Boeing AH-64 Apache
AH-64 Apache | |
---|---|
![]() | |
An AH-64 Apache from the U.S. Army's101st Aviation Regimentin Iraq | |
Role | Attack helicopter |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer |
|
First flight | 30 September 1975[1] |
Introduction | April 1986[2] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | United States Army |
Produced | 1975–present |
Number built | 5,000+ as of March 2024[3] |
Variants | AgustaWestland Apache |
TheBoeing AH-64 Apache(/əˈpætʃi/ə-PATCH-ee) is an American twin-turboshaftattack helicopterwith a tailwheel-typelanding gearand a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. Nose-mounted sensors helpacquire targetsand providenight vision.It carries a30 mm (1.18 in)M230 chain gununder its forward fuselage and fourhardpointson stub-wing pylons for armament and stores, typicallyAGM-114 Hellfiremissiles andHydra 70rocket pods.Redundantsystems help it survive combat damage.
The Apache began as theModel 77developed byHughes Helicoptersfor theUnited States Army'sAdvanced Attack Helicopterprogram to replace theAH-1 Cobra.The prototype YAH-64 first flew on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over theBell YAH-63in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After acquiring Hughes Helicopters in 1984,McDonnell Douglascontinued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. The advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued byBoeing Defense, Space & Security.As of March 2024, over 5,000 Apaches have been delivered to the U.S. Army and 18 international partners and allies.
Primarily operated by the U.S. Army, the AH-64 has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, includingGreece,Japan,Israel,theNetherlands,Singapore,and theUnited Arab Emirates.It has been built under license in theUnited Kingdomas theAgustaWestland Apache.American AH-64s have served in conflicts inPanama,thePersian Gulf,Kosovo,Afghanistan,andIraq.Israel uses the Apache to fight inLebanonand theGaza Strip.British and Dutch Apaches were deployed to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001.
Development
[edit]Advanced Attack Helicopter
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hughes_experimental_copter.jpg/220px-Hughes_experimental_copter.jpg)
After theAH-56 Cheyennewas cancelled in 1972 in favor of projects like theU.S. Air ForceA-10 Thunderbolt IIand theMarine CorpsAV-8A Harrier,the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command.[4][5]The 1948Key West Agreementforbade the Army from owning combat fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than theAH-1 Cobrain firepower, performance, and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain followingnap-of-the-earth(NoE) flying.[6]To this end, the U.S. Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) program on 15 November 1972.[7][8]As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects as the "Big Five", with the AAH included.[9]
Proposals were submitted byBell,Boeing Vertol/Grummanteam,Hughes,Lockheed,andSikorsky.In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (laterHughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the competition.[10]Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes'Model 77/YAH-64Aprototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell'sModel 409/YAH-63Aprototype first flew on 1 October 1975. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63'stricycle landing geararrangement.[11][12]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YAH-64_1982_01759-1_cr.jpg/220px-YAH-64_1982_01759-1_cr.jpg)
The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program under which three pre-production AH-64s would be built, additionally, the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit were upgraded to the same standard.[11]Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guidedAGM-114 Hellfiremissile.[13]Development of the Hellfire missile had begun in 1974, originally known by the name ofHelicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile('Hellfire' being a shortened acronym),[14]for the purpose of arming helicopter platforms with an effective anti-tank missile.[citation needed]
Into production
[edit]In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the U.S. Army for Operational Test II. The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerfulT700-GE-701version of engine, rated at 1,690shp(1,260kW). The AH-64 was named theApachein late 1981, after theApachetribe, following the tradition of naming Army helicopters after Native American tribes. It was approved for full-scale production in 1982.[15]In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility atMesa, Arizona.Hughes Helicopters was purchased byMcDonnell Douglasfor $470 million in 1984 (equivalent to $1,378,000,000 in 2023).[16]The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger ofBoeingand McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.[17]In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was $7M and the average unit cost was approximately $13.9M based on total costs.[16]
A 1985 Department of Defense engineering analysis by the inspector general's office reported that significant design deficiencies still needed to be addressed by the contractor. The Army project manager Col.William H. Forsterpublished a list of 101 action items. In 1986, the four 22-foot-long main rotor blades, each made from steel and composite material glued together to maximize strength and minimize weight by the Composite Structures Division of Alcoa Composites, were added to the list. The steel-composite rotors could not meet the Army specification for a life of 1500 flight hours, and needed replacement after just 146 hours. After six changes to the design, the rotor blade life was extended to 1400 hours by early 1991.[18]
Further development
[edit]During the 1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an AH-64B, featuring an updated cockpit, newfire control systemand other upgrades. In 1988, funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon systems.[19]Technological advance led to the program's cancellation in favor of more ambitious changes. In August 1990, development of the AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by theDefense Acquisition Board.The first AH-64D prototype flew on 15 April 1992.[20]Prototype testing ended in April 1995. During testing, six AH-64D helicopters were pitted against a bigger group of AH-64As. The results demonstrated the AH-64D to have a sevenfold increase in survivability and fourfold increase in lethality compared to the AH-64A.[21][22][23]On 13 October 1995, full-scale production was approved;[24]a $1.9-billion five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to upgrade 232 AH-64As into AH-64Ds.[25]On 17 March 1997, the first production AH-64D flew. It was delivered on 31 March.[26]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/YAH-64_parked_right-front_view.jpg/220px-YAH-64_parked_right-front_view.jpg)
Portions of the Apache are produced by other aerospace firms.AgustaWestlandhas produced a number of components for the Apache both for the international market and for theBritish Army'sAgustaWestland Apache.[27]Since 2004,Korea Aerospace Industrieshas been the sole manufacturer of the Apache's fuselage.[28][29][30]Fuselage production had previously been performed byTeledyne Ryan Aeronautical.The transfer of fuselage production led to a prolonged legal dispute between Teledyne Ryan and Boeing.[31]
The AH-64D program cost a total of $11 billion (~$15.6 billion in 2023) through 2007.[32]In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6 million (~$98.3 million in 2023) fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing U.S. AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration. Between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As into AH-64Ds.[33]Since 2008, nations operating the older Apaches have been urged to undertake modernization programs as support for the AH-64A is withdrawn.[34]
By May 2019, Boeing tested in awind tunnelacompoundApache scale model with apusher propeller,a small wing to increase range and speed, and a counter-torquetail rotorlike the cancelledLockheed AH-56 Cheyenneof the 1960s. It competed for the U.S. Army'sFLRAAunveiled in April, developed from theFuture Vertical LiftCapability Set 3 (medium rotorcraft) without the attack requirement, while the U.S. Army'sFARAshould replace the retiredBell OH-58 Kiowascout and up to half of the AH-64 fleet.[35]
Design
[edit]Overview
[edit]Apache version |
Engine version | Engine power |
---|---|---|
AH-64A+/D[36] | General Electric T700-701 | 1,696shp(1,265 kW)[15] |
AH-64A+/D | General Electric T700-701C | 1,890 shp (1,410 kW)[37] |
AH-64E | General Electric T700-701D | 1,994 shp (1,487 kW)[38] |
WAH-64D | Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 | 2,100 shp (1,600 kW)[39] |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/RNLAF_AH-64_Apache_at_the_Oirschotse_Heide_Low_Flying_Area_%2836570605232%29.jpg/220px-RNLAF_AH-64_Apache_at_the_Oirschotse_Heide_Low_Flying_Area_%2836570605232%29.jpg)
The AH-64 Apache has a four-blade main rotor and a four-blade tail rotor.[40]The crew sits in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the co-pilot/gunner.[41]Both crew members are capable of flying the aircraft and performing methods of weapon engagements independently.[42]The AH-64 is powered by twoGeneral Electric T700turboshaftengines with high-mounted exhausts on either side of the fuselage.[43][44]Various models of engines have been used on the Apache; those in British service use engines fromRolls-Royce.In 2004,General Electric Aviationbegan producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.[45]
The crew compartment and rotor blades are designed to sustain a hit from23 mm (0.91 in)rounds. The airframe includes some 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) of protection and has aself-sealing fuel systemto protect againstballistic projectiles.[46]The crew compartment also incorporates a transparent blast shield between the pilot and gunner seats so that at least one crew member can survive in the event of a direct hit, but the canopy and windows are otherwise unrated against ballistic threats.[47]
The aircraft was designed to meet thecrashworthinessrequirements of MIL-STD-1290,[48]which specifies minimum requirement for crash impact energy attenuation to minimize crew injuries and fatalities. This was achieved through incorporation of increased structural strength, crashworthy landing gear, seats and fuel system.
On a standard day, when temperatures are 59 °F (15 °C), the AH-64 has a vertical rate of climb of 1,775 feet per minute (541 m/min), and a service ceiling of 21,000 feet (6,400 m).[49]However, on a hot day, when temperatures are 70 °F (21 °C), its vertical rate of climb is reduced to 1,595 fpm (486 m/min), and service ceiling is reduced to 19,400 feet (5,900 m) due to less dense air.[50]
Avionics and targeting
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/De_cockpit_van_de_schutter_voorin_een_Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_%282156_023657%29.jpg/220px-De_cockpit_van_de_schutter_voorin_een_Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_%282156_023657%29.jpg)
One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was itshelmet mounted display,the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);[51][52]among its capabilities, either the pilot or gunner canslavethe helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via theTarget Acquisition and Designation System(TADS).[53][54]On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS has been replaced byLockheed Martin'sArrowhead(MTADS) targeting system.[55]
U.S. Army engagement training is performed under the Aerial Weapons Scoring System Integration with Longbow Apache Tactical Engagement Simulation System (AWSS-LBA TESS), using live 30 mm and rocket ammunition as well as simulated Hellfire missiles. TheSmart Onboard Data Interface Module(SMODIM) transmits Apache data to an AWSS ground station for gunnery evaluation.[56]The AH-64's standard of performance foraerial gunneryis to achieve at least 1 hit for every 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle at a range of 800–1,200 m (870–1,310 yd).[57]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Female_Apache_Pilot_MOD_45151297.jpg/220px-Female_Apache_Pilot_MOD_45151297.jpg)
The AH-64 was designed to perform in front-line environments, and to operate at night or day and during adverse weather conditions.[58]Various sensors and onboard avionics allows the Apache to perform in these conditions; such systems include theTarget Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System(TADS/PNVS), passiveinfrared countermeasures,[59]GPS,and the IHADSS.[53][58]Longbow-equipped Apaches can locate up to 256 targets simultaneously within 50 km (31 mi).[60]In August 2012, 24 U.S. Army AH-64Ds were equipped with the Ground Fire Acquisition System (GFAS), which detects and targets ground-based weapons fire sources in all-light conditions and with a 120°visual field.The GFAS consists of twosensor podsworking with the AH-64's other sensors, and athermographic camerathat precisely locates muzzle flashes.[61]
In 2014, it was announced that new targeting and surveillance sensors were under development to provide high-resolution color imagery to crews, replacing older low definition black-and-white imaging systems.[62]Lockheed received the first contract in January 2016, upgrading the Arrowhead turret to provide higher-resolution color imaging with longer ranges and a wider field of view.[63]In 2014, the U.S. Army was adapting its Apaches for increased maritime performance as part of the Pentagon's rebalance to the Pacific. Additional avionics and sensor improvements includes an extended-range radar capable of detecting small ships in littoral environments, software adaptions to handle maritime targets, and addingLink 16data-links for better communications with friendly assets.[64]
Armament and configurations
[edit]Mission[40] | Hellfire | 30 mm rounds |
Hydra 70 | Maximum speed (knots) |
Rate of climb (ft/min) |
Endurance (hours) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-Armor | 16 | 1,200 | 0 | 148 | 990 | 2.5 |
Covering Force | 8 | 1,200 | 38 | 150 | 860 | 2.5 |
Escort | 0 | 1,200 | 76 | 153 | 800 | 2.5 |
The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context asClose Combat Attack(CCA).[40]In addition to the 30 mmM230E1 Chain Gun,the Apache carries a range of external stores and weapons on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture ofAGM-114 Hellfireanti-tank missiles, andHydra 70general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.756 in) rockets.[65]The Hellfire is designed to defeat stationary or moving tanks as far away as 6,500 meters.[66]
