Bell AH-1 Cobra

This article is about the single-engine Cobra. For the twin-engine models, seeBell AH-1 SuperCobra.

AH-1 HueyCobra / Cobra
A Bell AH-1G in flight
General information
Type	Attack helicopter
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Bell Helicopter
Status	In service
Primary users	United States Army(historical) Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Republic of Korea Army Royal Jordanian Air Force
Number built	1,116
History
Manufactured	1967–2019
Introduction date	1967
First flight	7 September 1965
Retired	2001 (US Army)
Developed from	Bell UH-1 Iroquois
Variants	Bell AH-1 SeaCobra/SuperCobra Bell 309 KingCobra

TheBell AH-1 Cobrais a single-enginedattack helicopterdeveloped and manufactured by the American rotorcraft manufacturerBell Helicopter.A member of the prolificHuey family,the AH-1 is also referred to as theHueyCobraorSnake.

The AH-1 was rapidly developed as an interimgunshipin response to theUnited States Army's needs in theVietnam War.It used the same engine,transmissionandrotorsystem as theBell UH-1 Iroquois,which had already proven itself to be a capable platform during the conflict, but paired it with a redesigned narrow fuselage among other features. The original AH-1, being a dedicated attack helicopter, came equipped with stub wings for various weapons, a chin-mountedgun turret,and an armored tandemcockpit,from which it was operated by a pilot and gunner. Its design was shaped to fulfill a need for a dedicated armed escort for transport helicopters, giving the latter greater survivability in contested environments. On 7 September 1965, theModel 209prototype performed itsmaiden flight;after rapidly gaining the support of various senior officials, quantity production of the type proceeded rapidly with little revision.

During June 1967, the first examples of the AH-1 entered service with the US Army and were promptly deployed to the Vietnam theater. It commonly provided fire support to friendly ground forces, escorted transport helicopters, and flew in "hunter killer" teams by pairing withHughes OH-6A Cayusescout helicopters. In the Vietnam War alone, the Cobra fleet cumulatively chalked up in excess of one million operational hours; roughly 300 AH-1s were also lost in combat. In addition to the US Army, various other branches of the US military also opted to acquire the type, particularly theUnited States Marine Corps.Furthermore, numerous export sales were completed with several overseas countries, includingIsrael,Japan,andTurkey.

For several decades, the AH-1 formed the core of the US Army's attack helicopter fleet, seeing combat in Vietnam,Grenada,Panama,and theGulf War.In US Army service, the Cobra was progressively replaced by the newer and more capableBoeing AH-64 Apacheduring the 1990s, with the final examples being withdrawn during 2001. TheIsraeli Air Force(IAF) operated the Cobra most prolifically along its land border withLebanon,using its fleet intensively during the1982 Lebanon War.Turkish AH-1s have seen regular combat withKurdishinsurgents near Turkey's southern borders. Upgraded versions of the Cobra have been developed, such as the twin enginedAH-1 SeaCobra/SuperCobraand the experimentalBell 309 KingCobra.Furthermore, surplus AH-1 helicopters have been reused for other purposes, including civilian ones; numerous examples have been converted to performaerial firefightingoperations.

Development

Background

Closely related to the development of the Bell AH-1 is the story of theBell UH-1 Iroquoistransport helicopter—an icon of theVietnam Warand one of the most numerous helicopter types built. The UH-1 made the theory ofair cavalrypractical, as the new tactics called for US forces to be highly mobile across a wide area. Unlike before, they would not stand and fight longbattles,and they would not stay and hold positions. Instead, the plan was that the troops carried by fleets of UH-1 "Hueys" would range across the country, to fight the enemy at times and places of their own choice.

The massive expansion of American military presence in Vietnam opened a new era of war from the air. The linchpin of US Army tactics was the helicopters, and the protection of those helicopters became a vital role.It became clear that unarmed troop helicopters were vulnerable against ground fire fromViet CongandNorth Vietnamesetroops, particularly as they approached landing zones to disembark or embark troops. Without friendly support from artillery or ground forces, the only way to pacify a landing zone was from the air, preferably with an aircraft that could closely escort the transport helicopters, and loiter over the landing zone as the battle progressed. By 1962, a small number of armed UH-1As were used as escorts, armed with multiple machine guns and rocket mounts.However, these makeshift gunships came with considerable tradeoffs, particularly being barely able to keep up with the troop transports they were intended to protect.

