurgents defeats Royalist and slave owner settlers.[5]
- June 21– The town ofHamilton, Massachusetts,is incorporated.[6]
July–December[edit]
- July 9– TheAct Against Slaveryis passed inUpper Canada.
- July 13–French Revolution:Charlotte CordaykillsJean-Paul Maratin his bath.
- July 17–French Revolution:Charlotte Cordayis executed.
- July 20– Scottish explorerAlexander Mackenzie's 1792–1793 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean reaches its goal atBella Coola, British Columbia,making him the first known person to complete a transcontinental crossing of northern North America.
- July 29–John Graves Simcoedecides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.
- July 31–Oulu Castlein Finland is destroyed in an explosion following the burning of apowder cellar.[7]
- August – France decrees all the slaves onSaint-Domingueto be free.
- August 1–November 9 – Theyellow fever epidemic of 1793hitsPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania; 5,000 die.
- August 10–French Revolution– Feast of Unity
- Crowds in Paris burnmonarchistemblems.
- TheLouvrein Paris opens to the public as an art museum.
- August 23–French Revolution:The following universalconscriptiondecree is enacted in France: "The young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings."
- September 5–French Revolution:TheNational Conventionbegins the 10-monthReign of Terror.
- September 8– The firstCírio de Nazaréis celebrated inBelém.
- September 17– TheArmy of the Eastern Pyrenees,one of the French Revolutionary armies, defeats a Spanish force at theBattle of Peyrestortes.
- September 18– The cornerstone to the futureUnited States Capitolis dedicated by U.S. President Washington at the site of the new Federal City on the Potomac River.[4]
- September 20– British troops from Jamaica land on the island ofSaint-Domingueto join theHaitian Revolutionin opposition to the French Republic and its newly-freed slaves; on 22 September the main French naval base on the island surrenders peacefully to the Royal Navy.[8][9]
- October 5–War of the First Coalition:Raid on Genoa– The BritishRoyal Navyboardsand captures French warships, sheltering in the neutral port ofGenoa.
- October 15–16– War of the First Coalition:Battle of Wattignies– A French Republican force commanded byJean-Baptiste Jourdancompels aHabsburgAustrian Coalition army to retire.
- October 16–French Revolution:Marie Antoinette,the widowedqueen consortofLouis XVI of France,isguillotinedin thePlace de la Révolutionin Paris at the conclusion of a 2-day trial before theRevolutionary Tribunal.
- October 24–French Revolution:TheFrench Republican Calendaris adopted by theNational Convention.
- November 10– Thedechristianization of France during the French Revolutionreaches a climax with the celebration of theGoddess of Reasonin the cathedral ofNotre Dame de Paris.
- November 12–French Revolution:Jean Sylvain Bailly,the first Mayor of Paris, is guillotined.
- December 8–French Revolution:Madame du Barryis guillotined.
- December 9– New York City's first daily newspaper, theAmerican Minerva,is established byNoah Webster.
- December 18– French forces underDugommiercapture Toulonfrom royalists and British forces underVice AdmiralLord Hood.The British fire the dockyards and take 16 ships, one of which, theLutine,becomes a famous treasure ship.
- December 23–French Revolution:War in the Vendée:Battle of Savenay– A Republican force decisively defeats the counterrevolutionaryCatholic and Royal Army,ending theVirée de Galerne.
Undated[edit]
- Eli Whitneyinvents a cotton gin. This causes a resurgence of slavery in the South.
- Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)is chartered.[10]
- Dominique Jean Larrey,chief surgeon of theFrench Revolutionary Army,creates the first battlefield "flyingambulance"service.
- TheAl Bu Falahmove toAbu Dhabi.
- The first year of regular production begins for theUnited States Mint,and thehalf centis minted for the first time.
- Niccolò Paganinidebuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11 in his birthplace ofGenoa.