Since 2005, the Hellfire missile outfitted with athermobaricwarhead is designated AGM-114N; this missile version is intended for use against ground forces and urban warfare operations.[67][68]In October 2015, the U.S. Army ordered its first batch ofAdvanced Precision Kill Weapon System(APKWS) guided 70 mm rockets for the Apache.[69]
Starting in the 1980s, theStingerandAIM-9 Sidewinderair-to-air missilesand theAGM-122 Sidearmanti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.[70][71]The Stinger was initially selected; the U.S. Army was also considering theStarstreakair-to-air missile.[70][72]External fuel tanks can also be carried on the stub wings to increase range and mission time.[40]The stub-wing pylons have mounting points for maintenance access; these mountings can also be used to secure personnel externally for emergency transport.[73]Stinger missiles are often used on non-U.S. Apaches, as foreign forces do not have as many air superiority aircraft to control the skies.[74]The AH-64E initially lacked the ability to use the Stinger to make room for self-defense equipment, but the capability was added back following a South Korean demand.[75]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ah-64_ground_with_weapons_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ah-64_ground_with_weapons_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The AH-64E is able to controlunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), used by the U.S. Army to perform aerial scouting missions previously performed by theOH-58 Kiowa.Apaches can request to take control of anRQ-7 ShadoworMQ-1C Grey Eaglefrom ground control stations to safely scout via datalink communications. There are four levels of UAV interoperability (LOI): LOI 1 indirectly receives payload data; LOI 2 receives payload data through direct communication; LOI 3 deploys the UAV's armaments; and LOI 4 takes over flight control. UAVs can search for enemies and, if equipped with alaser designator,target them for the Apache or other friendly aircraft.[76][77]
Boeing has suggested that the AH-64 could be fitted with adirected energy weapon.The company has developed a small laser weapon, initially designed to engage small UAVs, that uses a high-resolution telescope to direct a 2–10 kW beam with the diameter of apennyout to a range of 5.4 nmi (10.0 km; 6.2 mi). On the Apache, the laser could be used to destroy enemy communications or radio equipment.[78]On 26 June 2017, the Army andRaytheonannounced they had successfully completed the first-ever helicopter-based flight demonstration of a high energy laser system from an AH-64.[79]
On 14 July 2016, it was reported that the AH-64 had successfully completed testing of theMBDABrimstoneanti-armor missile.[80]In January 2020, the U.S. Army announced it was fielding theSpike NLOSmissile on AH-64E Apaches as an interim solution to acquire new munitions that provide greater stand-off capabilities.[81]
Operational history
[edit]United States
[edit]Twentieth century
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DM-SC-91-09352.jpg/220px-DM-SC-91-09352.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Defense.gov_News_Photo_980902-A-2839B-002.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_980902-A-2839B-002.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AH-64A_Apache%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_501st_Aviation_Brigade_971216-A-8119B-021.jpg/220px-AH-64A_Apache%2C_1st_Battalion%2C_501st_Aviation_Brigade_971216-A-8119B-021.jpg)
In January 1984, the U.S. Army formally accepted its first production AH-64A and training of the first pilots began later that year.[82][83]The first operational Apache unit, 7th Battalion, 17th Cavalry Brigade, began training on the AH-64A in April 1986 atFort Hood,Texas.[84][85]Two operational units with 68 AH-64s first deployed to Europe in September 1987 and took part in large military exercises there.[84][86]
Upon fielding the Apache, capabilities such as the FLIR's use in extensive night operations made it clear that it was capable of operating beyond the forward line of own troops (FLOT) to which previous attack helicopters were normally restricted.[87]It was discovered that the Apache was coincidentally fitted with theHave QuickUHFradio system used by the U.S. Air Force, allowing inter-service coordination and joint operations such as the joint air attack teams (JAAT). The Apache has operated extensively with close air support (CAS) aircraft, such as the USAF'sFairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIand the USMC'sMcDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II,often acting as a target designator to conserve the Apache's own munitions.[88]The Apache was first used in combat in 1989, duringOperation Just Cause,the invasion ofPanama.It participated in over 240 combat hours, attacking various targets, mostly at night.[89][90]General Carl Stiner,the commander of the operation, stated: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles away at night."[91]
Nearly half of all U.S. Apaches were deployed toSaudi ArabiafollowingIraq's invasion ofKuwaitin 1990.[91]DuringOperation Desert Stormon 17 January 1991, eight AH-64As guided by fourMH-53 Pave Low IIIsdestroyed part of Iraq's radar network in the operation's first attack,[92]allowing theattack aircraftto evade detection.[93]Each Apache carried an asymmetric load of Hydra 70 rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank.[94]During the 100-hour ground war, a total of 277 AH-64s took part, destroying 278 tanks, numerous armored personnel carriers and otherIraqivehicles,[92][95]for a total of over 500 kills.[96]One AH-64 was lost in the war, crashing after a close rangerocket-propelled grenade(RPG) hit; the crew survived.[97]While effective in combat, the AH-64 presented serious logistical difficulties. Findings reported in 1990 stated "maintenance units could not keep up with the Apache's unexpectedly high work load..."[98]To provide spare parts for combat operations, the U.S. Army unofficially grounded all other AH-64s worldwide; Apaches in the theater flew only one-fifth of planned flight-hours.[99]Such problems were evident before the Gulf War.[100]
The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts inBosniaandKosovoin the 1990s.[101][102]DuringTask Force Hawk,24 Apaches were deployed to a land base inAlbaniain 1999 for combat in Kosovo. These required 26,000 tons of equipment to be transported over 550 C-17 flights, at a cost ofUS$480 million.[103]During these deployments, the AH-64 encountered problems, such as deficiencies in training,night vision equipment,fuel tanks, and survivability.[104][105]
In 2000, Major GeneralDick Cody,101st Airborne's commanding officer, wrote a strongly worded memo to the Chief of Staff about training and equipment failures.[106]Almost no pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.[107]The Washington Postprinted a front-page article on the failures, commenting: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".[108]Although no Apache combat missions took place, two were lost in training exercises.[109]An effective network of Yugoslav air defenses stopped Apaches from being deployed on combat missions in Kosovo.[107][109]
21st century
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/AH-64_from_above.jpg/220px-AH-64_from_above.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Al_Asad_%282164914566%29.jpg/220px-AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Al_Asad_%282164914566%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AH-64_Apache_extraction_exercise.jpg/220px-AH-64_Apache_extraction_exercise.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/US_Army_AH-64_Apache_extraction_exercise.jpg/220px-US_Army_AH-64_Apache_extraction_exercise.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/AH-64_Apache_5.jpg/220px-AH-64_Apache_5.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AH-64_Apache_4.jpg/220px-AH-64_Apache_4.jpg)
U.S. Apaches served inOperation Enduring FreedominAfghanistanfrom 2001.[110]It was the only Army platform capable of providing accurate CAS duties forOperation Anaconda,often taking fire and quickly repaired during the intense early fighting.[111]Apaches often flew in small teams with little autonomy to react to threats and opportunities, requiring lengthy dialogue with centrallymicromanagedcommand structures.[112]U.S. AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar in the absence of armored threats.[113]On 21 December 2009, a pair of U.S. Apaches attacked a British-held base in afriendly fireincident, killing one British soldier.[114]
In 2003, the AH-64 participated in the invasion of Iraq duringOperation Iraqi Freedom.[115]On 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged; one was shot down in anunsuccessful attackon anIraqi Republican Guardarmored brigade nearKarbala.[116]Iraqi tank crews had set up a "flak trap" among terrain and effectively employed theirguns.[117][118]Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with aBrnorifle shot down the Apache,[119]but the farmer denied involvement.[120]The AH-64 came down intact and the crewwere captured;[117]it was destroyed via air strike the following day.[121][122]This incident had significant consequences for the AH-64 helicopter because it revealed an important vulnerability. Despite being considered by army aviators as flying tanks at the time, it became clear that the AH-64 was actually highly susceptible to rifle fire. As a result, the army quietly disclosed in early 2006 that AH-64s would no longer have a major role in carrying out attacks deep inside enemy lines.[123]
By the end of U.S. military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apaches had been shot down by enemy fire and lost in accidents. In 2006, an Apache was downed by a Soviet-madeStrela 2(SA-7) in Iraq, despite it being typically able to avoid such missiles.[124]In 2007, four Apaches were destroyed on the ground by insurgentmortarfire using web-publishedgeotaggedphotographs taken by soldiers.[125]Several AH-64s were lost toaccidents in Afghanistan.[126][127][128][129]Most Apaches that took heavy damage were able to continue their missions and return safely.[118]By 2011, the U.S. Army Apache fleet had accumulated more than 3 million flight hours since the first prototype flew in 1975.[130]A DOD audit released in May 2011 found that Boeing had frequently overcharged the U.S. Army for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent.[131]
On 21 February 2013, the1st Battalion (Attack), 229th Aviation RegimentatJoint Base Lewis–McChordbecame the first U.S. Army unit to field the AH-64E Apache Guardian; a total of 24 AH-64E were received by mid-2013.[132]On 27 November 2013, the AH-64E achieved initial operating capability (IOC).[133]In March 2014, the 1st–229th Attack Reconnaissance Battalion deployed 24 AH-64Es to Afghanistan in the type's first combat deployment.[134]From April through September 2014, AH-64Es in combat maintained an 88 percent readiness rate.[135]The unit's deployment ended in November 2014, with the AH-64E accumulating 11,000 flight hours, each helicopter averaging 66 hours per month. The AH-64E flies 20 mph (32 km/h) faster than the AH-64D, cutting response time by 57 percent, and has betterfuel efficiency,increasing time on station from 2.5–3 hours to 3–3.5 hours; Taliban forces were reportedly surprised by the AH-64E attacking sooner and for longer periods. AH-64Es also worked with medium and largeunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) to find targets and maintain positive ID, conducting 60 percent of the unit's direct-fire engagements in conjunction with UAVs; Guardian pilots often controlled UAVs and accessed their video feeds to use their greater altitudes and endurance to see the battlespace from standoff ranges.[136][137][138]
In 2014, the Army began implementing a plan to move all Apaches from the Army Reserve and National Guard to the active Army to serve as scout helicopters to replace theOH-58 Kiowa.Using the AH-64 to scout would be less expensive than Kiowa upgrades or purchasing a new scout helicopter. AH-64Es can control UAVs like theMQ-1C Grey Eagleto perform aerial scouting missions; a 2010 study found the teaming of Apaches and UAVs was the most cost-effective alternative to a new helicopter and would meet 80 percent of reconnaissance requirements, compared to 20 percent with existing OH-58s and 50 percent with upgraded OH-58s. National Guard units, who would lose their attack helicopters, criticized the proposal.[139][140]In March 2015, the first heavy attack reconnaissance unit was formed with 24 Apaches and 12 Shadow UAVs.[141]
In July 2014, the Pentagon announced that Apaches had been dispatched to Baghdad to protect embassy personnel fromIslamic Statemilitant attacks. On 4 October 2014, Apaches began performing missions inOperation Inherent Resolveagainst Islamic State ground forces.[142]In October 2014, U.S. Army AH-64s and Air Force fighters participated in four air strikes on Islamic State units northeast of Fallujah.[citation needed]In June 2016, Apaches were used in support of the Iraqi Army'sMosul offensive[143]and provided support during theBattle of Mosul,sometimes flying night missions supporting Iraqi operations.[144]In December 2019, two Apaches provided overwatch for U.S. Marines to secure the U.S. embassy in Baghdad, Iraq after armed militants, supported by Iran, attempted to storm the facility.[145][146]
In March 2024, two Apache crashes within two days increased scrutiny and made national news.[147]
Israel
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Israeli_AH-64D_edited-01.jpg/220px-Israeli_AH-64D_edited-01.jpg)
TheIsraeli Air Force(IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,[148]for a fleet of 42 by 2000.[149]The IAF's choice to buy Apaches over upgrading itsAH-1 Cobraattack helicopters was controversial.[150]In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share thesource codecomplicated the prospect.[149]In April 2005, Boeing delivered the IAF's first AH-64D.[151]In 2001, the U.S. government was allegedly investigating misuse of the Apache and other U.S.-supplied military equipment againstPalestinians.[152]In 2009, the sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration, pending interagency review, over concerns they may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.[153][154]In IAF service, the AH-64A was namedPeten(Hebrew:פתן,forCobra[N 1]), while the AH-64D was namedSaraph[148](Hebrew:שרף,for venomous/fiery winged serpent).[156]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IAF_AH-64.jpg/220px-IAF_AH-64.jpg)
