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Airborne early warning and control

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ARoyal Air ForceBoeing E-3 SentryoverNorth Yorkshire

Anairborne early warning and control(AEW&C) system is an airborneradarearly warning systemdesigned to detectaircraft,ships,vehicles,missilesand other incomingprojectilesat long ranges, as well as performingcommand and controlof thebattlespaceinaerial engagementsby informing and directing friendlyfighterandattack aircraft.AEW&C units are also used to carry outaerial surveillanceover groundandmaritime targets,and frequently performbattle managementcommand and control (BMC2). When used at altitude, the radar system on AEW&C aircraft allows the operators to detect, track and prioritize targets and identify friendly aircraft from hostile ones in real-time and from much farther away than ground-based radars.[1]Like ground-based radars, AEW&C systems can be detected and targeted by opposing forces, but due to aircraft mobility and extended sensor range, they are much less vulnerable to counter-attacks than ground systems.[2]

AEW&C aircraft are used for both defensive and offensive air operations, and serveair forcesin the same role as what thecombat information centeris tonavalwarships,in addition to being a highly mobile and powerful radar platform. So useful and advantageous is it to have such aircraft operating at a high altitude, that some navies also operate AEW&C aircraft for their warships at sea, either coastal- orcarrier-basedand on bothfixed-wingandrotary-wingplatforms. In the case of theUnited States Navy,theNorthrop Grumman E-2 HawkeyeAEW&C aircraft is assigned to itssupercarriersto protect them and augment their onboard command information centers (CICs). The designation "airborne early warning" (AEW) was used for earlier similar aircraft used in the less-demandingradar picketrole,[3]such as theFairey Gannet AEW.3andLockheed EC-121 Warning Star,and continues to be used by the RAF for itsSentry AEW1,while AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) emphasizes thecommand and controlcapabilities that may not be present on smaller or simpler radar picket aircraft.AWACS(Airborne Warning and Control System) is the name of the specific system installed in the E-3 and JapaneseBoeing E-767AEW&C airframes, but is often used as a general synonym for AEW&C.[4][5]

General characteristics[edit]

Wellington Ic "Air Controlled Interception" showing rotating radar antenna

Modern AEW&C systems can detect aircraft from up to 400 km (220 nmi) away, well out of range of most surface-to-air missiles. One AEW&C aircraft flying at 9,000 m (30,000 ft) can cover an area of 312,000 km2(120,000 sq mi). Three such aircraft in overlapping orbits can cover the whole ofCentral Europe.[6]AEW&C system indicates close and far proximity range on threats and targets, help extend the range of their sensors, and make offensive aircraft harder to track by avoiding the need for them to keep their own radar active, which the enemy can detect. Systems also communicate with friendly aircraft, vectoring fighters towards hostile aircraft or any unidentified flying object.

History of development[edit]

After having developedChain Home—the first ground-basedearly-warning radardetection system—in the 1930s, theBritish developed a radar setthat could be carried on an aircraft for what they termed "Air Controlled Interception". The intention was to cover the North West approaches where German long rangeFocke-Wulf Fw 200 Condoraircraft were threatening shipping. AVickers Wellingtonbomber (serial R1629) was fitted with a rotating antenna array. It was tested for use against aerial targets and then for possible use against GermanE boats.[7][8]Another radar equipped Wellington with a different installation was used to directBristol BeaufighterstowardHeinkel He 111s,which were air-launchingV-1 flying bombs.[9][10]

In February 1944, the US Navy ordered the development of a radar system that could be carried aloft in an aircraft under Project Cadillac.[11]A prototype system was built and flown in August on a modifiedTBM Avengertorpedo bomber.Tests were successful, with the system being able to detect low flying formations at a range greater than 100 miles (160 km). US Navy then ordered production of the TBM-3W, the first production AEW aircraft to enter service. TBM-3Ws fitted with theAN/APS-20radar entered service in March 1945, with 27 eventually constructed.[12]It was also recognised that a larger land-based aircraft would be attractive, thus, under theCadillac IIprogram, multipleBoeing B-17G Flying Fortressbombers were also outfitted with the same radar.[13]