Births[edit]
- January 3–Lucretia Mott,American women's rights activist and abolitionist (d.1880)
- January 11–Johanna Stegen,German heroine (d.1842)
- January 14–Wojciech Chrzanowski,Polish general (d.1861)
- March 2–Sam Houston,AmericanPresident of the Republic of Texas(d.1863)[11]
- March 3–William Macready,English actor (d.1873)
- March 4–Karl Lachmann,German philologist (d.1851)
- March 6–William Dick,Scottish veterinarian, founder ofEdinburgh Veterinary College(d.1866)
- April 8–Karl Ludwig Hencke,German astronomer (d.1866)
- April 19– EmperorFerdinand I of Austria(d.1875)[12]
- June 6–Edward C. Delavan,American temperance movementleader (d.1871)
- June 29–Josef Ressel,German-Bohemian inventor (d.1857)
- July 13–John Clare,English "peasant poet" (d.1864)[13]
- July 15–Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps,American educator, scientist and writer (d.1884)[14]
- July 18–Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz,French stage actress, later Princess Consort and regent de facto of Monaco (d.1879)
- July 20–John Ireland Howe,American inventor (d.1876)
- August 19–Barthélemy Thimonnier,French inventor (d.1857)
- August 25–John Neal,American writer, critic, and women's rights activist (d.1876)[15]
- September 5–John L. Burns,American veteran of theWar of 1812,civilian combatant for theUnion Armyduring theAmerican Civil War.(d.1872)
- September 25–Felicia Hemans,British poet (d.1835)[16]
- November 3–Stephen F. Austin,American pioneer (d.1836)
- November 17–Charles Lock Eastlake,English painter (d.1865)[17]
- Approximate date –Sarah Booth,English actress (d.1867)
Deaths[edit]
- January 1–Francesco Guardi,Italian painter (b.1712)[18]
- January 21– KingLouis XVI of France(executed) (b.1754)[19]
- February 1–William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington,British statesman (b.1717)
- February 2–Samuel Whittemore,American farmer and oldest known colonial combatant of theAmerican Revolution(b.1696)
- February 6–Carlo Goldoni,Italian playwright (b.1707)[20]
- March 2–Carl Gustaf Pilo,Swedish-born artist (b.1711)[21]
- March 4–Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre,French admiral (b.1725)
- March 20–William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield,Scottish judge, politician (b.1705)
- March 26–John Mudge,English physician, inventor (b.1721)
- April 13–Princess Marie Victoire d'Arenberg,Margravine of Baden-Baden as consort of Augustus George (b.1714)
- April 15–Ignacije Szentmartony,Croatian Jesuit missionary, geographer (b.1718)
- April 29
- Yechezkel Landau,Polish rabbi, Talmudist (b.1713)
- John Michell,English scientist (b.1724)
- May 3–Martin Gerbert,German theologian, historian (b.1720)
- May 7–Pietro Nardini,Italian composer (b.1722)[22]
- May 18–Timur Shah Durrani,ruler of the Durrani Empire (b. 1748)
- May 20–Charles Bonnet,Swiss naturalist (b.1720)
- May 26–Eliza Lucas,American agronomist (b.1722)
- June 26–Gilbert White,English ornithologist (b.1720)
- July 13–Jean-Paul Marat,Swiss-born French Revolutionary leader (assassinated) (b.1743)[23]
- July 17–Charlotte Corday,French assassin ofJean-Paul Marat(executed) (b.1768)[24]
- July 23–Roger Sherman,American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b.1721)
- July 26–Alessandro Besozzi,Italian composer (b.1702)[25]
- August 22
- Louis de Noailles,French peer and Marshal of France (b.1713)
- John Thomas,Dean of Westminster; Bishop of Rochester (b.1712)
- August 28–Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine,French general (executed) (b.1740)
- September 17–George Handley,American politician (b.1752)
- September 20–Fletcher Christian,English sailor (b.1764)
- October 7
- Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire,English politician (b.1718)
- Antoine Joseph Gorsas,French publicist, politician (executed) (b.1752)
- October 8–John Hancock,American businessman and patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b.1737)
- October 9–Jean Joseph Marie Amiot,French Jesuit missionary (b.1718)
- October 16–Marie-Antoinette,Queen Consort of France (executed) (b.1755)[26]
- October 31
- Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1744)
- Claude Fauchet,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1754)
- Armand Gensonné,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1758)
- Jacques Pierre Brissot,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1754)
- November 3–Olympe de Gouges,French playwright (executed) (b.1748)[27]
- November 6–Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans,French noble, revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1747)
- November 8–Madame Roland,French Revolutionary hostess (executed) (b.1754)
- November 10–Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière,French revolutionary leader (suicide) (b.1734)
- November 12–Jean Sylvain Bailly,French astronomer (b.1736)
- November 14–Caterina Dolfin,Italian (Venetian) poet (b.1736)
- November 24–Clément Charles François de Laverdy,French statesman (executed) (b.1723)
- November 29–Antoine Barnave,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1761)
- December 4–Armand de Kersaint,French revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1742)
- December 5–Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-ÉtienneFrench revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1743)
- December 6–Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet,English country gentleman (b.1716)
- December 7–Joseph Bara,French Revolution child-hero (b.1780)
- December 8
- Étienne Clavière,French financier, politician (suicide) (b.1735)
- Madame du Barry,French courtesan (executed) (b.1743)
- date unknown–Im Yunjidang,Korean scholar, writer and neo-Confucian philosopher (b.1721)
References[edit]
- ^"Louis XVI".Encyclopædia Britannica.August 8, 2023.