While some officials within the Pentagon, particularly those within the US Army, had recognized the potential value of purpose-built armed rotary aircraft as early as 1962 and were keen to see such a vehicle developed promptly, the issue was complicated in part due to inter-service politics.TheUnited States Air Force(USAF) largely held the opinion that most forms of US military aircraft should be operated only by their service, and that the US Army would be intruding into their domain by developing a complex armed aerial combatant, and ought to be largely restricted to transport aircraft. Meanwhile, some Army officials were concerned that the USAF did not take theclose air support(CAS) mission as seriously as it ought to, and that response times of 30 minutes or more for fixed-wing aircraft would be unacceptable.

Iroquois Warrior, Sioux Scout and AAFSS

Main article:Bell 207 Sioux Scout

Bell Model 207 Sioux Scout

Bell had been investigating helicopter gunships since the late 1950s, paying particular attention to theAlgerian War,in which French forces mounted weapons onto helicopters to fight the growing insurgency.The company created a mockup of its D-255 helicopter gunship concept, named "Iroquois Warrior". The Iroquois Warrior was planned to be a purpose-built attack aircraft based on UH-1B components with a new, slender airframe and a two-seat, tandem cockpit. It featured a grenade launcher in a ball turret on the nose, a 20 mm belly-mounted gun pod, and stub wings for mounting rockets orSS.10anti-tank missiles.

In June 1962, Bell displayed the mockup to US Army officials, hoping to solicit funding for further development; rival manufacturers issued protests to this approach, alleging that it was an attempt by Bell to circumvent the competitive process.Nevertheless, the Army was interested and awarded Bell a proof-of-concept contract in December 1962. Bell modified aModel 47into theModel 207 Sioux Scoutwhich first flew in July 1963. The Sioux Scout had all the key features of a modern attack helicopter: a tandemcockpit,stub wings for weapons, and a chin-mountedgun turret.After evaluating the Sioux Scout in early 1964, the Army was impressed but also felt that it was undersized, underpowered, and that the Sioux Scout was generally not suited for practical operations.

The Army's solution to the shortcomings of the Sioux Scout was to launch theAdvanced Aerial Fire Support System(AAFSS) competition.This called for a heavily armed helicopter capable of at least 200 miles per hour (320 km/h). A total of seven companies, including Bell, opted to respond to the requirement.It was out of the AAFSS program that theLockheed AH-56 Cheyenneemerged, a heavy attack helicopter with high speed capability. During testing, it proved to be too sophisticated and costly, and was ultimately canceled in 1972 after ten years of development. In its place, theAdvanced Attack Helicopterprogram was launched. Under this initiative, the Army sought a conventional attack helicopter with a greater level of survivability.

Model 209

Despite the Army's preference for the AAFSS program —for which Bell Helicopter was not selected to compete— the company persisted with their own idea of a smaller and lighter gunship, noting that Lockheed had little experience in developing rotorcraft and correctly predicted that it would encounter considerable difficulties.Bell employee Mike Folse played a key role in developing this new gunship, which he intentionally based around the existing UH-1 on the rationale that, while the Army could not purchase a completely original helicopter without a formal design competition, the service was able to procure a modification of an aircraft that was already in its inventory without invoking such hurdles. This initiative quickly caught the approval of Bell's senior management team.

In January 1965, Bell elected to invest $1 million (~$7.38 million in 2023) to proceed with the concept's detailed design. Mating the proven transmission, the "540" rotor system of the UH-1C augmented by a Stability Control Augmentation System (SCAS), and the T53 turboshaft engine of the UH-1 with the design philosophy of the Sioux Scout, Bell produced theModel 209.It largely resembled the "Iroquois Warrior" mockup,particularly in its cockpit and tail boom; in broad visual terms, there was relatively little shared between the proposed design and the UH-1. Despite appearance, much of the Model 209's major elements, such as the tail rotor and much of the dynamic systems, were identical. Roughly 80 percent of its components already had existing Huey part numbers.

Bell 209 prototype of the AH-1 Cobra series, with skids retracted (FAA no. N209J)

On 3 September 1965, Bell rolled out its Model 209 prototype, and four days later it made its maiden flight, only eight months after the project's go-ahead and slightly under budget.This first flight was witnessed by around 20 US Army officials, the service having had no awareness of the project's existence prior to this, and rapidly drew the government's attention. One early test flight was met with a reportedly enthusiastic visit by US secretary of defenseRobert McNamara.Bell claimed at this phase of the project that production units could be ready for service within one year.

As the Vietnam War proceeded, pressure accumulated in favor of the Model 209. Attacks on US forces were increasing and, by the end of June 1965, there were already 50,000 US ground troops in Vietnam.1965 was also the deadline for AAFSS selection, but the program would become stuck in technical difficulties and political bickering. The US Army needed an interim gunship for Vietnam and it approached five separate companies with its request to provide a quick solution. Submissions came in for armed variants of theBoeing-Vertol ACH-47A,Kaman HH-2C Tomahawk,Piasecki 16H Pathfinder,Sikorsky S-61,and the Bell 209.

