1816
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This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(November 2015) |
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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1816 by topic |
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Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1816 MDCCCXVI |
Ab urbe condita | 2569 |
Armenian calendar | 1265 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԵ |
Assyrian calendar | 6566 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1737–1738 |
Bengali calendar | 1223 |
Berber calendar | 2766 |
British Regnal year | 56Geo. 3– 57Geo. 3 |
Buddhist calendar | 2360 |
Burmese calendar | 1178 |
Byzantine calendar | 7324–7325 |
Chinese calendar | Ất hợiNiên (WoodPig) 4513 or 4306 — to — Bính tử niên (FireRat) 4514 or 4307 |
Coptic calendar | 1532–1533 |
Discordian calendar | 2982 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1808–1809 |
Hebrew calendar | 5576–5577 |
Hindu calendars | |
-Vikram Samvat | 1872–1873 |
-Shaka Samvat | 1737–1738 |
-Kali Yuga | 4916–4917 |
Holocene calendar | 11816 |
Igbo calendar | 816–817 |
Iranian calendar | 1194–1195 |
Islamic calendar | 1231–1232 |
Japanese calendar | Bunka13 ( văn hóa 13 niên ) |
Javanese calendar | 1742–1744 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
Korean calendar | 4149 |
Minguo calendar | 96 beforeROC Dân tiền 96 niên |
Nanakshahi calendar | 348 |
Thai solar calendar | 2358–2359 |
Tibetan calendar | Âm mộc trư niên (female Wood-Pig) 1942 or 1561 or 789 — to — Dương hỏa thử niên (male Fire-Rat) 1943 or 1562 or 790 |
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1816(MDCCCXVI) was aleap year starting on Mondayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1816th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 816th year of the2nd millennium,the 16th year of the19th century,and the 7th year of the1810sdecade. As of the start of 1816, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
This year was known as theYear Without a Summer,because of low temperatures in theNorthern Hemisphere,possibly the result of the1815 eruption of Mount Tamborain Indonesia, causing severeglobal cooling,catastrophic in some locations.[1]
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- December 25,1815–January 6–TsarAlexander I of Russiasigns an order, expelling theJesuitsfromSt. Petersburgand Moscow.[2]
- January 9– SirHumphry Davy'sDavy lampis first tested underground as acoal miningsafety lamp,atHebburnColliery in northeast England;[3]Ludwig van Beethovenwins the custody battle for his nephewKarl.
- January 17– Fire nearly destroys the city ofSt. John's, Newfoundland.
- February 10–Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck,dies and is succeeded byFriedrich Wilhelm,his son and founder of theHouse of Glücksburg.
- February 20–Gioachino Rossini'sopera buffaThe Barber of Sevillepremières at theTeatro Argentinain Rome.
- March 1– TheGorkha Warbetween theUnited KingdomandNepalis ended after more than a year by the ratification of theTreaty of Sugauli,with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.[4]
- March 16– U.S. Secretary of StateJames Monroeis nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of WarWilliam H. Crawfordreceives 54 votes.[5]
- March 21– TheInstitut de Franceis reorganized by KingLouis XVIII of Franceinto four royal academies: a revivedAcadémie française;the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and theAcadémie des Beaux-Arts.[6]
- March 22– The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in1814by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.[7]
April–June
[edit]- March 29–April 10– TheSecond Bank of the United Statesobtains its charter.
- March 30–April 11– InPhiladelphia,theAfrican Methodist Episcopal Churchis established byRichard Allenand other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
- April –Banjul,capital ofthe Gambia,is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.[8]
- April 28– The FrenchCaisse des dépôts et consignations,a public investment body, is created byLouis XVIII.[9]
- May 2–Leopold of Saxe-Coburg(later King of the Belgians) marriesCharlotte Augusta,daughter of thePrince Regent,atCarlton Housein London.
- May 8– Divorce is abolished in France by theChambre introuvable,after having been permitted following the French Revolution.[10]
- June 4(N.S.) (May 23O.S.) – TheGovernorate of Estoniaof the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants fromserfdom.
- June 16– TheSociety for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peaceis founded in London.[11]
- June 19–Battle of Seven Oaks:TheHudson's Bay Companyis defeated by theNorth West Company,nearWinnipeg,Canada.
July–September
[edit]- July 2– The French passenger shipMedusaruns aground off the coast ofSenegal,with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.[12]
- July 9– TheUnited Provinces of South America(todayArgentina,Uruguay,Boliviaand southernBrazil) declaresindependencefrom Spain.
- August 12–24– TheTreaty of St. Louis,between the United States and theCouncil of Three Firestribes, is signed inSt. Louis.
- August 14– The United Kingdom formally annexes theTristan da Cunhaarchipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from theCape Colony.