During the 1990s, Israeli AH-64As frequently attackedHezbollahoutposts inLebanon.[157][158][159]On 13 April 1996, duringOperation Grapes of Wrath,an Apachefired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon,killing six civilians.[160]During theal-Aqsa Intifadain the 2000s, AH-64s were used to kill seniorHamasfigures, such asAhmed Yassin,Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi,andAdnan al-Ghoul.[161][162]Human Rights Watchdocumented instances of IAF Apaches attacking civilian homes during the2002 Jenin operation,killing one civilian.[163]Consequently, HRW urged the US government to seek written assurances from Israel that Apaches would not be used to violatehumanitarian lawin the future.[163]
In 2004, Israeli AH-64s[164]carried out theassassination of Ahmed Yassinand also killed 7 bystanders.[164]Ahmed Yassin was the spiritual leader of Hamas; given that he was also blind, paraplegic and in awheelchair,Palestinians saw the killing as "a cowardly execution of a frail old man in a wheelchair who did not attempt to hide".[165]The attack also killed 7 bystanders, and was internationally condemned.[166]
IAF Apaches played a prominent role in the2006 Lebanon War,launching strikes into Lebanon targeting Hezbollah forces.[167][168]IAF Apaches also attacked civilian targets, killing many, including women and children.[169]During this war, two AH-64As collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.[170]In another incident in the conflict, an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a main rotor malfunction, killing the two crew.[171]In late 2007, the IAF put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold while its performance envelope was investigated.[156]Israeli officials praised the Apache for its role inOperation Cast Leadin 2008, against Hamas inGaza.[172]IAF Apaches have often patrolled the skies over Gaza; strikes against insurgents by these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.[173][174][175]
In the 2010s, the IAF pursued upgrades to its AH-64A fleet as new AH-64D orders had been blocked.[176][177]In June 2010, Israel decided not to upgrade all AH-64As to AH-64Ds due to funding constraints and lack of U.S. cooperation.[176][178]In December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the CanadianCRV7.[179]By 2013, IAF AH-64As were receiving a comprehensive upgrade of their avionics and electrical systems.[180]The AH-64As are being upgraded to the AH-64Ai configuration, which is near the AH-64D standard.[176]IAF Apaches can carrySpikeanti-tank missiles instead of the Hellfire.[176][181]The latest AH-64D-I integrates Israeli systems such asEltacommunications suite,Elbitmission management system, Rafael Combat Net system andElisraself-protection suite.[182]
IAF AH-64s occasionally saw use in theair-to-airrole. The first operational air-to-air kill took place on 24 May 2001, when an IAF shot down a Lebanese civilianCessna 152aircraft. Israeli and Lebanese officials presented differing versions: Lebanon said Israel first intercepted the aircraft over Lebanese airspace and its pilot, flying without his instructor, mistakenly entered Israeli airspace, while Israel says the aircraft was already in Israeli airspace when it was intercepted and repeatedly refused to answer or comply withair traffic control(ATC) warnings.[183][184]The second air-to-air kill occurred on 10 February 2018, after an IranianUAVentered Israeli airspace from Syria, an AH-64 destroyed it with a missile.[185]
United Kingdom
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg/220px-Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/WAH-64D_Apache_02_%2814521145109%29.jpg/220px-WAH-64D_Apache_02_%2814521145109%29.jpg)
The UK currently operates a modified version of the AH-64D Block I Apache Longbow; initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, it is designated the Apache AH1 by the British Army.Westlandbuilt 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,[186]following a competition between theEurocopter Tigerand the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.[187][188]Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the U.S. Apache variants include changing to more powerfulRolls-Royceengines,[189]and the addition of a folding blade assembly for use on naval ships.[190]
On 11 July 2016, the Ministry of Defence confirmed a U.S.Foreign Military Sale(FMS) worth $2.3 billion (~$2.86 billion in 2023) for 50 AH-64Es to be built in Mesa, Arizona. Leonardo Helicopters in the UK will maintain the current fleet of Apaches until 2023–2024, with a long-term plan for Leonardo and other UK companies to "do most of the work" on the new fleet.[191]The deal included an initial support contract for maintenance, spare parts, and training simulators; components from the older WAH-64s "will be reused and incorporated into the new helicopters where possible." The type entered service with the British Army in 2022.[192]Approval for the re-manufacture of fifty of the UK's WAH-64 Mk 1 fleet to AH-64E Apache Guardian standard was given by theDefense Security Cooperation Agencyin August 2015.[193]They utilize theGeneral Electric T700engine rather than the Turbomeca RTM322 of the WAH-64; the first off-the-shelf purchase of a GE engine by the Ministry of Defence.[194]The first two AH-64Es were delivered to the British Army on 26 November 2020.[195]The older AH1 (WAH-64) were retired by 2024 in favour of the AH-64E models.[196]
Netherlands
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Apachefarnborough2006frontv.jpg/170px-Apachefarnborough2006frontv.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boeing_Apache_AH-64D_%2828538723105%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_Apache_AH-64D_%2828538723105%29.jpg)
The Dutch government initially showed an interest in acquiring Apache helicopters in the late 1980s, when it stated that it may purchase as many as 52.[197]A competition held in 1994 against theEurocopter Tigerand theBell AH-1 SuperCobraled to theRoyal Netherlands Air Forceordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995.[198][199][200]Deliveries began in 1998[201]and ended in 2002.[202][203]The RNLAF Apaches are equipped with the Apache Modular Aircraft Survivability Equipment (AMASE) self-protection system to counter infrared (IR) missile threats.[204][205]
The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 toDjibouti,Africa.[206]They were also deployed alongside U.S. AH-64s in support of NATOpeacekeepingforces inBosnia and Herzegovina.[207]In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Netherlands contribution to theMultinational force in Iraqto support the Dutch ground forces.[208]The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands' contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.[209]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Luchtmachtdagen_2011_Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force_%286188225481%29.jpg/220px-Luchtmachtdagen_2011_Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force_%286188225481%29.jpg)
Shortly after Apaches were deployed toHamid Karzai International Airport,as part of the Dutch contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004, a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close toKabul.[210]On 17 December 2007, an RNLAF Apache flew intopower linesduring a night flying exercise in the Netherlands, forcing an emergency landing and causing a lengthy blackout in the region.[211]On 17 March 2015, a RNLAF Apache crashed during a training mission in Mali. Both pilots died. TheMinistry of Defenceopened an investigation into the cause of the crash.[212]
In February 2018, the Netherlands decided to upgrade all their AH-64Ds to the latest AH-64E standard via a FMS contract with the US, along with 17 APG-78 fire control radar units.[213]In November 2021, the process to upgrade AH-64Ds began and RNLAF is to receive the upgraded AH-64Es between 2023 and 2025.[214]
Saudi Arabia
[edit]Following the 1991Gulf War,during which many U.S. Apaches operated from bases within Saudi territory,[215][216]Saudi Arabiapurchased twelve AH-64As for theRoyal Saudi Land Force.[217][218]It has been speculated that the Saudi purchase motivated Israel to also procure Apaches.[219]In August 2006, Saudi Arabia began negotiations for Apache upgrades worth up to $400M (~$582 million in 2023), possibly remanufacturing their AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration.[220]In September 2008, the U.S. Government approved a Saudi Arabian request to buy 12 AH-64Ds.[221]In October 2010, Saudi Arabia requested a further 70 AH-64Ds as part of a possible massive arms deal.[222][223]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Saudi_Land_Forces_Aviation_AH-64A_Apache_helicopter_%282005%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Saudi_Land_Forces_Aviation_AH-64A_Apache_helicopter_%282005%29.jpg)
In November 2009, the Royal Saudi Land Force, as part of a military effort against insurgent border intrusions, launchedOperation Scorched Earth;this involved Apaches launching air strikes againstHouthirebels operating inside neighboringYemen.[224][225]In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.[226]In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced their withdrawal from Saudi territory, this announcement followed a key battle on 12 January when Saudi forces reportedly took control of the border village of Al Jabiri.[227]
As an escalation of theYemeni Civil War,starting on 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and several other regional allies started amilitary operation in Yemen.Both the Saudi Army Aviation and the United Arab Emirates Air Force used their AH-64s in combat against an alliance between elements of the Yemeni Army loyal to the former presidentSalehand theHouthis.The Apaches were mostly involved in border patrol and strikes in Northwestern Yemen. Over the years, several Saudi and an Emirati Apaches were lost to incidents and enemy fire, although exact numbers have not been independently confirmed.[228]On 17 March 2017, an Apache reportedly attacked a Somali refugee boat, killing 42 refugees.[229]Saudi Arabia denied involvement, though it and the United Arab Emirates are the only militaries using Apaches during the conflict.[230][231]
United Arab Emirates
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USS_Fort_McHenry_%28LSD_43%29_150216-N-DQ840-256_%2815937885963%29.jpg/220px-USS_Fort_McHenry_%28LSD_43%29_150216-N-DQ840-256_%2815937885963%29.jpg)
TheUnited Arab Emiratespurchased 30 AH-64As between 1991 and 1994,[232]and began upgrading to AH-64D specification in 2008.[233]In December 2016, the U.S. State Department approved a proposed sale of another 37 AH-64Es andCongresswas notified; this consisted of 28 re-manufactured and nine new-build helicopters.[234]
A UAE AH-64 was reportedly lost on 17 October 2017;[235]a replacement was approved by the US in 2019.[236]
Egypt
[edit]In 1995, theEgyptian Air Forceplaced an order for 36 AH-64As.[237]These Apaches were delivered with the same avionics as the U.S. fleet at that time, except for indigenous radio equipment.[238]In 2000, Boeing announced an order to remanufacture Egypt's Apache fleet to the AH-64D configuration,[239]except for Longbow radar, which had been excluded by the U.S. government.[240]In 2009, Egypt requested a further 12 AH-64D Block IIs with Longbow radars through a FMS.[241][242]
In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a large-scale military operation to regain control of theSinai Peninsulafrom armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Egyptian Air Force's Apaches, which reportedly destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.[243]Up to five Egyptian Apaches were temporarily stationed in the Sinai following an agreement between Egypt and Israel.[244]In September 2015, an Egyptian Apache attacked a group of foreign tourists in theWestern Desert,killing 12 people and injuring 10. The AH-64s fired at the civilians with rockets and 30mm machine guns for several hours, even though survivors said they waved the white flag.[245]The Egyptian Interior Ministry stated that the group, whom were mistaken for militants, were in a restricted area.[246]The tourists were reportedly accompanied by Egyptian police, and their vehicles were marked with logos of the tourist company.[245]
In November 2018, the U.S. Department of State approved the sale of ten AH-64Es and associated equipment to Egypt, valued at US$1 billion, pending the sale clearing Congress.[247][248]
The Apache entered service with Egyptian Armed Services, and in the 2020s was being further upgraded.[249]
India
[edit]Indian Air Force
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Induction_Of_AH-64E_Apache_Attack_Helicopter_in_Indian_Air_Force_%281%29.jpg/220px-Induction_Of_AH-64E_Apache_Attack_Helicopter_in_Indian_Air_Force_%281%29.jpg)
In 2008, theIndian Air Force(IAF) released a tender for 22 attack helicopters; there were six contending submissions: Sikorsky'sUH-60 Black Hawk,the AH-64D, Bell'sAH-1 Super Cobra,Eurocopter'sTiger,Mil'sMi-28and AgustaWestland'sA129 Mangusta.[250]In October 2008, Boeing and Bell withdrew.[251]In 2009, the competition was restarted.[252][253]In December 2010, India requested the sale of 22 Apaches and associated equipment.[254]On 5 October 2012, IAF ChiefNAK Browneconfirmed the Apache's selection.[255]The IAF sought control of the 22 Apaches for air combat missions, while theArmy Aviation Corpsargued that they would be better used in army operations.[256]In April 2013, the IndianMinistry of Defencedecided that the 22 AH-64s would go to the IAF.[257]India ordered the 22 AH-64Es in 2015.[258]
On 11 May 2019, the IAF received its first AH-64E in a ceremony at Boeing's Mesa, Arizona facility.[259]On 3 September 2019, 8 AH-64Es were inducted into the IAF's125 Helicopter SquadronatPathankotAir Base, Punjab.[260][261]
Indian Army