During April 1966, Bell's submission emerged victorious in an evaluation against the other rival helicopters. The US Army promptly signed the first production contract, ordering an initial batch of 110 aircraft.By the end of the year, rapid follow-on orders had increased this to 500 Cobras.Bell added "Cobra" to the UH-1's Huey nickname to produce itsHueyCobraname for the 209. The Army applied theCobraname to its AH-1G designation for the helicopter.The Bell 209 demonstrator was used for the next six years to test weapons and fit of equipment. An additional use for the demonstrator was participating in marketing initiatives.It was also modified to match the AH-1 production standard by the early 1970s. The demonstrator was retired to thePatton MuseumatFort Knox,Kentucky and converted to approximately its original appearance.

Into production

The Bell 209 design was modified in several respects for production. The retractable skids were replaced by simpler fixed skids; this was not due to any recorded design flaw or serviceability, but it was feared that the landing gear bay could become inundated with mud.Furthermore, a new wide-chord rotor blade was adopted. It was also decided that a plexiglass canopy should replace the Model 209's armored glass canopy, which was heavy enough to negatively impact performance.The umbrella-shapeddive brakewas deleted, having reportedly self-destructed during its first test flight.

Numerous changes of the design were incorporated after the Cobra had entered service. The principal amongst these changes was the repositioning of the tail rotor from the helicopter's left side to the right, which facilitated an increase in the effectiveness of the tail rotor.The AH-1 was the first U.S. Army helicopter not named for a Native American people since the practice began with theH-13 Siouxand continued with the UH-1 Iroquois, AH-56 Cheyenne, OH-58 Kiowa, and later helicopters.

Within its first decade of service, the US Army had put the original Cobra model through various exercises and operations, which highlighted both the attack helicopter's promise and areas in which it could be improved.By 1972, the US Army openly sought an improved anti-armor capability. Under the Improved Cobra Armament Program (ICAP), trials of eight AH-1s fitted withTOW missileswere conducted in October 1973. After passing qualification tests the following year, Bell was contracted with upgrading 101 AH-1Gs to the TOW-capable AH-1Q configuration.While early-production examples were not compatible withnight vision goggles,the cockpit instrumentation of later Cobras was altered to facilitate their use.

Further variants of the Cobra were promptly developed, with both new-build models and early production examples being modified to incorporate the improvements. During March 1978, the US Army opted to procure a batch of 100 new-build Cobras that featured a new T-shaped instrument panel, improvedcompositerotor blades, revised transmission and gearboxes, the M128 helmet-mounted sight, and the M28A3 armament system.A major feature was the adoption of a more powerful version of the T53 engine. Designated AH-1S, the Cobra was upgraded in three stages, culminating with the AH-1F.The AH-1F integrated numerous countermeasures, including an infrared jammer, a radar jammer, and a hot plume exhaust suppressor.

The U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) quickly became interested in the Cobra, opting to order an improved twin-engine version in 1968 under the designation AH-1J.During the early 1970s, the USMC proceeded to order an upgraded model, the AH-1T, which featured dynamic elements derived from the abortiveBell 309 KingCobra;as such, it featured a longer fuselage and tailboom. These dynamic changes were combined with the adoption of heavier armaments, which provided the USMC with an effective anti-armor capacity, unlike the preceding model.The USMC's interest in the Cobra would lead to the production of moretwin-engine variantsof the helicopter.

Design

An AH-1S Cobra, 1986

The Bell AH-1 Cobra is a dedicated attack helicopter, built to provide close air support and to escort friendly troop transports.The visual design of the Cobra was intentionally made to be sleek and be akin to that of a jet fighter.Aviation author Stanley McGowen observed that its appearance differed radically from any prior rotorcraft designed by Bell, possessing a relatively narrow fuselage and a then-unusual cockpit arrangement. This cockpit was covered by a large fighter-like canopy and its occupants protected by armor, such included tempered-steel seats and personal body armor.It was operated by both a pilot and gunner, who were seated in a stepped tandem arrangement in which the commander was placed in the rear seat while the gunner occupied the forward position.This forward position provided a higher level of visibility to that of the rear seat. Both positions were provided with flying controls while both crew would typically be certified pilots, enabling control of the Cobra to be exchanged quickly through the course of the mission.