Lockheed EC-121M one of the first AEW aircraft

TheLockheed WV and EC-121 Warning Star,which first flew in 1949, served widely with US Air Force and US Navy. It provided the main AEW coverage for US forces during the Vietnam war.[14]It remained operational until replaced with the E-3 AWACS.[15]Developed roughly in parallel,N-class blimpswere also used as AEW aircraft, filling gaps in radar coverage for the continental US, their tremendous endurance of over 200 hours being a major asset in an AEW aircraft.[16][17]Following a crash, the US Navy opted to discontinue lighter than air operations in 1962.[18]

In 1958, theSovietTupolev Design Bureauwas ordered to design an AEW aircraft.[19]After determining that the projected radar instrumentation would not fit in aTupolev Tu-95or aTupolev Tu-116,the decision was made to use the more capaciousTupolev Tu-114instead.[19]This solved the problems with cooling and operator space that existed with the narrower Tu-95 and Tu-116 fuselage.[19]To meet range requirements, production examples were fitted with an air-to-air refueling probe.[20]The resulting system, theTupolev Tu-126,entered service in 1965 with theSoviet Air Forcesand remained in service until replaced by theBeriev A-50in 1984.[20]

During the Cold war, United Kingdom deployed a substantial AEW capability, initially with AmericanDouglas AD-4W Skyraiders,designated Skyraider AEW.1, which in turn were replaced by theFairey Gannet AEW.3,using the same AN/APS-20 radar.[21]With the retirement of conventional aircraft carriers, the Gannet was withdrawn and theRoyal Air Force(RAF) installed the radars from the Gannets onAvro ShackletonMR.2 airframes, redesignated Shackleton AEW.2.[22]To replace the Shackleton AEW.2, an AEW variant of theHawker Siddeley Nimrod,known as theNimrod AEW3,was ordered in 1974. After a protracted and problematic development, this was cancelled in 1986, and seven E-3Ds,designatedSentry AEW.1 in RAF service, were purchased instead.[23][22]

Current systems[edit]

Many countries have developed their own AEW&C systems, although theBoeing E-3 Sentry,E-7A[24]andNorthrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeyeare the most common systems worldwide.

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)[edit]

E-767of theJapan Air Self Defense Force
See also:Boeing E-3 Sentry

Boeingproduces a specific system with a "rotodome"rotatingradomethat incorporatesWestinghouse(nowNorthrop Grumman) radar.[5]It is mounted on either theE-3 Sentryaircraft (Boeing 707) or more recently theBoeing E-767(Boeing 767), the latter only being used by theJapan Air Self-Defense Force.[25]

When AWACS first entered service it represented a major advance in capability, being the first AEW to use apulse-Doppler radar,which allowed it to track targets normally lost in ground clutter.[26]Previously, low-flying aircraft could only be readily tracked over water.[26]The AWACS features athree-dimensional radarthat measures azimuth, range, and elevation simultaneously; the unit installed upon the E-767 has superior surveillance capability over water compared to the AN/APY-1 system on the earlier E-3 models.[27][28]

E-2 Hawkeye[edit]

Main article:Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

The E-2 Hawkeye was a specially designed AEW aircraft. Upon its entry to service in 1965, it was initially plagued by technical issues, causing a (later reversed) cancellation.[29]Procurement resumed after efforts to improve reliability, such as replacement of the original rotary drum computer used for processing radar information by a Litton L-304 digital computer.[30][31]In addition to purchases by the US Navy, the E-2 Hawkeye has been sold to the armed forces ofEgypt,France,Israel,Japan,SingaporeandTaiwan.[32]

The latest E-2 version is theE-2D Advanced Hawkeye,which features the newAN/APY-9 radar.[33]The APY-9 radar has been speculated to be capable of detecting fighter-sized stealth aircraft, which are typically optimized against high frequencies like Ka, Ku, X, C and parts of the S-bands. Historically, UHF radars had resolution and detection issues that made them ineffective for accurate targeting and fire control; Northrop Grumman and Lockheed claim that the APY-9 has solved these shortcomings in the APY-9 using advanced electronic scanning and high digital computing power via space/time adaptive processing.[34]

Beriev A-50[edit]