[edit]On 12 June 2018, the U.S. Department of State approved a possible FMS to India for six more AH-64Es and associated equipment in an estimated $930 million deal. The U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress for approval.[262][260]In February 2020, another six for the Indian Army were ordered, including weapons, equipment, and training; deliveries are planned to begin in 2023.[263]Theseattack helicoptersare often interlinked withsquadronsof indigenousHAL Prachandattack helicopters. On 1 January 2024, senior Army officials toldIndia TodaythatThe Indian Army Aviation Corpsis expected to induct the first batch of Apache helicopters in February–March of this year. This is to enable the army to protect its tanks on the battlefield when theIndian Air Forceis unavailable. They will be deployed toJodhpur,near theIndia–Pakistan border,enhancing the security of the area against Pakistani tanks.[264][265]On 15 March 2024,Army Aviation Corpsraised an attack squadron atJodhpurwhich will operate Apache.[266][267]The first batch of three Apache will be inducted in May 2024 and the rest will be inducted by July 2024.[268]As of August 2024, no Apaches were delivered to the Army.[269]
Other users
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/07.16_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8936%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%89%E8%BB%8D%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0%E3%80%8D%E6%93%8D%E6%BC%94_%2850121221201%29.jpg/220px-07.16_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%8936%E8%99%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%89%E8%BB%8D%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0%E3%80%8D%E6%93%8D%E6%BC%94_%2850121221201%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kuwait_Land_Forces_AH-64_Apache_helicopter_opens_fire_upon_a_series_of_targets_during_Al_Tahreer.jpg/220px-Kuwait_Land_Forces_AH-64_Apache_helicopter_opens_fire_upon_a_series_of_targets_during_Al_Tahreer.jpg)
Greecereceived 20 AH-64As by 1995; another 12 AH-64Ds were ordered in September 2003.[237][270]
Singaporepurchased 20 AH-64Ds in two batches between 1999 and 2001.[271]In October 2010, training was suspended following the forced crash-landing of an Apache.[272]
In 2005,Kuwaitpurchased 16 AH-64Ds.[273]
On 26 August 2013,Indonesiaand the U.S. finalized a contract for eight AH-64E Apaches worth $500 million (~$645 million in 2023).[274]The first was displayed on 5 October 2017 as part of a military exercise in Indonesia, to mark the 72nd anniversary of its armed forces.[275]The first batch of AH-64s for theIndonesian Armyarrived in Indonesia on 18 December 2017.[276][277]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Helikopter_AH-64E_Apache_Guardian_TNI_AD_2.jpg/220px-Helikopter_AH-64E_Apache_Guardian_TNI_AD_2.jpg)
Japanordered 50 AH-64Ds,[237]which were built under license byFuji Heavy Industries,designated "AH-64DJP". The first helicopter was delivered to theJGSDFin early 2006.[278]The order was halted after 13 aircraft were delivered due to cost.[279]In 2017, it was announced that the targeting systems of the 13 aircraft would be upgraded.[280]One was destroyed in a crash in February 2018 with the deaths of both crew.[281][282][283]
In June 2011,Taiwan(Republic of China) agreed to the purchase of 30 AH-64Es with weapons and associated equipment.[284][285]On 5 November 2013, Taiwan received the first six AH-64s.[286]On 25 April 2014, a Taiwanese AH-64E crashed into a three-story building during a training flight in bad weather conditions, the first AH-64E airframe loss.[287][288]An investigation ruled out mechanical failure and concluded that the pilots had rapidly descended through clouds at low altitude without checking flight instruments to maintain adequate height; the Army expanded simulator training in response.[289]In October 2014, Taiwan's fifth and final batch of AH-64Es was delivered.[290]
In 2009,South Koreashowed interest in the Apache,[291][292]potentially related to plans to withdraw many U.S. Apaches from the country.[293]On 21 September 2012, the U.S. Congress was notified of the possible purchase of 36 AH-64E, along with associated equipment and armament.[294]It competed against theBell AH-1Z Viperand theTAI/AgustaWestland T-129;[295]in April 2013, South Korea announced plans to buy 36 AH-64Es.[296]The first four AH-64Es were delivered in May 2016,[297]and all 36 were deployed by January 2017.[298]
Future and possible users
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Two_AH-64_Apache_attack_helicopters_on_exercise_at_Talisman_Sabre_2019_SHOALWATER_BAY_QLD_AUSTRALIA_07.08.2019.png/220px-Two_AH-64_Apache_attack_helicopters_on_exercise_at_Talisman_Sabre_2019_SHOALWATER_BAY_QLD_AUSTRALIA_07.08.2019.png)
Iraq requested the sale of 24 AH-64s in April 2013;[299]In January 2014, a sale, including the helicopters, associated parts, maintenance, and training, was cleared by the U.S. Congress.[300][301]However, the proposal was not accepted by the Iraqi government and expired in August 2014.[302]
In July 2012,Qatarrequested the sale of 24 AH-64Es with associated equipment and support.[303]The sale was approved on 27 March 2014.[304]In March 2019, Qatar received the first of 24 AH-64Es ordered.[305]
In July 2016, the UK placed an order for 50 AH-64Es through the U.S. FMS program instead of upgrading their Westland-built WAH-64s.[306]
In July 2019,Australiaissued a request for information for Project Land 4503 to replace theArmy'sEurocopter Tiger ARHhelicopters.[307][308]On 15 January 2021, the AustralianMinister for DefenceLinda Reynoldsannounced that the AH-64E had been selected to replace the Tiger ARH.[309][310]A fleet of 29 AH-64Es will be acquired with a plannedinitial operational capabilityof 12 helicopters in 2026 andfull operational capabilityin 2028.[310][311][312]
In October 2019, theBangladesh Air Force(BAF) was offered two types of attack helicopters and selected the AH-64, pending government approval.[313]However, due to the Apache's high costs, the BAF choose the competing RussianMi-28NENight Hunter.[314]
In November 2019, the U.S. State Department approved a FMS to Morocco of 24 AH-64Es (with an option for a further 12), this allows Morocco to negotiate an order.[315]
On 30 April 2020, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced it had received U.S. State Department approval and notified Congress of a possible sale to the Philippines of either six AH-1Z attack helicopters and related equipment for an estimated cost of $450 million or six AH-64Es and related equipment for an estimated cost of $1.5 billion.[316][317]
On 21 April 2022,PolishMinistry of National Defenceshortlisted two models in competition for the "Kruk" (Raven) Program aimed at modernizing thePolish Land Forces' fleet of attack helicopters, with the competitors being the AH-64E and Bell's AH-1Z Viper.[318]On 8 September 2022, Polish Minister of DefenceMariusz Błaszczakannounced that the AH-64E has won and set out to procure 96 helicopters to form six squadrons.[319][320]The contract includes a logistics package and a training package along with a stock of ammunition and spare parts.[321]
Variants
[edit]AH-64A
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hatzerim_270613_Apache.jpg/220px-Hatzerim_270613_Apache.jpg)
The AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. The crew sit in tandem in anarmoredcompartment. It is powered by two GE T700 turboshaft engines. The A-model was equipped with the −701 engine version until 1990 when the engines were switched to the more powerful −701C version.[322]
U.S. Army AH-64As are being converted to AH-64Ds. The service's last AH-64A was taken out of service in July 2012 before conversion at Boeing's facility in Mesa, Arizona.[323]On 25 September 2012, Boeing received a $136.8M contract to remanufacture the last 16 AH-64As into the AH-64D Block II version and this was planned to be completed by December 2013.[324][needs update]
AH-64B
[edit]In 1991, after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new radios. U.S. Congress approved $82M to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B program was canceled in 1992.[325]The radio, navigation, and GPS modifications were later installed on most AH-64As via other upgrades.
AH-64C
[edit]Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to upgrade to AH-64C, which would include all of the changes to be included in the AH-64D except for mast-mounted radar and newer −700C engine versions. However, the C designation was dropped after 1993.[326]With AH-64As receiving the newer engine from 1990, the only difference between the AH-64C and the AH-64D was the radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another; thus, the decision was made to simply designate both versions as AH-64D.[326]
AH-64D
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Army_YPG_JAGM_Testing_with_AH-64.jpg/220px-US_Army_YPG_JAGM_Testing_with_AH-64.jpg)
TheAH-64D Apache Longbowis equipped with a glass cockpit and advanced sensors, the most noticeable of which being theAN/APG-78 Longbowmillimeter-wavefire-control radar(FCR) target acquisition system and the Radar FrequencyInterferometer(RFI), housed in a dome located above the main rotor.[327][328]Theradome's raised position enables target detection while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). The AN/APG-78 is capable of simultaneously tracking up to 128 targets and engaging up to 16 at once; an attack can be initiated within 30 seconds.[329][330]A radiomodemintegrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with ground units and other Apaches, allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.[331]
The aircraft is powered by a pair of upratedT700-GE-701Cengines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improvesurvivability,navigation,and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. In February 2003, the first Block II Apache was delivered to the U.S. Army, featuring digital communications upgrades. The Japanese Apache AH-64DJP variant is based on the AH-64D;[148]it can be equipped with theAIM-92 Stingerair-to-air missilesfor self-defense.[332][333]
AH-64E
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/AH-64E_landing_qualifications_on_USS_Peleliu%2C_RIMPAC_2014_140719-A-DB316-050.jpg/220px-AH-64E_landing_qualifications_on_USS_Peleliu%2C_RIMPAC_2014_140719-A-DB316-050.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/AH-64E_Apache-Guardian-0006.jpg/220px-AH-64E_Apache-Guardian-0006.jpg)
Formerly known as AH-64D Block III, in 2012, it was redesignated asAH-64E Guardian.[334][335]It has improved digital connectivity, theJoint Tactical Information Distribution System,more powerful T700-GE-701D engines with upgradedface geartransmission to handle more power,[336]capability to controlunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), fullIFRcapability, and improved landing gear.[337][338]New composite rotor blades, which completed testing in 2004, increase cruise speed, climb rate, and payload capacity.[339]Deliveries began in November 2011.[340]Full-rate production was approved on 24 October 2012,[citation needed]634 AH-64Ds will be upgraded into AH-64Es.[341]
Changes in production lots 4 through 6 include a cognitive decision aiding system and new self-diagnostic abilities. The updated Longbow radar has an oversea capacity, potentially enabling naval strikes; anAESA radaris under consideration.[342]It will have aL-3 CommunicationsMUMT-X datalink in place of two older counterparts, communicating on C, D, L, and Ku frequency bands to transmit and receive data and video with all Army UAVs.[343]Lots 5 and 6 will haveLink 16data links.[344]The AH-64E is to be fit for maritime use.[345]The U.S. Army expressed interest in extended-range fuel tanks for greater endurance.[137]As of April 2020[update],500 AH-64Es have been delivered.[346]
Work on a further upgraded AH-64E, version 6.5 was initiated by the U.S. Army in 2021, and first flew in 2023.[347]The AH-64E is reported to have had problems with its electrical generation systems causing increased scrutiny.[348]
AH-64F
[edit]In 2014, Boeing conceptualized an Apache upgrade prior to the introduction of the U.S. Army's anticipated attack version of theFuture Vertical Lift(FVL) aircraft, forecast to replace the Apache by 2040. The conceptualAH-64Fwould have greater speed via a new 3,000 shp turboshaft engine from theImproved Turbine Engine Program,retractable landing gear, stub wings to offload lift from the main rotor during cruise, and a tail rotor that can articulate 90 degrees to provide forward thrust.[349]In October 2016, the Army revealed they would not pursue another Apache upgrade to focus on funding FVL; the Army will continue buying the Apache through the 2020s until Boeing's production line ends in 2026, then FVL is slated to come online in 2030.[350]
Piasecki Speed Apache
[edit]In the late 1990s, Piasecki conceived a proposal for an Apache with a tail–mounted ducted pusher rotor to enhance speed. However, the Speed Apache was not proceeded with.[351]This appears to be similar to thePiasecki X-49 SpeedHawk.
Compound Apache
[edit]In October 2018, Boeing began testing theAH-64E Block 2 Compound,acompound helicopterdesign which added a larger fixed wing and a pusher propeller to the Apache airframe to provide additional lift and thrust, respectively. In addition, the engine exhaust was redirected downwards.[352]Collectively, the modifications were anticipated to improve speed to 185 kn (343 km/h; 213 mph), range to 460 nmi (850 km; 530 mi), payload to 5,900 lb (2,700 kg), and fuel economy. A 30% scale model completed wind tunnel testing in January 2019. The Compound Apache has been pitched as an interim replacement for the Apache before its replacement under theFuture Vertical Liftprogram.[353]
Sea Apache
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/U.S._Army_AH-64_prepares_to_launch_from_USS_Nassau_Feb_2005.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_AH-64_prepares_to_launch_from_USS_Nassau_Feb_2005.jpg)
During the 1980snaval versionsof the AH-64A for theUnited States Marine CorpsandNavywere examined.[354][355]Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.[354]The USMC conducted a two-week evaluation of the Apache in September 1981, including shipboard operation tests. Funding for a naval version was not provided; the USMC continued to use theAH-1.[356]
TheCanadian Forces Maritime Commandalso examined naval Apaches.[357]In 2004,British ArmyAgustaWestland Apaches were deployed upon theRoyal Navy'sHMSOcean,aLanding Platform Helicopter,for suitability testing; there was U.S. interest in the trials.[190]During the2011 military intervention in Libya,the British Army extensively used Apaches from HMSOcean.[358]In 2013, US AH-64Ds were tested on several U.S. Navy ships.[359]
Export Apaches
[edit]Several models have been derived from the AH-64A, AH-64D and AH-64E for export. The British-builtAgustaWestland Apache(assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D Block I with several different systems, including more powerful engines, folding rotor blades, and other modifications for operation from Royal Navy vessels.