- July 18- Jane Austen, famous British author, dies.
- August 27–Bombardment of Algiers:An anglo-Dutch fleet forcesOmar Agha,Dey of Algiersto free Christian slaves.
- September 3–Pope Pius VIIsends a directive toStanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz,theRoman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev,advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue theRussian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in theRussian language,commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."[13]
- September 6– KingLouis XVIIIdissolves theChambre introuvable,the legislature that had been elected after theSecond Bourbon Restorationre-established the old monarchy.[14]
October–December
[edit]- October 21–Penang Free Schoolis founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island ofPenang(in modern-day Malaysia).
- October 25–November 6–1816 United States presidential election:James MonroedefeatsRufus King.
- November 10– The British troop transportHarpooner,returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked atCape PineonNewfoundland (island)with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.[15]
- November 19– TheUniversity of Warsawis established.
- December 11–Indianais admitted as the 19thU.S. state.
- December 12– The thrones ofSicilyandNaplesare merged into theKingdom of the Two Sicilies,under KingFerdinand I.
- December 9–21– TheAmerican Colonization Societyis established, to support the emigration of freeAfrican Americansto Africa.
Date unknown
[edit]- Saint Pierre and Miquelonresettled.[16]
- René Laennecinvents thestethoscope.
- Robert StirlingpatentshisStirling engine,at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
- E. Remington and Sons,the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
- Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ( "L'Anciente Mutuelle" ), predecessor ofAxa,the globalinsuranceandfinancial servicescompany, is founded inRouen,France.[17]
Births
[edit]January–June
[edit]- January 3–Samuel C. Pomeroy,American politician, railroad executive (d.1891)
- January 30–Nathaniel P. Banks,American politician, general (d.1894)
- March 14–William Marsh Rice,American university founder (d.1900)
- March 21– Most Rev.Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos,Roman Catholicarchbishopand Mexican politician who served asregentduring theSecond Mexican Empire,1863-1864 (d.1891)[18]
- March 29–Tsultrim Gyatso,10thDalai Lamaof Tibet (d.1837)
- April 5–Samuel Freeman Miller,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1890)
- April 21–Charlotte Brontë,English novelist, poet (d.1855)[19]
- April 22–Charles-Denis Bourbaki,French general (d.1897)
- April 25–Eliza Daniel Stewart,American temperance movementleader (d.1908)
- May 9–Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya,Russian aristocrat (d.1918)
- May 15–Jean-Joseph Farre,French general and statesman (d.1887)
- May 24–Emanuel Leutze,German-American painter (d.1868)
- May 31–Dimitrie Ghica,10th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1897)
- June 14–Priscilla Cooper Tyler,de factoFirst Lady of the United States(d.1889)
- June 19–William Henry Webb,American industrialist, philanthropist (d.1899)
- June 30–Richard Lindon,English inventor of the rugby ball (d.1887)
July–December
[edit]- July 14–Arthur de Gobineau,French diplomat, author (d.1882)
- July 21–Paul Reuter,German entrepreneur (d.1899)
- July 23–Charlotte Cushman,American actress (d.1876)
- July 31–George Henry Thomas,American general (d.1870)
- August 4–William Julian Albert,U.S. Congressman from Maryland (d.1879)
- August 12–Ion Ghica,3-time prime minister of Romania (d.1897)
- August 14–Félix Douay,French general (d.1879)
- August 16–Charles John Vaughan,English scholar (d.1897)
- August 21–Jeanette Berglind,Swedish sign language pedagogue (d.1903)
- September 6–Henri Jules Bataille,French general (d.1882)
- September 11–Carl Zeiss,German maker of optical instruments (d.1888)
- October 11–William B. Renshaw,United States Navy officer (d.1863)
- October 22–Prince Yamashina Akiraof Japan (d.1891)
- November 3–Jubal Early,American Confederate general (d.1894)
- November 4–Stephen Johnson Field,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1899)
- November 17–August Wilhelm Ambros,Austrian composer (d.1876)
- November 29–Morrison Waite,American politician andChief Justice of the United States(d.1888)
- December 10–August Karl von Goeben,Prussian general (d.1880)
- December 13–Werner von Siemens,German inventor, industrialist (d.1892)
- December 14–Abraham Hochmuth,Hungarian rabbi (d.1889)
- December 29–Carl Ludwig,German physician, physiologist (d.1895)
date unknown
[edit]- Wazir Akbar Khan,Afghanprince,general (d.1845)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]- January 2–Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau,French chemist, politician (b.1737)