Much of the Cobra's armaments could be installed upon the multiplehardpointsthat were attached to the stub wings set on either side of the fuselage.In comparison to armed UH-1s, the Cobra would typically have carried twice as much ammunition and arrive on station in half the time, it also had three times the loiter time, which enabled the type to arrive in a designated landing zone ahead of transport helicopters to clear it, provide support fire while they are present, and to continue fighting as they withdraw.The slim profile of the helicopter allegedly provided defensive benefits by making it harder for opponents to accurately hit it with small arms fire, althoughman-portable air-defense system(MANPADS) did prove to be effective against the Cobra. Particularly vulnerable areas included the tail rotor drive shaft and the main transmission.

Typically, the Cobra would avoid hovering at any point in an active engagement; instead, emphasis was placed on maintaining speed and mobility.The gunner often fired the chin-mounted cannon with the intention of suppressing hostile targets in between barrages of 2.75-inch rockets, held in pods upon the stub wings, which were fired by the back-seater. It was unusual for Cobras to operate alone; instead, two or more would be dispatched and teamwork encouraged, leading to hunter-killer tactics being used to flush out and eliminate ground targets.Pairings with other helicopters, such as theBell OH-58 Kiowascout helicopter, were also common occurrences. Radio communications were handled by the gunner. Regardless of mission profile, low altitude flying was commonplace.

Operational history

For AH-1J, AH-1T, AH-1W, AH-1Z and other twin-engine variants, seeBell AH-1 SuperCobra.

Bell AH-1G over Vietnam

United States

By June 1967, the first AH-1G HueyCobras had been delivered. Originally designated as UH-1H, the "A" for attack designation was soon adopted and when the improved UH-1D became the UH-1H, the HueyCobra became the AH-1G. The AH-1 was initially considered a variant of the H-1 line, resulting in the G series letter.

The first six AH-1s arrived atBien Hoa Air Base,South Vietnamon 30 August 1967 for combat testing by the U.S. Army Cobra New Equipment Training Team.On 4 September, the type scored its first combat kill by sinking asampanboat, killing fourViet Cong.The first AH-1 unit, the 334th Assault Helicopter Company, was declared operational on 6 October 1967. The Army operated the Cobra continuously up to the U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam in 1973. Typically, the AH-1 provided fire support for ground forces and escorted transport helicopters, in addition to other roles, including aerial rocket artillery (ARA) battalions in the two Airmobile divisions. They also formed "hunter killer" teams by pairing withOH-6A Cayusescout helicopters; a team normally comprised a single OH-6 flying slow and low to find enemy forces. If the OH-6 drew fire, the Cobra could strike at the then revealed enemy.

On 12 September 1968, Capt.Ronald Foglemanwas flying anF-100 Super Sabrewhen the aircraft was shot down and he ejected 200 miles (320 km) north of Bien Hoa. Fogleman became the only pilot to be rescued by holding on to an Army AH-1G's deployed gun-panel door.Bell built 1,116 AH-1Gs for the U.S. Army between 1967 and 1973, and the Cobras chalked up over a million operational hours in Vietnam;the number of Cobras in service peaked at 1,081.Out of nearly 1,110 AH-1s that were delivered between 1967 and 1973, approximately 300 were lost to a combination of combat and accidents during the conflict.DuringOperation Lam Son 719in SoutheasternLaos,26 U.S Army AH-1Gs were destroyed while a further 158 sustained some level of damage.

The U.S. Marine Corps also operated the AH-1G Cobra in Vietnam for a short time before acquiring the twin-engineAH-1J Cobras.The AH-1Gs had been adopted by the Marines as an interim measure, a total of 38 helicopters having been transferred from the U.S. Army to the Marines in 1969.

During Operation Urgent Fury, theinvasion of Grenada in 1983,several AH-1T Cobras were deployed to fly close air support and helicopter escort missions. On the first day of the invasion, two of the four Cobras involved were lost to anti-aircraft fire in the attack on Fort Frederick.

During 1989, Army Cobras participated in Operation Just Cause, theU.S. invasion of Panama.It operated alongside its eventual successor in US Army service, theBoeing AH-64 Apache,for the first time during the combat in Panama.

During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in theGulf War(1990–91), both the Cobras and SuperCobras deployed in a support role. The USMC deployed 91 AH-1W SuperCobras while the US Army operated 140 AH-1 Cobras of various models in the theatre; these were typically operated from dispersed forward operating bases in close proximity to Saudi Arabia's border with Iraq. Three AH-1s were lost in accidents during fighting and afterward. Cobras successfully destroyed large numbers of Iraqi armored vehicles and various other targets during the intense fighting of the conflict.

US Cobras were deployed in further operations across the 1990s. Army Cobras provided support for the US humanitarian intervention duringOperation Restore Hopein Somalia in 1993. They were also employed during theUS invasion of Haitiin 1994.