Block modification
[edit]While a major change in design or role will cause the type designator suffix to change, for example from AH-64D to AH-64E, the helicopters are also subject to block modification. Block modification is the combining of equipment changes into blocks of modification work orders, the modifications in the block (sometimes called a block package) are all done to the helicopter at the same time.[360]
Operators
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boeing_AH-64_Apache_Users.png/220px-Boeing_AH-64_Apache_Users.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Two_AH-64DHAs_put_on_a_very_spirited_display_for_the_crowd.jpg/220px-Two_AH-64DHAs_put_on_a_very_spirited_display_for_the_crowd.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apache_at_Air_Force_Day_Parade%2C_at_Air_Force_Station_Hindan%2C_in_Ghaziabad_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Apache_at_Air_Force_Day_Parade%2C_at_Air_Force_Station_Hindan%2C_in_Ghaziabad_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Boeing_%28Fuji%29_AH-64DJP_Apache_Longbow%2C_Japan_-_Army_AN2227712.jpg/220px-Boeing_%28Fuji%29_AH-64DJP_Apache_Longbow%2C_Japan_-_Army_AN2227712.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AH-64_Apache_conducting_pilot_certification_training_Fort_Wainwright.jpg/220px-AH-64_Apache_conducting_pilot_certification_training_Fort_Wainwright.jpg)
The AH-64 has had some modest success on the export market. It has been popular in the middle east, where its role the Gulf War established a bit of reputation. Its main user continues to be the U.S. Army, and the largest user in Europe will be Poland.
- Australian Army– 29 AH-64Es on order[361]
- Egyptian Air Force– 46 AH-64Ds[362]
- Hellenic Army– 28 AH-64A/Ds[363]
- Indian Air Force– 22 AH-64Es in inventory as of July 2020[364]
- Indian Army– 6 AH-64Es on order[365]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Helikopter_AH-64E_Apache_Guardian_TNI_AD_1.jpg/220px-Helikopter_AH-64E_Apache_Guardian_TNI_AD_1.jpg)
- Indonesian Army8 AH-64Es[362]
- Israeli Air Force– 48 AH-64A/Ds[362]
- Japan Ground Self-Defense Force– 12 AH-64Ds[362]In December 2022, the Japanese government decided to replace 12 AH-64D, 47AH-1S,33OH-1,and 26U-125Awith unmanned aerial vehicles. Japan plans to increase its defense budget from 1.24% of GDP in fiscal 2021 to around 2.0% within 10 years, and has decided to retire these helicopters and aircraft as part of an effort to spend its defense budget efficiently.[366]
- Kuwait Air Force– 24 AH-64Ds[362]
- Royal Moroccan Air Force– 36 AH-64Es on order[367]
- Royal Netherlands Air Force– 28 AH-64Es[368]
- Polish Land Forces– 96 AH-64Es on order, 8 AH-64Ds leased[369]
- Qatar Emiri Air Force– 24 AH-64Es[370]
- Royal Saudi Land Forces– 47 AH-64A/D/Es[362]
- Saudi Arabia National Guard– 12 AH-64Es[371]
- Republic of Singapore Air Force– 19 AH-64Ds[362]
- Republic of Korea Army– 36 AH-64Es[362]An additional 36 AH-64Es were approved in a $3.5 billion deal.[372]
- Republic of China Army– 29 AH-64Es[362]
- United Arab Emirates Air Force– 28 AH-64D/Es[362]
- British Army– 38 AH-64Es, to be increased to 50 in 2024.[373]
- United States Army– 819 AH-64D/Es[362]
Specifications (AH-64A/D)
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/McDonnell_Douglas_AH-64_Apache_3-view_line_drawing.png/330px-McDonnell_Douglas_AH-64_Apache_3-view_line_drawing.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/30_mm.jpg/220px-30_mm.jpg)
Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 2000–2001,[53]Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010–2011,[72]Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005[374]
General characteristics
- Crew:2 (pilot, and co-pilot/gunner)
- Length:58 ft 2 in (17.73 m)
- Fuselage length:49 ft 5 in (15.06 m)
- Height:12 ft 8 in (3.87 m)
- Empty weight:11,387 lb (5,165 kg)
- Gross weight:17,650 lb (8,006 kg)
- Max takeoff weight:23,000 lb (10,433 kg)
- Powerplant:2 ×General Electric T700-GE-701turboshaftengines, 1,690 shp (1,260 kW) each (upgraded to 1,890 shp (1,409 kW) T700-GE-701C for AH-64A/D from 1990)
- Main rotor diameter:48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)
- Main rotor area:1,908.5 sq ft (177.31 m2) 4-bladed main-rotor and 4-bladed tail-rotor in non-orthogonal alignment
- Blade section:root:HH-02;tip:NACA 64A006[375]
Performance
- Maximum speed:158 kn (182 mph, 293 km/h)
- Cruise speed:143 kn (165 mph, 265 km/h)
- Never exceed speed:197 kn (227 mph, 365 km/h)
- Range:257 nmi (296 mi, 476 km) with Longbow radar mast
- Combat range:260 nmi (300 mi, 480 km)
- Ferry range:1,024 nmi (1,178 mi, 1,896 km)
- Service ceiling:20,000 ft (6,100 m)
- Disk loading:9.8 lb/sq ft (48 kg/m2)
- Power/mass:0.18 hp/lb (0.30 kW/kg)
Armament
- Guns:1×30 mm(1.18 in)M230 Chain Gunwith 1,200 rounds as part of theArea Weapon Subsystem
- Hardpoints:Four pylon stations on the stub wings. Longbows also have a station on each wingtip for anAIM-92 Stingertwin missile pack.[70]
- Rockets:Hydra 7070 mm,CRV770 mm, andAPKWS70 mm[69]air-to-ground rockets
- Missiles:TypicallyAGM-114 Hellfirevariants;Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS);AGM-65 Maverick[376]andSpike missilesmay also be carried.
Avionics
- Lockheed Martin/Northrop GrummanAN/APG-78 Longbowfire-control radar[377](Note: can only be mounted on the AH-64D/E)
Notable appearances in media
[edit]See also
[edit]- Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
- United States Army Aviation and Missile Command
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Agusta A129 Mangusta
- Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
- Bell AH-1Z Viper
- CAIC Z-10
- Denel Rooivalk
- Eurocopter Tiger
- HAL Prachand
- Harbin WZ-19
- IAIO Toufan
- Kamov Ka-50
- Mil Mi-24
- Mil Mi-28
- Panha 2091
- TAI/AgustaWestland T129
Related lists
- List of active United States military aircraft
- List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War
- List of rotorcraft
- List of military electronics of the United States
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew forViperto name itsBell AH-1 Cobras.[155]Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".[148]
Citations
[edit]- ^"Boeing Marks 25th Anniversary of Apache First Flight Sept. 30".Boeing. 2 October 2000.
- ^Haynes, Mary L. and Cheryl Morai Young, ed."Department of the Army Historical Summary, FY 1987, Chapter 5: Modernizing and Equipping the Army"Archived20 July 2016 at theWayback Machine.Center of Military History, United States Army, 1995.
- ^Balznet, Belinda (22 March 2024)."Apache Helicopter Celebrates 40 Years".U.S. Army.Retrieved30 June2024.
- ^"Army Cancels Helicopter Contract".Victoria Advocate.10 August 1972.
- ^"Army Decides To Scrap Cheyenne Helicopter Gunship".Boca Raton News.3 September 1972.
- ^Bishop 2005, pp. 5–6.
- ^OAVCSA 1973, p. 10.
- ^"Army Seeking Bids on New Helicopter".The New York Times.16 November 1972.
- ^"New Army Tactic".Reading Eagle.11 September 1973.
- ^Bishop 2005, p. 7.
- ^abRichardson and Peacock 1992, p. 8.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 114.
- ^Bishop 2005, p. 8.
- ^"AGM-114 Hellfire missile".Boeing. Archived fromthe originalon 14 September 2011.Retrieved30 July2011.
- ^abBishop 2005, pp. 8–9.
- ^abDonald 2004, p. 119.
- ^Wilson, Cynthia; Dale Singer (13 January 2004)."McDonnell-Boeing Merger".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[dead link]
- ^Babcock, Charles R. (20 February 1991)."Temperamental Helicopter Joins Battle".The Washington Post.Retrieved14 October2021.
- ^"Helicopter Contract Awarded". Prescott Courier. 17 August 1988.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 150–153.
- ^"Great Planes: Apache Helicopter"Archived17 January 2013 at theWayback Machine.Military Channel
- ^Foote, Sheila (4 April 1995)."DOD Halts Apache Longbow Tests Early".Defense Daily.Archived fromthe originalon 20 July 2012.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 156–158.
- ^Foote, Sheila (16 October 1995)."DoD Approves Production of Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter".Defense Daily.Archived fromthe originalon 18 July 2012.
- ^Caires, Greg (19 August 1996)."Army Inks $1.9 Billion AH-64D Apache Deal".Defense Daily.Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2012.
- ^Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing AH-64 Apache".Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft.Amber Books, 2004.ISBN1-904687-84-9.
- ^"Ensure Israel arms curbs, say MPs".BBC News.30 March 2010.
- ^"KAI Signs Cooperation Agreement With Boeing, To Produce Apache Fuselages".Defense Daily. 20 February 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 4 September 2015.
- ^"F-15/Apache Fuselage Monopolization Program".Korea Aerospace Industries. Archived fromthe originalon 9 August 2017.Retrieved21 January2012.
- ^Dunbar, Lisa (2009)."Boeing celebrates milestone: 100th AH-64D Apache fuselage delivery".Boeing. Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2012.
- ^"Arbitrator will rule on AH-64 fuselage production dispute".FlightGlobal.8 April 1998.
- ^"AH-64D Apache Longbow".Deagel.com.Retrieved28 October2010.
- ^"Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II".defenseindustrydaily.com. 21 July 2011.
- ^Hoyle, Craig (15 October 2008)."Greece urged to commit to Apache upgrade, as air force eyes new utility model".FlightGlobal.
- ^Garrett Reim (17 May 2019)."Boeing suggests propulsor, winged AH-64 Apache variant for US Army".FlightGlobal.
- ^US Army TM 1-1520-251-10 Operator's Manual for Helicopter, Attack, AH-64D Longbow Apache, dated 29 March 2002 pp. 2-31 to 2-36.
- ^"Model T700-701C"Archived17 December 2013 at theWayback Machine.GE Aviation
- ^"Model T700-701D"Archived17 December 2013 at theWayback Machine.GE Aviation
- ^"RTM 322".Turbomeca
- ^abcdHudson, Joel B. (2 April 1997)."Attack Helicopter Operations"(PDF).Department of the Army. p. 166.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 110–11.
- ^"How Apache Helicopters Work".HowStuffWorks. 2 April 2002.Retrieved10 October2013.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 111–112.
- ^"GE Says T700 Operating Well in Gulf".Defense Daily.20 December 1990. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2012.
- ^"T700-GE-701D Engine Awarded U.S. Army Qualification".GE Aviation. 4 November 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 21 November 2008.
- ^Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 16–17.
- ^"Boeing AH-64 Apache windshields, windows, canopy and blast barrier"(PDF).ppgaerospace.com.PPG Aerospace.
- ^"The History of Helicopter Safety"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 18 April 2013.
- ^"AH-64 Apache – Military Aircraft".fas.org.Retrieved22 June2016.
- ^"Boeing AH-64D Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter".military-today.com.Retrieved22 June2016.
- ^Rash, Clarence E.; Martin, John S. (August 1988).The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design(Report). Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker. Archived fromthe originalon 27 February 2012.Retrieved31 January2010.
- ^Casey, Curtis J. (5 August 2002). Rash, Clarence E.; Reese, Colin E. (eds.)."Emergence of Solid State Helmet-Mounted Displays in Military Applications".Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII.4711.SPIE: 28–32.Bibcode:2002SPIE.4711...28C.doi:10.1117/12.478896.S2CID110336810.
- ^abc"Boeing AH-64 Apache".Jane's Information Group. 13 October 2000. Archived fromthe originalon 25 February 2008.Retrieved1 April2010.
- ^"Boeing To Develop Electric Gun Turret for the AH-64D".Boeing. 5 May 1999. Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2013.
- ^"$262.4M in Arrowheads For Apaches".Defense Daily.2 May 2005.
- ^"PEO STRI AWSS LBA TESS".PEO STRI. Archived fromthe originalon 20 March 2014.Retrieved20 March2014.
- ^"ASP Motion Base for Stabilized Mounts"Archived8 July 2013 at theWayback Machine.Department of DefenseSmall Business Innovation Research.Retrieved June 2012.
- ^abHarris, Tom (2 April 2002)."How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors".howstuffworks.com.Retrieved2 February2010.
- ^Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 26–31.
- ^Apache Guardian set to deploy on MayArchived4 March 2016 at theWayback Machine– Koreatimes.co.kr, 26 January 2016
- ^Ground Fire Acquisition SystemArchived28 October 2012 at theWayback Machine– Armedforces-int.com, 26 October 2012.