- January 5–George Prévost,British general, colonial administrator (b.1767)
- January 27–Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood,British admiral (b.1724)
- February 6–Maria Ludwika Rzewuska,Polish szlachcianka (b.1744)
- February 22–Adam Ferguson,Scottish philosopher, historian (b.1723)
- March 3–Johann August von Starck,German pastor (b.1741)
- March 19–Philip Mazzei,Italian physician, friend ofThomas Jefferson(b.1730)
- March 20– QueenMaria I of Portugal(b.1734)
- March 31–Francis Asbury,American Methodist bishop (b.1745)
- May 4–Samuel Dexter,American lawyer, politician, 4thUnited States Secretary of War,3rdUnited States Secretary of the Treasury(b.1761)
- June 5–Giovanni Paisiello,Italian composer (b.1751)
- June 12–Pierre Augereau,Marshal of France,duc de Castiglione (b.1757)
July–December
[edit]- July 5–Dorothea Jordan,Irish-born actress, mistress of KingWilliam IV of the United Kingdom(b. 1761)
- July 7–Richard Brinsley Sheridan,Irish-born playwright and politician (b.1751)[20]
- July 14–Francisco de Miranda,Venezuelan revolutionary (b.1750)
- July 27–Olof Tempelman,Swedish architect (b.1745)
- August 12–John Smith,American politician (b.1752)
- August 29–Johann Hieronymus Schröter,German astronomer (b.1745)
- September 20–Harry Innes,United States federal judge (b.1752)
- September 22–Sir Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet,British diplomat (b.1731)
- September 27–Edward Charles Howard,Englishchemist,chemical engineer(b.1774)
- November 6–Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz(b.1741)
- November 8–Gouverneur Morris,American statesman (b.1752)
- November 14–Angélique Victoire, Comtesse de Chastellux,French comtesse (b.1752)
- December 15–Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope,English statesman, scientist (b.1753)
- December 30–Louis Henri Loison,French general (b.1771)
Approximate date
[edit]- Bénédict Chastanier,French surgeon (b.1739)
- Nafisa al-Bayda,Egyptian investor and diplomat
References
[edit]- ^McNamara, Robert (March 24, 2018)."The Year Without a Summer Was a Bizarre Weather Disaster in 1816".ThoughtCo.RetrievedApril 20,2019.
- ^Who were Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia?,toughissues.org (accessed 2013-12-13)ArchivedDecember 16, 2013, at theWayback Machine
- ^Thompson, Roy (2004).Thunder Underground: Northumberland mining disasters, 1815-1865.Ashbourne: Landmark. p. 121.ISBN9781843061694.RetrievedJanuary 8,2013.
- ^K. L. Pradhan,Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839(Concept Publishing, 2012) p110
- ^The Statesman's Manual: The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from 1789 to 1854(E. Walker, 1849) p321
- ^Louis L. Bucciarelli and Nancy Dworsky,Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity(Springer, 2012) p138.
- ^Kenneth J. Hagan and Ian J. Bickerton,Unintended Consequences: The United States at War(Reaktion Books, 2007) p48
- ^Saho, Bala (2018).Contours of Change: Muslim Courts, Women, and Islamic Society in Colonial Bathurst, the Gambia, 1905-1965.East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 45–51.ISBN9781611862669.
- ^"Ordonnance du 3 juillet 1816 relative aux attributions de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations créée par la loi du 28 avril 1816".Legifrance.RetrievedJune 19,2019.
- ^Counter, Andrew J. (2016).The Amorous Restoration: Love, Sex, and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century France.Oxford University Press. p. 47.
- ^Ceadel, Martin (1996).The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730-1854.Clarendon Press. p. 222.
- ^Snow, Edward Rowe (1979).Tales of terror and tragedy.New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 67.ISBN978-0396077756.
- ^Roger Steer,Good News for the World: 200 Years of Making the Bible Heard: the Story of Bible Society(Monarch Books, 2004) p155.
- ^Darrin M. McMahon,Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity(Oxford University Press, 2002) p157
- ^"The Marine List".Lloyd's List(5134): 78 v. December 13, 1816.hdl:2027/uc1.c2735027.RetrievedMay 17,2021.
- ^"Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006".Insee.Archivedfrom the original on November 5, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 8,2013.
- ^"Axa Isle of Man: History".Axa-iom.co.im. November 12, 1996. Archived fromthe originalon March 8, 2012.RetrievedApril 11,2024.
- ^"Excmo. Sr. Don Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos (1855-1863)"(in Spanish). Arquidiocesis de Puebla. Archived fromthe originalon May 29, 2019.RetrievedMay 29,2019.
- ^"Charlotte Brontë | British author".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril 17,2019.
- ^Cousin, John William(1910), "Sheridan, Richard Brinsley",A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature,London: J. M. Dent & Sons – viaWikisource