During the 1990s, the US Army gradually phased out its Cobra fleet, completely retiring the type from active service in March 1999.The service, which had long sought a more capable successor to the Cobra, had procured a large fleet of AH-64 Apaches since receiving the first example of the type during early 1984.The withdrawn AH-1s were typically offered to other potential operators, usually NATO allies.The Army retired the AH-1 from its reserves in September 2001. The retired AH-1s were then disposed of, often through sales to overseas customers; the final portion of the fleet was liquidated in 2010.Some were also given to the USDA'sForest Service.The US Marine Corps retired the AH-1W SuperCobra in 2020, and continues to operate theAH-1Z Viper.

Israel

Israeli Air ForceTzefahelicopters

Israel was an early export customer for the Cobra, purchasing six AH-1Gs from the US Army.The government was keen to procure a capable attack helicopter as recent combat in theYom-Kippur Warhad shown a need for a capable platform for countering enemy armour. The type was operated by theIsraeli Air Force(IAF), with the First Attack Helicopter Squadron formally commencing on 1 December 1977.The service named the type as the "Tzefa" (Hebrew:צפע,forViper).

On 9 May 1979, the IAF's Cobras performed their first attack, firing four Orev missiles at a house nearTyre, Lebanon,that was occupied by militants.Israel's fleet of Cobras was particularly active on the Lebanon front, having participated in the fighting there for in excess of 20 years. They were intensively used during the1982 Lebanon Warto destroySyrianarmor and fortifications alike, being reportedly responsible for the destruction of dozens of Syrian ground vehicles. In one operation alone, a pair of IAF Cobras destroyed three enemy tanks and one truck.Based upon its performance in the conflict, it was decided to remove the rocket pods and increase the amount of ammunition carried for the cannon instead. Other operational changes included a greater emphasis on cooperation with ground units to avoid friendly fire incidents.

Largely due to a USembargothat prevented the purchase of further Cobras, Israel procured alternative platforms instead, including around 20McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defendersin late 1979.Between 1983 and 1985, by which time the embargo had been lifted, 24 new Cobras were purchased; the expanded fleet enabled the creation of a second squadron, known as the Fighting Family Squadron, on 1 June 1985.During 1990, the IAF received its firstBoeing AH-64 Apacheattack helicopters,having acquired a fleet of 42 by 2000.At the time of the Apache's procurement, there was considerable political controversy over the IAF's decision to overlook upgrades to its existing Cobra fleet in favour of acquiring an entirely separate model of attack helicopter.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Cobras continued to play a role in major operations against groups such asHezbollah,including Operations "Accountability"and"Grapes of Wrath",in southern Lebanon.During August 1996, the IAF's Cobra fleet was expanded yet again via 14 surplus US Army AH-1F Cobras being acquired, some of which were used by the front line squadrons while others were operated exclusively for flight training purposes. During the 2000s, the Cobra's precision strike capability was bolstered by the adoption of theSpike missile.

During late 2013, Israel opted to retire the last of its 33 AH-1 Cobras from front line service, largely due to budget cuts. Its role was taken up entirely by the IAI's squadrons of AH-64 attack helicopters, while an extensive fleet ofunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) took over the role of patrolling combat zones. The Cobra fleet was considerably older than the Apaches, which contributed to several fatal crashes of the type. The Cobras were also more expensive to maintain than UAVs and their use exposed pilots to attacks fromman-portable air-defense systemsoperated by guerrilla groups.Around the same time frame, the IAF also pursued upgrades to its AH-64 fleet.In late 2014, Israel transferred 16 of the recently-withdrawn Cobras to theRoyal Jordanian Air Forceto bolster the numbers of their existing fleet.

Japan

Japan Ground Self-Defense ForceAH-1S Cobra, April 2014

Japanmanufactured 89 AH-1S Cobras under license byFuji Heavy Industriesfrom 1984 to 2000.The type is used by theJapan Ground Self-Defense Force,and are Step 3 models, which are roughly the equivalent to the U.S. Army's AH-1Fs. The engine is the T53-K-703 turboshaft, whichKawasaki Heavy Industriesproduced under license.During the 2010s, Japan was examining options for procuring a fleet of new rotorcraft to replace its aging Cobras; it has been specified that the replacement helicopter would need to be optimized for marine use and able to operate from expeditionary airstrips or sea bases, and that between 30 and 50 such craft would be purchased.

In December 2022, the Japanese government decided to replace 47 AH-1S, 12AH-64D,33OH-1,and 26U-125Awith unmanned aerial vehicles. Japan plans to increase its defense budget from 1.24% of GDP in fiscal 2021 to around 2.0% within 10 years, and has decided to retire these helicopters and aircraft as part of an effort to spend its defense budget efficiently.