- ^Tucker, Abigail (October 2012)."The Great New England Vampire Panic".Smithsonian.RetrievedSeptember 1,2020.
- ^abEverett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1793".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale.
- ^abcdHarper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909,ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p170
- ^Bell, Madison Smartt(2007).Toussaint Louverture.Actes Sud.p. 77.
- ^"Town of Hamilton".Town of Hamilton, MA.
- ^Aimo Halila (1953).Oulun kaupungin historia II(in Finnish). Kirjola Oy. p. 717.
- ^Perry, James (2005).Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them.Edison: Castle Books. pp. 64–65.
- ^"British History Timeline".BBCHistory. Archived fromthe originalon September 9, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 4,2007.
- ^"Welcome to Our Boarding & Day High School".Lawrence Academy.
- ^Alfred Mason Williams (1893).Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas.Houghton, Mifflin. p. 377.ISBN978-0-7222-9291-4.
- ^Frederick Martin; Sir John Scott Keltie; Isaac Parker Anderson Renwick (1871).The Statesman's Year-book.Palgrave. p. 3.
- ^Frederick Martin (1865).The Life of John Clare.Macmillan. p. 2.ISBN9781414238210.
- ^Patterson, Daniel; Thompson, Roger; Bryson, J. Scott, eds. (2008).Early American nature writers: a biographical encyclopedia.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.ISBN978-0-313-34681-1.OCLC191846328.
- ^Sears, Donald A. (1978).John Neal.Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 15.ISBN978-0-8057-7230-2.
- ^John Correll (1865).Felicia Hemans: Her Life and Poems.Peter Roe, Printer and Publisher. p. 1.
- ^John Hannavy (December 16, 2013).Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography.Routledge. p. 461.ISBN978-1-135-87327-1.
- ^Jane Martineau; Andrew Robison; Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain) (1994).The Glory of Venice: Art in the Eighteenth Century.Yale University Press. p. 454.ISBN978-0-300-06186-4.
- ^H. Goudemetz (1794).Judgment and Execution of Louis XVI., King of France.pp. 75–.
- ^Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (December 26, 2006).Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies.Routledge. p. 868.ISBN978-1-135-45530-9.
- ^Gunnar Jungmarker (1973).Carl Gustaf Pilo som tecknare: Av Gunnar Jungmarker(in Swedish). Nationalmuseum; Allmänna förl. p. 80.ISBN978-91-38-01567-4.
- ^The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. p. 515.ISBN978-0-85229-961-6.
- ^Owen Hulatt (August 15, 2013).Aesthetic and Artistic Autonomy.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 57.ISBN978-1-4411-3230-7.
- ^Sylvia Neely (2008).A Concise History of the French Revolution.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188.ISBN978-0-7425-3411-7.
- ^Bertil van Boer (April 5, 2012).Historical Dictionary of Music of the Classical Period.Scarecrow Press. p. 78.ISBN978-0-8108-7386-5.
- ^"Marie-Antoinette | Facts, Biography, & French Revolution".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedMarch 22,2020.
- ^FAR, The French-American Review.American Studies Program of Texas Christian University. 1976. p. 59.