- ^"Lockheed tech lets U.S. Apache helicopter pilots aim in color".Reuters.19 February 2014.Retrieved9 February2019– via www.reuters.com.
- ^Drew, James (7 January 2016)."Lockheed secures first order for Apache day sensor kits".FlightGlobal.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^"Army Configures Apaches for Sea Duty".Military.com.13 October 2014.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 124–127.
- ^Hinton, Henry L.; Dunham, Raymond; Gilliam, Thomas W.; Grant, John L.; Ortiz, John M. (1 March 1992).Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Observations on the Performance of the Army's Hellfire Missile(PDF)(ADA251799 ed.). GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON DC NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIV.
- ^"US approves full new warhead production".New Zealand Herald.25 August 2005.
- ^Smith, Michael (22 June 2008)."Army 'vacuum' missile hits Taliban".The Times.London.
- ^ab"BAE secures US Army Apache as APKWS laser-guided rocket customer"FlightGlobal,14 October 2015
- ^abcDonald 2004, pp. 134–135.
- ^Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 40–41, 60.
- ^ab"Boeing AH-64 Apache".Jane's All the World's Aircraft.Jane's Information Group, 2010.subscription article, 1 February 2010.[dead link]
- ^"Helicopter rescue bid for Marine".BBC News.17 January 2007.
- ^Raytheon Sells Stingers for Apaches AbroadArchived1 March 2014 at theWayback Machine– DoDBuzz.com, 23 October 2013
- ^Weapon, sensor upgrades coming for Apache fleet.FlightGlobal,31 March 2015.
- ^"Apache-UAV teaming combines 'best capabilities of man, machine'".Army.mil, 8 May 2014
- ^"Boeing Apache demonstrates UAV Control".gizmag.com, 12 April 2006.
- ^Boeing, Lockheed unveil competing UAV-killing conceptsFlightGlobal,14 October 2015
- ^"Raytheon, US Army complete first ever helicopter-based firing of High Energy Laser"Archived1 July 2017 at theWayback Machine– Airrecognition.com, 26 June 2017
- ^"MBDA fires Brimstone missile from Apache helicopter".UPI.com. 14 July 2016.Retrieved14 March2017.
- ^"US Army to field Israeli-made long-range missile on helicopters".Defense News.9 January 2020.
- ^Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 14–15.
- ^Apache news 2004,pp. 33–34. Boeing, 2004.Archived30 June 2013 at theWayback Machine
- ^abRichardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 47–48.
- ^Bernsteein 2005, p. 6.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 121.
- ^Williams 2005, pp. 212–213.
- ^Williams 2005, pp. 215–218.
- ^Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 51–52.
- ^Bishop 2005, pp. 16–17.
- ^abBernstein 2005, p. 7.
- ^abBishop 2005, pp. 17–18.
- ^Donald 2004, pp. 144–145.
- ^Taylor, Thomas.Lightning in the Storm.Hippocrene Books, 2003.ISBN0-7818-1017-5.
- ^Ference, Edward W. (December 2002)."Case Study of the Development of the Apache Attack Helicopter (AH-64)"(PDF).Naval Postgraduate School.Archived(PDF)from the original on 4 June 2011.Retrieved1 October2009.
- ^Lambeth, Benjamin S. (February 2002)."Task Force Hawk"(PDF).AIR FORCE Magazine.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 147.
- ^"OPERATION DESERT STORM: Apache Helicopter Was Considered Effective in Combat, but Reliability Problems Persist"Archived13 December 2013 at theWayback Machine.GAO
- ^"High Tech Weapons in Desert Storm: Hype or Reality?".Project on Government Oversight. 1 July 1992. Archived fromthe originalon 17 February 2016.
- ^"APACHE HELICOPTER: Serious Logistical Support Problems Must Be Solved to Realize Combat Potential"Archived23 January 2016 at theWayback Machine.GAO
- ^Bishop 2005, pp. 21–24, 33.
- ^"U.S. Mulls More Copters in Bosnia – The Aircraft Were Requested For U.N. Troop Reinforcement".Sarasota Herald-Tribune.18 July 1995.
- ^Adams 2006, p. 60.
- ^Bowman, Tom (16 July 1999)."Army Hunts For Answers As Apaches Fail in Kosovo; Readiness, Training Faulted As 21st-century Helicopter Stumbles".The Baltimore Sun.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^Thompson, Mark (20 June 1990). "Army Defends Troubled Copter".Spokesman-Review.
- ^Anderson, Jon R. (19 December 2000)."Apaches Are Ailing Warriors".European Stars and Stripes.
- ^abLuttwak 2001, pp. 78–80.
- ^Adams 2006, p. 61.
- ^abLambeth, Benjamin."Task Force Hawk"(PDF).Air Force Magazine.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved5 December2021.
- ^Bishop 2005, pp. 33–35.
- ^Bernstein 2005, pp. 16–17.
- ^Adams 2006, pp. 223–224.
- ^"Afghan Field Report: British WAH-64Ds".Defense Industry Daily.26 November 2007.
- ^"Christopher Roney inquest: 'Failures led to friendly fire death'".BBC News.7 September 2012.
- ^Bishop 2005, pp. 35–37.
- ^Schechter, Erik (13 June 2003)."Choppers on the Chopping Block?".The Jerusalem Post.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^ab"U.S. Apache Pilots Taken Prisoner".CNN.24 March 2003.
- ^abFred Kaplan(23 April 2003)."Chop The Chopper: The Army's Apache Attack-Helicopter Had A Bad War".Slate.
- ^"A City And Regime Steel For Reckoning To Come".Sydney Morning Herald.26 March 2003.
- ^"The 'Apache' Farmer's Tale".BBC News.23 April 2003.
- ^"Downed Apache Blown Up To Keep Secrets From Iraq".Evening Times.25 March 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^"Downed US Apache Blown Up With Missile".New Straits Times.26 March 2003.
- ^Ricks, Thomas E. (2006).Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq.Penguin. p. 119.ISBN978-1-59420-103-5.
- ^"Surface-to-Air Missile Downed U.S. Chopper in Iraq".ABC News.17 January 2006.
- ^Cheryl Rodewig (7 March 2012)."Geotagging poses security risks".army.mil.
- ^"Helicopter crashes in eastern Afghanistan".ISAF – International Security Assistance Force. 6 January 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2012.
- ^"Marlborough Soldier Dies in Helicopter Crash in Afghanistan".Wmur.com. 28 May 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2012.
- ^"Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 William T. Flanigan".militarytimes.com.Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2014.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"Amputee Combat Vet Daniel McConnell's Inspiring Story".celebdirtylaundry.com.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"AH-64D Apache – Overview"(PDF).Boeing. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 June 2011.Retrieved30 July2011.
- ^"Leaked Audit: Boeing Overcharged Army Up to 177,000 Percent on Helicopter Spare Parts".Project on Government Oversight (POGO). 28 June 2011.
- ^Paulsboe, Jesse (12 March 2013)."'Guardian' rises at Joint Base Lewis–McChord ".US Army.Retrieved15 March2013.
- ^"US Army's AH-64Es reach initial operating capability"FlightGlobal,27 November 2013
- ^Army's First AH-64E Unit Deploys to AfghanistanArchived6 May 2014 at theWayback Machine– DoDBuzz.com, 5 May 2014
- ^"US Army details combat experience with AH-64E".FlightGlobal,14 October 2014
- ^Commander: Army's New AH-64E Apache Surprised Enemy in Afghanistan– Military.com, 28 January 2015
- ^abNew Apache confounded the enemy in combat, commander says– Armytimes.com, 1 February 2015
- ^Taliban Troubled By Timing– Strategypage.com, 19 February 2015
- ^Budgets & 'Betrayal': National Guard Fights To Keep Apache Gunships– Breakingdefense.com, 23 January 2014
- ^Head, Elan. "Arizona Guard leader blasts Army plan to 'seize' Apaches"Vertical Magazine,28 April 2014.
- ^First of 10 Apache units converts, adds 12 Shadow UASs– Armytimes.com, 16 March 2015
- ^"Army Apache helos used in strikes against Islamic State"Archived5 October 2014 at theWayback Machine.Military Times,5 October 2014
- ^In Iraq, Apache Gunships Deploy to Mosul, But Not Fallujah: Pentagon– Military.com, 15 June 2016
- ^Apache Helicopters Go into Action in Mosul OffensiveArchived20 October 2016 at theWayback Machine– DoDBuzz.com, 19 October 2016
- ^"100 U.S. Marines, two Apache helicopters reinforcing embassy in Baghdad after attack".MarineCorpsTimes.com.31 December 2019.Retrieved31 December2019.
- ^"Iran launches missiles at US military facilities in Iraq".ABC News.Retrieved7 January2020.
- ^Falconer, Rebecca."U.S. Army investigates 2 Apache helicopter crashes within 48 hours".axios.com.
- ^abcdDonald 2004, p. 157.
- ^abOrme, William A. (3 February 2000)."Israeli Says U.S. Fears Endanger Major Purchase of Apache Copters".The New York Times.
- ^Pinkas, Alon (23 March 1994)."IA Experts Criticize Air Force For Preferring Apache Over Upgraded Cobra".The Jerusalem Post.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^"Israel Accepts First AH-64D Apache Longbows".Boeing. 11 April 2005.
- ^Powers 2002, pp. 11, 49.
- ^Bryen, Shoshana (23 January 2010)."QME, Part II: U.S. Arms Sales to the Arabs, And Will There Be Help For Israel".Right Side News. Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2010.
Indeed, Israel's request for six AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters was blocked by the Obama Administration in June-the same time the Egyptian sale was approved. U.S. sources reported that the request was undergoing an "interagency review to determine whether additional Longbow helicopters would threaten Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip".
- ^"Administration Blocks Helicopters for Israel due to Civilian Casualties in Gaza".World Tribune.27 May 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2011.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 191.
- ^abAlon, Ben-David (18 October 2007)."Performance Dispute Puts Israeli Apache Buy on Hold".Jane's Information Group.
- ^Smolowe, Jill (2 March 1992)."Vengeance Is Mine".Time.Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2010.
- ^Kampeas, Ron (25 July 1993)."Thousands Flee Fleet, Fickle Missiles".Lakeland Ledger.
- ^"Three Killed in Hizbollah, Israeli Retaliatory Attacks".New Straits Times.24 December 1994.
- ^Fisk 2005, pp. 773–788.
- ^Urquhart, Conal; Gaby Hinsliff (18 April 2004)."Israeli Missile Attack Kills New Hamas Chief".The Guardian.London.
- ^Philps, Alan (24 August 2001)."Second Israeli Rocket Attack Misses Target".The Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ab"Israel, The Occupied West Bank And Gaza Strip, And The Palestinian Authority Territories, Jenin: IDF Military Operations".May 2002. pp. 7, 46–47.[permanent dead link]
- ^ab"Hamas Leader Killed in Gaza".
- ^"Israel makes a martyr of Yassin".The Guardian.
- ^"Leaders condemn Yassin killing".www.cnn.com.22 March 2004.
- ^Blanford, Nicholas (8 August 2006)."Hezbollah's Hidden Stronghold Sends Death Across The Border".The Times.UK.
- ^Ilsemann, Siegesmund von (31 July 2006)."Israeli's Puzzling Military Strategy".Der Spiegel.
- ^Human Rights Watch (HRW),"Why They Died",Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War, September 2007, pp. 91, 102–103, 106, 127 ff.
- ^"Hezbollah Defies Israeli Pressure".BBC News.21 July 2006.
- ^Egozi, Arie (1 August 2006)."Israeli Air Power Falls Short As Offensive in Southern Lebanon Fails To Halt Hezbollah Rocket Attacks".FlightGlobal.
- ^Egozi, Arie (27 February 2009)."Israel seeks more Apache attack helicopters".FlightGlobal.
- ^"Israeli choppers blast Gaza City".oil.co.za. 3 December 2001.
- ^"Israeli airstrike in Gaza kills one, wounds 2".english.eastday.com. 6 November 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2014.
- ^"Israel expands Gaza offensive".euronews.com. 6 January 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2013.Retrieved8 September2012.
- ^abcd"Israel's AH-64A Attack Helos Get Custom Upgrades – Despite the USA".Defense Industry Daily.17 March 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2014.
"Israel's AH-64A Attack Helos Get Custom Upgrades – Despite the USA [updated]".Defense Industry Daily.26 October 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2017. - ^"Israel Upgrades Apache Helicopters After US Blocked Their Modernization".World Tribune.14 March 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 24 June 2015.
- ^Egozi, Arie (30 June 2010)."Israel ditches Apache upgrade plan, commits to CH-53K".FlightGlobal.
- ^Katz, Yaajov (31 December 2010)."Rapid-fire rocket system aims to reduce civilian casualties".The Jerusalem Post.