Jordan

Royal Jordanian Air Force AH-1F Cobra in May 2012, next to a USMC AH-1W Cobra

Jordan obtained an initial batch of 24 AH-1Fs during the late 1980s. In 2001, nine additional ex-US Army Cobras were acquired to supplement the fleet. During 2010, Jordan transferred 16 AH-1F helicopters to Pakistan under a US-sponsored support program that provided Islamabad with 40 AH-1 refurbished helicopters.

In late 2014, Israel and Jordan came to an agreement under which the former transferred 16 ex-IAF Cobras to theRoyal Jordanian Air Force.The deal was publicly stated to be for the purpose of increasing border security, which was viewed as a pressing concern of both nations due to the threats posed byIslamic State(IS) militants, as well as by other insurgent groups, at that time.

The Royal Jordanian Air Force has at least one squadron of Cobras in service, and is supposed to have used them in combat in Iraq and Syria.

Turkey

Turkey bought ten AH-1Ws in the early 1990s, and supplemented them with 32 ex-US Army Cobras. These additional units included several TAH-1P trainers while the majority were brought up to the AH-1F standard.During the 2010s, Turkish Cobras have repeatedly seen combat in operations againstKurdishinsurgents around Turkey's borders with both Syria and Iraq. Two Cobras were reportedly lost to enemy fire during these operations.Amid the2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt,Turkish Cobras were alleged to have fired upon several police vehicles.

Pakistan

Between 1984 and 1986,Pakistanwas supplied with an initial batch of 20 AH-1S gunships by the US;these were later upgraded with the C-NITE thermal imaging package.Operated byPakistan Army Aviation,the service first used Cobra overseas in Somalia during theUnited Nations Operation in Somalia II,where a single squadron was deployed in 1994.Pakistani Cobras subsequently saw action in Sierra Leone.

By 2013, Pakistan reportedly operated a fleet of 35 AH-1F helicopters.Maintaining these aircraft has been difficult, but possible through commercial channels. Additionally, the US government provided $750,000 (~$967,428 in 2023) through 2013 to update the existing AH-1F/S Cobra fleet.However, controversy over how much of this funding has actually been spent on Pakistan's Cobras has also been present throughout the 2010s.Turkey has also become a key supplier of spare parts for the Cobra, often free of cost, to Pakistan.During the 2010s, Pakistan lost a total of three aircraft in separate incidents.

Pakistan repeatedly sought theBell AH-1W SuperCobrafrom the US to supplement and replace its current AH-1 Cobras.Attempts to acquire theAH-1Z ViperorAH-64E Apachefrom the US were rejected, so Pakistan turned to buying other foreign attack helicopters. Possible candidates have included the TurkishT129,the ChineseCAIC Z-10,and the RussianMi-35 Hind.In November 2014, Russia approved the sale of Mi-35M helicopters to Pakistan.In April 2015, China delivered three Z-10s to Pakistan.During the same month, the US Department of State approved the sale of 15 AH-1Zs and associated equipment to Pakistan.During October 2017, the T129 was also reported to be a contender for further orders.

Philippines

Philippine Air ForceBell AH-1F

The Jordanian government offered to provide up to four surplus AH-1F Cobras to the Philippines for counter terrorism operations. The offer was later reduced to two units, which the Philippine government accepted.On 26 November 2019, an Antonov An-124 airlifter carried the two Bell AH-1F Cobras from Jordan to Clark International Airport/Clark Air Base. The helicopters are reportedly painted in a light grey livery similar to the paint scheme of the PAF'sAgustaWestland AW109Earmed helicopters.

PAF AH-1s conducted airstrikes on communist insurgent positions as part of OPLAN "Wrath of Polaris 2" conducted by Joint Task Force Tala in Gonzaga, Cagayan.

Civilian operators

In 2003, the US Forest Service acquired 25 retired AH-1Fs from the US Army.These have been designated Bell 209 and are being converted into Firewatch Cobras with infrared and low light sensors and systems for real time fire monitoring.The last two Firewatch Cobras were retired in October 2021.

The Florida Division of Forestry also acquired three AH-1Ps from the US Army. These are called Bell 209 "Firesnakes" and are equipped to carry a water/fire retardant system.

Variants

Japan Ground Self-Defense ForceAH-1S

U.S. Forest Service Bell 209 on the Bar Complex Fire inCalifornia

AH-1P front cockpit (restoration)

AH-1P rear cockpit (restoration)

Single-engine

Bell 209

Original AH-1G prototype with retractable skid landing gear. This model number is also used by the FAA for the civilian registration of former U.S. Army AH-1s used in firefighting service.