Main article:Beriev A-50
Beriev A-50

The Russian Aerospace Forces are currently using approximately 3-5Beriev A-50 and A-50U "Shmel"in the AEW role. The "Mainstay" is based on theIlyushin Il-76airframe, with a large non-rotating disk radome on the rear fuselage. These replaced the 12Tupolev Tu-126that filled the role previously. The A-50 and A-50U will eventually be replaced by theBeriev A-100,which features an AESA array in the radome and is based on the updated Il-476.[35]

KJ-2000[edit]

Main article:KJ-2000
KJ-2000 at 2014 Zhuhai Air Show

In May 1997, Russia and Israel agreed to jointly fulfill an order from China to develop and deliver an early warning system. China reportedly ordered onePhalconfor $250 million, which entailed retrofitting a Russian-made Ilyushin-76 cargo plane [also incorrectly reported as a Beriev A-50 Mainstay] with advanced Elta electronic, computer, radar and communications systems. Beijing was expected to acquire several Phalcon AEW systems, and reportedly could buy at least three more [and possibly up to eight] of these systems, the prototype of which was planned for testing beginning in 2000. In July 2000, the US pressured Israel to back out of the $1 billion agreement to sell China four Phalcon phased-array radar systems. Following the cancelled A-50I/Phalcon deal, China turned to indigenous solutions. The Phalcon radar and other electronic systems were taken off from the unfinished Il-76, and the airframe was handed to China via Russia in 2002. The Chinese AWACS has a unique phased array radar (PAR) carried in a round radome. Unlike the US AWACS aircraft, which rotate their rotodomes to give a 360 degree coverage, the radar antenna of the Chinese AWACS does not rotate. Instead, three PAR antenna modules are placed in a triangular configuration inside the round radome to provide a 360 degree coverage. The installation of equipment at the Il-76 began in late 2002 aircraft by Xian aircraft industries (Xian Aircraft Industry Co.). The first flight of an airplaneKJ-2000made in November 2003. All four machines will be equipped with this type. The last to be introduced into service the Chinese Air Force until the end of 2007.[citation needed]China is also developing a carrier-based AEW&C,Xian KJ-600via Y-7 derived Xian JZY-01 testbed.

Netra AEW&CS[edit]

Main article:DRDO AEW&CS
Netra AEW&C in Aero India 2017

In 2003, theIndian Air Force(IAF) andDefence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) began a study of requirements for developing an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AWAC) system.[36]In 2015, DRDO delivered 3 AWACs, calledNetra,to the IAF with an advanced Indian AESA radar system fitted on the BrazilianEmbraer EMB-145air frame.[37]Netra gives a 240-degree coverage of airspace. The Emb-145 also has air-to-air refuelling capability for longer surveillance time. The IAF also operates three IsraeliEL/W-2090systems, mounted onIlyushin Il-76airframes, the first of which first arrived on 25 May 2009.[38][39]TheDRDOproposed a more advanced AWACS with a longer range and with a 360-degree coverage akin to the Phalcon system, based on theAirbus A330airframe,[37][40]but given the costs involved there is also the possibility of converting used A320 airliners as well.[41]

IAF has plans to develop 6 more Netra AEW&CS based onEmbraer EMB-145platform[42]and another 6 based on Airbus A321 platform.[43][44]These systems are expected to have an enhanced performance including range and azimuth

Boeing 737 AEW&C[edit]

Main article:Boeing 737 AEW&C

TheRoyal Australian Air Force,Republic of Korea Air Forceand theTurkish Air Forceare deployingBoeing 737 AEW&Caircraft. The Boeing 737 AEW&C has a fixed,active electronically scanned arrayradar antenna instead of a mechanically-rotating one, and is capable of simultaneous air and sea search, fighter control and area search, with a maximum range of over 600 km (look-up mode). In addition, the radar antenna array is also doubled as anELINTarray, with a maximum range of over 850 km at 9,000 metres (30,000 ft) altitude.[45]

ABrazilian Air ForceEmbraer R-99

Erieye/GlobalEye[edit]

Main articles:ErieyeandGlobalEye

TheSwedish Air Forceuses theS 100D Argus ASC890as its AEW platform. The S 100D Argus is based on theSaab 340with anEricssonErieye PS-890radar. Saab also offers theBombardier Global 6000-basedGlobalEye.In early 2006, thePakistan Air Forceordered sixErieyeAEW equippedSaab 2000sfrom Sweden.[46]In December 2006, thePakistan Navyrequested three excessP-3 Orionaircraft to be equipped with Hawkeye 2000 AEW systems.[47]China and Pakistan also signed amemorandum of understanding(MoU) for the joint development of AEW&C systems.[48]