- ^Egozi, Arie"Israeli Apache upgrade adds avionics pod."FlightGlobal,8 October 2013.
- ^Bryen, Shoshana; Bryen, Stephen (17 November 2016)."Israel Puts the Spike Missile on its Apache Helicopters".Jewish Policy Center.
- ^"Israel shows off Spike on Apache – Air Forces Monthly".www.airforcesmonthly.com.Archived fromthe originalon 1 December 2017.Retrieved23 November2017.
- ^"Israel shoots down Lebanese civilian plane".CNN.
- ^"Israel shoots down light aircraft".CNN. 24 May 2001.
- ^"Iranian UAV Intercepted by an Israeli Helicopter".Israel Defense Forces. 10 February 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2021.
- ^"British Army receives 67th Apache in ceremony held at the Farnborough Airshow 2004".AgustaWestland. 21 July 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2011.
- ^Cook, Nick (1 May 1995)."High Noon For Tiger And Apache".Interavia Business & Technology. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2012.
- ^Flannery, William (14 July 1995)."Mac Lands $3.5 Billion Copter Order – British Buying 67 Antitank Craft".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
- ^"RTM 322".Turbomeca. Archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2009.Retrieved29 January2010.
- ^ab"Apache Moves Closer To Front Line".Navy News.11 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 11 June 2011.
- ^"UK Announces P-8, Apache Buys".Defense News. 11 July 2016.
- ^"MOD orders new fleet of cutting-edge Apache helicopters for Army".UK Ministry of Defence. 11 July 2016.
- ^"United Kingdom – AH-64E Apache Guardian Attack Helicopters".DSCA. 27 August 2015.
- ^"Despite Brexit, UK Not Holding Back on New Aircraft".Aviation Week.15 July 2016.
- ^"Apache AH-64E heralds new era in modern British military aviation".British Army.Retrieved17 February2021.
- ^"British Army retires Apache AH1 attack helicopters, declares AH-64Es 'operationally ready'".Default.26 March 2024.Retrieved17 June2024.
- ^"McDonnell in Talks With Dutch on Apache Role".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.13 April 1989.
- ^"Dutch May Buy McDonnell Copter".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.14 December 1994.
- ^Fitchett, Joseph (13 April 1995). "Ignoring EU Solidarity, The Dutch Opt For U.S. Helicopters".The New York Times.
- ^Flannery, William (8 April 1995)."McDonnell Wins Big Helicopter Contract But Layoffs Are Looming at Commercial Air Arm".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
- ^"First AH-64D Apache Pilots From The Netherlands Complete Training at Boeing".Boeing. 29 March 1999.
- ^"Boeing Delivers 30th AH-64D Apache to Royal Netherlands Air Force".Boeing. 10 June 2002.
- ^"News: Last Dutch Apache Delivered".helis.com.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"Aircraft Survivability Equipment"(PDF).TERMA. July 2004. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 September 2011.
- ^"AMASE/DIRCM Pod During Flight Certification Testing in the Netherlands"(PDF).Terma. July 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 September 2011.
- ^Strass, Marc (6 March 2002)."Army Conducts First Deployment of AH-64D Apache Longbows To Kuwait".Defense Daily.Archived fromthe originalon 4 September 2015.
- ^Atkinson, Rick (4 December 1995)."U.S. Bound for Bosnia By Train, Truck, Air".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^"Six Apaches to Iraq to Boost Security".Government.nl. 24 May 2004.
- ^"More Dutch troops for Afghanistan".BBC News.3 February 2006.
- ^"Two Peacekeeping Helicopters Fired on in Kabul".CTV News. 10 April 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2021.
- ^Gravemaker, Anno (18 December 2007)."Dutch Apache Accident Leaves 50,000 Homes Without Power".FlightGlobal.
- ^"2 Apache-vliegers omgekomen in Mali".17 March 2015.Retrieved14 January2022.
- ^"US clears RNLAF for $1.19b Apache deal".FlightGlobal.21 February 2018.
- ^Jennings, Gareth (20 November 2020)."Netherlands ships first Apaches to US for modernisation".Jane's.Retrieved26 November2021.
- ^"Apache Copters All Set if Iraqis Make a Move".Eugene Register-Guard.25 August 1990.
- ^Jehl, Douglas (22 January 1991)."Desert Air, Sands Alive With Modern Warriors".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^Koenig, Robert L. (3 June 1992)."Bush Endorses Sale of Arms to Saudis...McDonnell Douglas Could Benefit from Pact".St Louis Post-Dispatch.
- ^"U.S. Plans $1.8 Billion Saudi Military Sale".The Washington Post.3 June 1992. Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2012.Retrieved5 July2017.
- ^Friedman, Thomas L. (15 September 1992)."U.S. and Israel Working Out Deal To Offset Warplane Sale to Saudis".The New York Times.
- ^"The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: $400M to Upgrade AH-64A Apache Helicopters".Defense Industry Daily.1 August 2006.
- ^Shalal-Esa, Andrea (12 September 2008)."US OKs sale of Boeing helicopters to Saudi Arabia".Reuters.
- ^Lakshman, Narayan (21 October 2010)."Huge U.S.-Saudi arms deal".The Hindu.Chennai, India.
- ^"Saudi Arabia – AH-64D Apache, UH-60M Blackhawk, AH-6i Light Attack, and MD-530F Light Turbine Helicopters"(PDF)(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 20 October 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 May 2013.
- ^"Saudi troops combing Yemen border; security stepped up".BBC News.20 November 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.
- ^"Saudi Apache gunships prevent incursion by" infiltrators "".Saudi Gazette.6 December 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 9 June 2011.
- ^"Saudi Military Operations along the Yemen Border Repel Houthist Incursion".Jamestown.The Jamestown Foundation. 28 January 2010.
- ^"Yemen rebels announce pullout from Saudi land".The Jordan Times.26 January 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 13 September 2015.
- ^Cenciotti, David (2 December 2019)."Houthi Rebels Claim To Have Shot Down Saudi Apache Gunship And Wing Loong UAV in Yemen".
- ^"Apache Helicopter Guns Down Boat Full of Somali Refugees Fleeing Yemen".Foreign Policy.17 March 2017.Retrieved11 August2018.
- ^"Yemen migrant boat attack kills at least 42".BBC News.17 March 2017.
- ^"The Escalating Northern Front in Yemen".Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- ^"US Copters Set For Middle East".Toledo Blade.4 June 1991.
- ^"UAE's 30-Helicopter Apache Upgrade Program Underway".Defense Industry Daily.10 May 2009.
- ^"United Arab Emirates – Apache AH-64E Helicopters and Services".Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 8 December 2016.
- ^"Two Emirati pilots die in Yemen crash".The National.17 October 2017.
- ^"UAE to replace lost Apache | Jane's 360".www.janes.com.
- ^abcBishop 2005, pp. 40–44.
- ^Bishop 2005, p. 42.
- ^"Egypt to Upgrade 35 Apaches to AH-64D Configuration."Boeing, 25 September 2000.Archived10 September 2013 at theWayback Machine
- ^Feldman 2004, p. 106.
- ^"AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters for Egypt".Defence Talk. 29 May 2009.
- ^"Egypt Aims to Add AH-64D Block II Attack Helicopters".Defense Industry Daily.28 May 2009.
- ^"Egypt launches airstrikes in Sinai after troop massacre."CNN, 8 August 2012.
- ^Friedman, Ron."Israel allows Egypt to keep attack helicopters in Sinai".Times of Israel,9 August 2012.
- ^abMichaelson, Ruth (2 April 2019)."Egypt killed tourists with US weapons. An American survivor wants justice".The Guardian.
- ^"Mexican tourists killed by Egyptian security forces".BBC News,14 September 2015.
- ^"Egypt – AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support"(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 27 November 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 27 November 2018.Retrieved27 November2018.
- ^"US clears Apache sales for Egypt, missiles for Qatar".27 November 2018.
- ^Hoyle2022-01-19T13:52:00+00:00, Craig."Lockheed gets sensor contract for Egyptian Apache upgrade".Flight Global.Retrieved17 June2024.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^"IAF conducting trials for attack helicopters".Hindustan Times.22 July 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2013.
- ^Govindasamy, Siva (10 October 2008)."Bell, Boeing Quit Indian Attack Helicopter Contest".FlightGlobal.
- ^"Boeing Submits Proposals To India For Apache And Chinook Helicopters".Boeing. 23 October 2009.
- ^"US government details AH-64D bid for Indian air force contract".FlightGlobal.4 January 2011.
- ^"India – Support for Direct Commercial Sale of AH-64D Block III Apache Helicopters"(PDF)(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 27 December 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 June 2013.
- ^"IAF getting 22 Apache helicopters: NAK Browne".Indian Express,5 October 2012.
- ^"Going To War Over Gunships".Strategypage.com, 3 January 2013.
- ^"IAF, not Army, will get Apache attack helicopters".The Times of India.2 April 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2013.
- ^"Indian air force Apache, Chinook make flight debuts".FlightGlobal.30 July 2018.
- ^"In big boost, IAF gets first Apache Guardian attack helicopter".The Times of India.11 May 2019.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved4 April2024.
- ^abSura, Ajay (3 September 2019)."IAF inducts 8 Apache AH-64E attack helicopters".The Times of India.Archived fromthe originalon 3 September 2019.
- ^Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (3 September 2019)."Eight US made Apache attack helicopters inducted into IAF".The Economic Times.
- ^"India – Support for Direct Commercial Sale of AH-64E Apache Helicopters".U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 12 June 2018.
- ^"India, US sign contract for additional Apache attack choppers".The Economic Times.25 February 2020.Retrieved29 May2020.
- ^"Army gears up to induct 1st batch of Apache attack helicopters in February–March".India Today.January 2024.Retrieved1 January2024.
- ^"Apache Helicopter: बॉर्डर पर बढ़ेगी भारत की ताकत, पाकिस्तानी सीमा पर तैनात होने जा रहे शक्तिशाली छह अपाचे हेलीकॉप्टर".Dainik Jagran(in Hindi).Retrieved1 January2024.
- ^"Indian Army Raises 1st Apache Attack Helicopter Squadron Near Pakistan Border".NDTV.com.Retrieved15 March2024.
- ^"Army raises first Apache attack helicopter squadron in Jodhpur near Pak border".India Today.15 March 2024.Retrieved15 March2024.
- ^Arora, Sumit (19 March 2024)."Indian Army Inducts First Apache 451 Aviation Squadron".adda247.Retrieved19 March2024.
- ^"Indian Army awaiting batch delivery of Apache attack helicopters from US".India Today.13 August 2024.Retrieved13 August2024.
- ^Fiszer, Michal (1 October 2003)."Greece Buying New Helicopters (12 AH-64D Longbow helicopters)".Journal of Electronic Defense.Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2012.
- ^"Singapore to Purchase 12 Additional Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbows".Boeing. 23 August 2001. Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2013.
- ^"Apache training suspended".The Straits Times.1 October 2010.
- ^"Kuwait Runs Apache Longbow Contract To $262.2 M".Defense Industry Daily.26 August 2005.
- ^"USA and Indonesia formalise AH-64E Apache deal".FlightGlobal,26 August 2013.
- ^"Indonesian military displays Kaplan MT prototype, Apache helicopter".Jane's 360 (janes.com).Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2017.Retrieved9 October2017.
- ^Yeo, Mike (18 December 2017)."First AH-64E Apache Guardian for Indonesia arrives from US".defensenews.com.
- ^"Indonesia receives first AH-64E Apache Guardian attack helicopter".quwa.org.19 December 2017.Retrieved13 May2018.
- ^"Fuji Heavy Industries Delivers First Apache Longbow Helicopter to Japanese Government Under Boeing Licensing Agreement".Boeing. 15 March 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 26 November 2011.
- ^Hirokawa, Seiji (10 September 2007)."Japan to halt AH-64D Apache orders after 13th airframe".FlightGlobal.
- ^Gady, Franz-Stefan (4 May 2017)."US to Upgrade Japan's Attack Helicopter Fleet".thediplomat.com.
- ^"SDF helicopter crashes, goes up in flames in Saga residential area".Asahi Shimbun.5 February 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 21 February 2018.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^"Japanese Apache helicopter crashes in residential area of Saga Prefecture".Japan Times.5 February 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 21 February 2018.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^"GSDF helicopter had main rotor replaced before crash".Japan Times.5 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^Trimble, Stepehen (10 June 2011)."Taiwan buys 30 AH-64 Apaches".FlightGlobal.
- ^"Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – AH-64D Apache Helicopters and Related Weapons"(PDF).Defense Security Cooperation Agency(DSCA). 3 October 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 February 2009.