AH-1G HueyCobra

Initial 1966 production model gunship for the US Army, with one 1,400shp(1,000kW) Avco Lycoming T53-13 turboshaft.

JAH-1G HueyCobra

One helicopter for armament testing including Hellfire missiles and multi-barrel cannon.

TH-1G HueyCobra

Two-seat dual-control trainer.

Z.14 HueyCobra

The Spanish Navy purchased eight new-build AH-1Gs, designating the type the "Z-14". These were equipped with the M35 20 mm cannon system, and were used to support coastal patrol boats. Four of these were lost in accidents. The remaining helicopters were retired in 1985 with three sent back to the US, and one kept in storage in Spain.

YAH-1Q

Eight AH-1Gs with XM26 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) and two M56 TOW 4-pack launchers.

AH-1Q HueyCobra

Equipped with the M65TOW/Cobra missile subsystem, M65 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU), and M73 Reflex sight. All future versions will be equipped with the TSU and be equipped to fire the TOW missile subsystem.

YAH-1R

AH-1G powered by a T53-L-703 engine without TOW system.

YAH-1S

AH-1Q upgrade and TOW system.

AH-1S

The baseline AH-1S is an AH-1Q upgraded with a 1,800 shp (1,300 kW) T53-L-703 turboshaft engine. The AH-1S is also referred to as the "Improved AH-1S", "AH-1S Modified", or "AH-1S(MOD)" prior to 1988. (Prior to 1988, all upgraded aircraft were referred to as variants of the AH-1S.)

QAH-1S

A target drone conversion of the AH-1S by Bell-Bristol Aerospace under a joint US andCanadadevelopment program started in 1994. Honeywell further modified the QAH-1S into theHokum-Xby installing systems and hardware to allow it to simulate theRussianKamov Ka-50attack helicopter. Three Hokum-Xs were completed from 1998 to 2001.

AH-1P

100 production aircraft with composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpit, and improved cockpit layout for nap-of-earth (NOE) flight. The AH-1P is also referred to as the "Production AH-1S", or "AH-1S(PROD)" prior to 1988. These improvements are considered Step 1 of the AH-1S upgrade program.

AH-1E

98 production aircraft with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System (ECAS) featuring the M97A1 armament subsystem with a three-barreled M197 20 mm cannon. The AH-1E is also referred to as the "Upgunned AH-1S", or "AH-1S(ECAS)" prior to 1988. These improvements are considered Step 2 of the AH-1S upgrade program.AH-1E aircraft included the M147 Rocket Management Subsystem (RMS) to fire 2.75-inch (70 mm) rockets.

AH-1F

143 production aircraft and 387 converted AH-1G Cobras. The AH-1F incorporates all Step 1 and 2 upgrades to the AH-1S. It also featured Step 3 upgrades: a head-up display, a laser rangefinder, an infrared jammer mounted above the engine exhaust, and an infrared suppressing engine exhaust system, and the M143 Air Data Subsystem (ADS). The AH-1F is also referred to as the "Modernized AH-1S", "AH-1S Modernized Cobra", or "AH-1S(MC)" prior to 1988.

Model 249

Experimental demonstrator version fitted with the four-blade rotor system fromBell 412,an uprated engine, and experimental equipment, including Hellfire missiles.

Bell 309 KingCobra

Experimental all-weather version based on the AH-1G single-engine and AH-1J twin-engine designs.Two Bell 309s were produced; the first was powered by aPW&C T400-CP-400Twin-Pac engine set and the second was powered by aLycoming T55-L-7Cengine.

AH-1FB

AH-1F modernized byTurkish Aerospace Industriesfor theRoyal Bahraini Air Force.

Twin-engine

For all twin-engine variants, such as AH-1J, AH-1T, AH-1W, and AH-1Z, seeBell AH-1 SuperCobra.

Operators

A small number of former military helicopters are operated by civil organizations for display and demonstration, for example byRed Bull.