TheHellenic Air Force,Brazilian Air ForceandMexican Air Forceuse theEmbraer R-99with anEricssonErieye PS-890 radar, as on the S 100D.[49][50][51]

Others[edit]

Israel has developed the IAI/EltaEL/M-2075Phalcon system, which uses an AESA (active electronically scanned array) in lieu of a rotodome antenna. The system was the first such system to enter service. The originalPhalconwas mounted on aBoeing 707[52]and developed for the Israeli Defense Force and for export. Israel usesIAI EL/W-2085airborne early warning and control multi-band radar system onGulfstream G550;this platform is considered to be both more capable and less expensive to operate than the older Boeing 707-based Phalcon fleet.[53]

In 2017, India announced plans to purchase six airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) ( "AWACS" ) aircraft that can also perform aerial refuelling,[54]with the first two AEW&C aircraft awaiting approval by Cabinet in 2020.[55]However, in September 2021, it was decided to use sixAirbus A321sacquired fromAir Indiainstead.[56][57]

Helicopter AEW systems[edit]

An AEWWestland Sea Kinghelicopter of theRoyal Navy

On 3 June 1957, the first of 2 HR2S-1W, a derivative of theSikorsky CH-37 Mojave,was delivered to the US Navy, it used theAN/APS-32but proved unreliable due to vibration.[58]

The BritishSea King ASaC7naval helicopter was operated from both theInvincible-classaircraft carriersand later the helicopter carrierHMSOcean.The creation of Sea King ASaC7, and earlier AEW.2 and AEW.5 models, came as the consequence of lessons learnt by the Royal Navy during the 1982Falklands Warwhen the lack of AEW coverage for the task force was a major tactical handicap, and rendered them vulnerable to low-level attack.[59]The Sea King was determined to be both more practical and responsive than the proposed alternative of relying on the RAF's land-basedShackletonAEW.2 fleet. The first examples were a pair of Sea King HAS2s that had theThorn-EMIARI 5980/3Searchwater LAST radarattached to the fuselage on a swivel arm and protected by an inflatable dome.[59]The improved Sea King ASaC7 featured the Searchwater 2000AEW radar, which was capable of simultaneously tracking up to 400 targets, instead of an earlier limit of 250 targets.[60][61]TheSpanish Navyfields theSH-3 Sea Kingin the same role, operated from the LPHJuan Carlos I.[citation needed]

TheAgustaWestland EH-101A AEWof theItalian Navyis operated from the aircraft carriersCavourandGiuseppe Garibaldi.[62]During the 2010s, the Royal Navy opted to replace its Sea Kings with a modular "Crowsnest" system that can be fitted to any of their Merlin HM2 fleet.[63][64]The Crowsnest system was partially based upon the Sea King ASaC7's equipment; an unsuccessful bid by Lockheed Martin had proposed using a new multi-functional sensor for either the AW101 or another aircraft.[65][66]

The Russian-builtKamov Ka-31is deployed by theIndian Navyon the aircraft carrierINSVikramadityaandTalwar-class frigatesand will be deployed on theINSVikrant.[67]The Russian Navy has two Ka-31R variants, at least one of which was deployed on their aircraft carrierAdmiral Kuznetsovin 2016.[68]It is fitted with E-801M Oko (Eye) airborne electronic warfare radar that can track 20 targets simultaneously, detecting aircraft up to 150 km (90 mi) away, and surface warships up to 200 km (120 mi) distant.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

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  7. ^Air-Britain,Aviation World, 2004,
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  10. ^R.H. Hamilton in Perkins, L.W., ed., Flight into Yesterday – A Memory or Two from Members of the Wartime Aircrew Club of Kelowna, L.P. Laserprint, Ltd., Kelowna, B.C., 2000, and 407 Squadron History 1941–1996 – a Narrative History, 407 Squadron, 1996.
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  13. ^Hirst 1983, p. 60.
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  20. ^abGordon 2006, p. 87.
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