- ^"Taiwan receives first batch of AH-64E Apaches".FlightGlobal,5 November 2013
- ^"Taiwan's AH-64Es Grounded After Apache Crash"Archived27 April 2014 at theWayback Machine.Armedforces-Int.com, 25 April 2014
- ^"Crash destroys Taiwanese AH-64E Apache".FlightGlobal,26 April 2014
- ^"Pilots Blamed for Taiwan Apache Crash".Defensenews.com, 15 July 2014
- ^"Taiwan received fifth and last batch of AH-64E Apache attack helicopters"Archived26 October 2014 at theWayback Machine.Airrecognition.com, 20 October 2014
- ^Jung, Sung-ki (14 January 2009)."Seoul Seeks To Deploy Apaches In 2012".Korea Times.
- ^"South Korea Dithers Over Apaches".United Press International. 7 August 2009.
- ^Sung-ki, Jung (8 February 2009)."US May Withdraw More Apache Helos From Korea by 2012".Korea Times.
- ^"Republic of Korea (ROK) – AH-64D APACHE Attack Helicopters".DSCA.mil, 25 September 2012.
- ^"Korea helicopter bids".FlightGlobal,26 September 2012.
- ^Song, Sang-ho (17 April 2013)."Seoul to Purchase 36 Apache Helicopters".Korea Herald.
- ^South Korea's first four AH-64E combat helicopters delivered to combat unitsArchived1 July 2016 at theWayback Machine– Airrecognition.com, 27 May 2016
- ^South Korea completes deployment of its 36 AH-64E Apache Guardian helicoptersArchived5 February 2018 at theWayback Machine– Airrecognition.com, 30 January 2017
- ^"Quarterly Report to the United States Congress"(PDF).sigir.mil. 30 April 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 June 2013.
- ^"Congress Clears Apache Sale to Iraq".Foreign Policy,27 January 2014.
- ^"Agreement reached to sell billions in Apache helicopters to Iraq"Archived30 January 2014 at theWayback Machine.Militarytimes.com, 28 January 2014
- ^"Iraq passes on Apache buy".Jane's,25 September 2014.
- ^"Qatar – AH-64D APACHE Block III LONGBOW Attack Helicopters"(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 12 July 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2013.Retrieved29 March2014.
- ^$23.9B in Deals Announced on Last Day of DIMDEX– Defensenews.com, 27 March 2014
- ^"Qatar cleared for $3 billion purchase of 24 Boeing AH-64E Apache attack helicopters".The Defense Post.10 May 2019.Retrieved10 November2022.
- ^"MOD orders new fleet of cutting-edge Apache helicopters for Army".UK Ministry of Defence. 11 July 2016.
- ^McLaughlin, Andrew (10 July 2019)."Tiger ARH replacement RFI released".Australian Defence Business Review.Retrieved22 March2021.
- ^Frawley, Gerard (26 February 2016).""Troubled" Tiger set for early retirement, new light helicopter for Special Forces on the way ".Australian Aviation.Retrieved23 March2021.
- ^Minister for Defence Senator Linda Reynolds (15 January 2021)."Future ready – strengthening Army's armed reconnaissance capability".Department of Defence Ministers(Press release). Archived fromthe originalon 18 March 2021.Retrieved12 March2021.
- ^abPittaway, Nigel (19 January 2021)."Australia selects Boeing Apache as next armed reconnaissance helicopter".Defense News.Retrieved20 January2021.
- ^"Apaches for Army".Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper(1481 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. 4 February 2021. p. 2.ISSN0729-5685.Retrieved2 September2022.
- ^Prime Minister Scott Morrison; Minister for Defence Peter Dutton; Minister for Defence Industry, Minister for Science and Technology Melissa Price (9 May 2022)."Securing our national security and local defence jobs and skills".Liberal Party of Australia(Press release). Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2022.Retrieved1 September2022.
- ^"Bangladesh wants to buy combat fighters, Apache helicopters, missile systems from US".Dhaka Tribune.17 October 2019.
- ^Herk, Hans van (2 January 2022)."Mi-28 attack helicopters for Bangladesh".www.scramble.nl.
- ^"Morocco – AH-64E Helicopters".U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency.Retrieved21 November2019.
- ^"Philippines – AH-1Z Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support".dsca.mil.U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency.
- ^"Philippines – Apache AH-64E Attack Helicopters and Related Equipment and Support".dsca.mil.U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency.
- ^"Poland to choose between Apache and Viper for attack helo requirement".21 April 2022.
- ^"Poland buying 96 AH-64E Apaches, as modernization spending spree continues".8 September 2022.
- ^"Poland – AH-64E Apache Helicopters".Defense Security Cooperation Agency.21 August 2023.Retrieved21 August2023.
- ^"Umowa na 96 śmigłowców uderzeniowych AH-64E Apache podpisana".
- ^Bishop 2005, p. 12.
- ^Bledsoe, Sofia."Army 'retires' last A model Apache helicopter".Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II.Defense industry daily.
- ^Bishop 2005, p. 10.
- ^abDonald 2004, p. 153.
- ^"McDonnell-Bell plan Longbow-radar for LHX".Defense Daily.22 February 1990. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2012.
- ^"AN/APR-48A Radar Frequency Interferometer"(PDF).Lockheed Martin. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 October 2011.Retrieved20 July2011.
- ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".janes.com.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2012.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS".janes.com.Archived fromthe originalon 16 February 2013.Retrieved1 April2015.
- ^"Helicopter profile: Boeing AH-64 Apache".FlightGlobal.Retrieved2 February2010.
- ^"Apache Stinger Testing in Holding Pattern until Starstreak Integration Finished".Defense Daily.15 June 2000. Archived fromthe originalon 18 July 2012.
- ^Taylor, Ed (21 December 2005). "Japan to get first Boeing copter".East Valley Tribune.
- ^Bledsoe, Sophia."Team Apache announces nickname for the Apache Echo Model".U.S. Army, 14 January 2013.
- ^"Army Renames Apache Block III Helicopters."Archived9 November 2013 at theWayback MachineNational Defense Magazine.
- ^"Interlocking gears used in clocks give Army helicopters more powerArchived20 February 2014 at theWayback Machine",HeliHub, 28 October 2013.Archivedon 20 February 2014.
- ^"Boeing, US Army Mark Delivery of 1st AH-64D Apache Block III Combat Helicopter".MediaRoom.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^"Technology gives Apache block III more lift, capability, landing ability".www.army.mil.26 February 2010.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^"Boeing-Developed Composite Rotor Blade Spins Forward".Boeing, 10 May 2004.Archived29 June 2011 at theWayback Machine
- ^Trimble, Stephen (3 November 2011)."From Albania to Afghanistan, US Army integrates lessons into latest Apache".FlightGlobal.
- ^Jennings, Gareth (30 October 2013)."ADEX 2013: US sequestration buys time for UK Apache decision makers".IHS Jane's Defence Weekly.
- ^Majumdar, Dave (9 January 2013)."US Army fields first AH-64E unit, but more improvements to come".FlightGlobal.
- ^Trimble, Stephen (14 October 2015)."US Army replaces Lockheed data link on AH-64 Apache".FlightGlobal.
- ^"ViaSat to produce Link 16 terminals for AH-64E Apache Guardian helicopter Lots 5 and 6".airrecognition.com.Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2022.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^Drwiega, Andrew (10 November 2014)."U.S. Army's Apache Maritime Role".Aviation Today.Archived fromthe originalon 29 November 2014.Retrieved16 November2014.
- ^Verdict Media (17 April 2020)."US Army takes delivery of 500th Boeing AH-64E Apache Helicopter".airforce-technology.com.Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2020.Retrieved18 April2020.
- ^Judson, Jen (11 October 2023)."Boeing flies upgraded AH-64E Apache for first time".Defense News.
- ^Saballa, Joe (27 March 2024)."US Army Suffers Third Apache Helicopter Crash in Two Months".The Defense Post.
- ^Trimble, Stephen (26 June 2014)."Boeing proposes high-speed Apache, heavier Chinook".FlightGlobal.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^Giangreco, Leigh (4 October 2016)."Army will not pursue AH-64F model Apache".FlightGlobal.Retrieved9 February2019.
- ^Piasecki Compound Helicopters.combatreform.org[verification needed]
- ^Host, Pat (26 October 2018)."Boeing testing high-speed Apache concept".Jane's International Defence Review.
- ^Wolfe, Frank (26 April 2019)."Boeing Finished Six Wind Tunnel Tests on Compound Apache in January, Company Says".Rotor & Wing International.Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2019.Retrieved15 October2019.
- ^abRichardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 60–61.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 150.
- ^Donald 2004, p. 170.
- ^Curran, Peggy (6 August 1986). "Local firms hope for spin-offs from big naval aircraft project".Montreal Gazette.
- ^"HMS Ocean".Royal Navy/MOD. Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2012.
- ^Myers, Meghann (5 September 2013)."Army helicopters fly from Navy ships, test joint ops".Army Times.
- ^"Army Regulation 750-10 Army Modification Program"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 February 2013.
- ^ADBR (19 March 2023)."Australian Army Apache helicopters go on contract".ADBR.Retrieved11 May2024.
- ^abcdefghijk"World Air Forces 2022".FlightGlobal.2022.
- ^The military balance 2021.James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Abingdon, Oxon. 2021.ISBN978-1-00-041545-2.OCLC1239962384.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^"US aerospace major Boeing completes delivery of 37 military helicopters to India".Hindustan Times.10 July 2020.Retrieved11 July2020.
- ^"India, US sign contract for additional Apache attack choppers".The Economic Times.25 February 2020.
- ^Không tự sưu tác cơ や lục tự chiến đấu ヘリを廃 chỉ, vô nhân cơ で đại thế へ… Phòng vệ dư toán hiệu suất hóaYomiuri Shimbun.9 December 2022.
- ^"Morocco cleared to buy 36 Apache helos".Janes.com.20 November 2019.
- ^Defensie, Ministerie van (26 October 2022)."Defensie neemt eerste vernieuwde Apache-gevechtshelikopter in ontvangst - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl".www.defensie.nl.
- ^Głowacki, Bartosz (16 May 2023)."Poland gets US-made HIMARS, early Apaches in latest defense boost".Breaking Defense.Retrieved13 October2023.
- ^Jennings, Gareth (20 March 2019)."Qatar receives first Apache attack helicopter".Jane's 360.Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2019.Retrieved20 March2019.
- ^Judson, Jen (23 February 2017)."Saudi Arabian National Guard helicopter force takes shape".Defense News.Retrieved27 February2018.
- ^Robertson, Noah; Losey, Stephen (19 August 2024)."US approves $3.5 billion sale of Apache helicopters to South Korea".Defense News.Retrieved20 August2024.
- ^"A Rebirth for the British Army's Apache Fleet".rusi.org.Retrieved30 April2024.
- ^Bishop 2005.
- ^Lednicer, David."The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.Retrieved16 April2019.
- ^"AGM-65 Maverick"(PDF).Raytheon. 2001. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 November 2013.Retrieved22 December2011.
- ^"AN/APG – Equipment Listing".designation-systems.net
Bibliography
[edit]- Bernstein, Jonathan.AH-64 Apache units of operations: Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005.ISBN1-84176-848-0.
- Bishop, Chris.Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005.Osprey Publishing, 2005.ISBN1-84176-816-2.
- Donald, David. "AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache".Modern Battlefield Warplanes.AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004.ISBN1-880588-76-5.
- Feldman, Shai.The Middle East Strategic Balance, 2003–2004.Sussex Academic Press, 2004.ISBN1-8451-9003-3.
- Fisk, Robert.The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East.Fourth Estate, 2005.ISBN978-1-4000-7517-1
- Government Accounting Office.Staff Study: Advanced Attack Helicopter.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accounting Office, 1974.
- Luttwak, Edward.Strategy: the Logic of War and Peace.Harvard University Press, 2001.ISBN0-674-00703-4.
- Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (OAVCSA).An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program.Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 1973.
- Powers, Adam.United States Israeli Relations.Nova Publishers, 2002.ISBN1-59033-133-8.
- Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock.Combat Aircraft: AH-64 Apache.London: Salamander Books, 1992.ISBN0-86101-675-0.
- Thomas, Adams K.The Army After Next: The First Postindustrial Army.Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.ISBN0-275-98107-X.
- TM 1-1520-251-10Technical Manual for Helicopter, Attack, AH-64D Longbow Apache,U.S. Army.
- Williams, James W.A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror.iUniverse, 2005.ISBN0-595-36608-2.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website
- AH-64 Apache U.S. Army fact file(archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-01)
- Apache overview with supporting images on HowStuffWorks.com
- Top 10: Helicopters – AH-64D Apache.Discovery Channel, 8 May 2007.
- AH-64E U.S. Army video describing Apache Block III technologies
- Apache Helicopter Acoustic Analysis
- "Boeing eyes X-49A technology for Apache attack helicopter".
- US Army overview of the Apache Longbow Block III