Red Bull(Flying Bulls) TAH-1F atBerlin Tempelhof Airport

Bahrain

• Royal Bahraini Air Force

Japan

• Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

Jordan

• Royal Jordanian Air Force

Kenya

• Kenya Air Force

Pakistan

• Pakistan Army

Philippines

USFS Bell 209 during theCalifornia wildfires of October 2007

• Philippine Air Force

South Korea

• Republic of Korea Army

Former operators

An Israeli AH-1F Cobra

Israel

• Israeli Air Force

Spain

• Spanish Navy

Thailand

• Royal Thai Army

Turkey

• Turkish Army

United States

• United States Army
• Washington Department of Natural Resources
• U.S. Forest Service
• Florida Department of Forestry

Aircraft on display

Main article:List of displayed Bell AH-1 Cobras

Specifications (AH-1G HueyCobra)

Data fromThe Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Modern Military Aircraft,Bell AH-1 Cobra,Modern Fighting Aircraft: AH-1 Cobra

General characteristics

• Crew:2: one pilot, one co-pilot/gunner (CPG)
• Length:53 ft (16 m) including rotors
  
• Fuselage length:44 ft 5 in (13.5 m)
• Width:10 ft 4 in (3.15 m) stub wings
• Height:13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)
• Empty weight:5,810 lb (2,635 kg)
• Max takeoff weight:9,500 lb (4,309 kg)
• Powerplant:1 ×Lycoming T53-L-13turboshaft,1,100 hp (820 kW)
• Main rotor diameter:44 ft 0 in (13.4 m)
• Main rotor area:1,520 sq ft (141 m²)
  
• Blade section:NACA0009.3 mod

Performance

• Maximum speed:149 kn (171 mph, 276 km/h)
• Never exceed speed:190 kn (220 mph, 350 km/h)
• Range:310 nmi (360 mi, 570 km)
• Service ceiling:11,400 ft (3,500 m)
• Rate of climb:1,230 ft/min (6.2 m/s)

Armament

• 2 × 7.62 mm (0.308 in) multi-barrelMiniguns,or 2 ×M129 40 mm grenade launchers,or one of each, in theM28 turret.(When one of each was mounted, the minigun was mounted on the right side of the turret, due to feed requirements.)
• 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets– 7 rockets mounted in the M158 launcher or 19 rockets in the M200 launcher
• M187.62 mmMinigunpodorXM35 armament subsystemwithXM19520 mm cannon

Notable appearances in media

Main article:Aircraft in fiction § Bell AH-1 Cobra

See also

• U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems, AH-1 Cobra

Related development

• Bell 207 Sioux Scout
• Bell 309 KingCobra
• Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
• Bell AH-1Z Viper
• Bell UH-1 Iroquois
• Bell YAH-63

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Agusta A129 Mangusta

Related lists

• List of active United States military aircraft
• List of attack aircraft
• List of rotorcraft
• List of military electronics of the United States

References

Bibliography

• Bernstein, Jonathan (2003).US Army AH-1 Cobra Units in Vietnam (Osprey Combat Aircraft #41).Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited.ISBN978-1-84176-606-5.
• Bishop, Chris (2005).Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005.Osprey Publishing.ISBN1-84176-816-2.
• Bishop, Chris (2006).Huey Cobra Gunships. New Vanguard.Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited.ISBN1-84176-984-3.
• Donald, David (1997).The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft.Barnes & Nobel Books.ISBN0-7607-0592-5.
• Donald, David (2004).AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache: Modern Battlefield Warplanes.AIRtime Publishing Inc.ISBN1-880588-76-5.
• David, Donald; March, Daniel, eds. (2004).Modern Battlefield Warplanes.AIRtime Publishing Inc.ISBN1-880588-76-5.
• Gunston, Bill; Spick, Michael (1986).Modern Fighting Helicopters.New York, US: Crescent Books. pp. 104–105.ISBN0-517-61349-2.
• International Air Power Review Volume 12.AIRtime Publishing. 2004.ISBN1-880588-77-3.
• McGowen, Stanley S. (2005).Helicopters: An Illustrated History of Their Impact.ABC-CLIO.ISBN978-1-85109-468-4.
• Nolan, Keith W (1986).Into Laos: Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719, Vietnam 1971.Presidio Press.ISBN0-89141-247-6.
• Richardson, Doug; Peacock, Lindsay (1992).Combat Aircraft: AH-64 Apache.London: Salamander Books.ISBN0-86101-675-0.
• Steinemann, P. (1989).Asian Airpower - Exotic Warplanes In Action.UK: Osprey Publishing.ISBN0-85045-907-9.
• Verier, Mike (1990).Bell AH-1 Cobra.London: Osprey.ISBN0-85045-934-6.
• Wheeler, Howard A. (1987).Attack Helicopters, A History of Rotary-Wing Combat Aircraft.The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company.ISBN0-933852-52-5.

External links

• AH-1 HueyCobra page on Rotorhead.org
• AH-1 Cobra Photo Galleries on MidwaySailor.com
• Cobras over the Frontier, by Usman Ansari.
• End of an era for Fort Drum's Cobras.
• Aircraft Training Manual, Attack Helicopter, AH-1 (TC 1-213), 1992