AN/FPS-117

AN/FPS-117

An Australian AN/TPS-77 in 2007
Country of origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin
Introduced	1980
Type	Phased arrayLong-Range Radar System
Frequency	1215 to 1400 MHz (D/L)
PRF	241
Pulsewidth	51.2 / 409.6μs
RPM	5 - 6 RPMs
Range	470 km (250 nmi)
Altitude	30.5 km (100,000 ft)
Azimuth	0.18° at 250 km
Elevation	-6° to +20°
Power	24.6 kW
Other Names	Seek Igloo, AN/TPS-59, AN/TPS-77, AN/TPS-177, RRS-177, AMES Type 92

TheAN/FPS-117is anL-bandactive electronically scanned array(AESA)3-dimensional air search radarfirst produced byGE Aerospacein 1980 and now part ofLockheed Martin.The system offers instrumented detection at ranges on the order of 200 to 250 nautical miles (370 to 460 km; 230 to 290 mi) and has a wide variety of interference and clutter rejection systems.

The system was originally developed as part of the "Seek Igloo/Seek Frost" effort to replace the older radar systems of theDEW linewith designs that could be operated remotely and require much less maintenance as part of DEW's replacement, the American-CanadianNorth Warning System(NWS). Implementation of the NWS resulted in a reduction in operations and maintenance spending by up to 50% compared to previous systems.

GE made a number of modifications to the basic design to better tailor it to different roles. To fill a need for theUS Marine Corps,GE developed the transportableAN/TPS-59,and later combined design elements to produce the smallerAN/TPS-77which is even more mobile, requiring only oneprime moverin some deployment scenarios. FPS-117s, modified with input fromSiemensfor German service are known as theRRP-117,while the TPS-77s in service with theRoyal Air Forceare known as theAMES Type 92.An even smaller version was introduced by Lockheed Martin as theTPS-77 MRR.

Classification of radar systems

Further information:Joint Electronics Type Designation System

Under theJoint Electronics Type Designation System(JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code.

• The first letter of the three-letter code denotes the type of platform hosting the electronic device, where A=Aircraft, F=Fixed (land-based), S=Ship-mounted, and T=Ground transportable.
• The second letter indicates the type of equipment, where P=Radar (pulsed), Q=Sonar, and R=Radio.
• The third letter indicates the function or purpose of the device, where G=Fire control, R=Receiving, S=Search, and T=Transmitting.

Thus, the AN/FPS-117 represents the 117th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device.

Development

Development of array antennas

A key problem for radar systems of the 1950s was the introduction of thecarcinotron,amicrowave-producing tube that could be rapidly tuned across a wide bandwidth. Scanning rapidly, it appeared to be a constant radiator across an entire band, creating a powerful form ofbarrage jamming.To overcome this form of jamming, radars of the era were extremely powerful; theAMES Type 85of theRoyal Air Forcesent out pulses of at least 8 MW in an effort to overcome the jammer's signal. Systems of such power have a number of practical downsides; cooling such a system is not a small endeavour, and the physical size of the transmitter tubes precludes it from being even partially mobile.

During the 1950s, variations on thearray antennawere being actively explored by many designers. In these systems, a large number of small antennas work together to produce a single output beam. By introducing small delays, using devices known asphase shifters,the output of the beam could be steered electronically. This offered the possibility of rapid scanning without mechanical movement, which made the systems much easier to produce in a mobile form. The originalMarconi Martellooffered the same detection capability as the Type 85 from a "transportable" design using sixprime movers.

Most earlyphased arraysystems used a single transmitter tube, but experiments where every antenna elements had their own transmitter, were underway. In these "active array" systems, one could use the individual transmitters to produce multiple beams pointing in different directions, which would allow, for instance, some beams to continually track targets while others continued to scan the sky. However, such systems were extremely expensive until the introduction of solid-state transmitter modules.

While solid-state systems reduced the price of an antenna array, they did not offer nearly the same power output, even in aggregate. In previous designs, radars typically sent out extremely powerful but very short pulses of signal. The signals were short in time in order to provide reasonable range resolution. Given that the solid-state systems could not reach these power levels, longer pulses would have to be used so the total energy reflected from the target was similar. To regain range resolution, the relatively new technique ofpulse compressionwas widely introduced.

By the late 1970s all of these technologies were maturing, and the possibility of fully active radars at reasonable price points emerged for the first time.

Seek Igloo

TheDEW linesystem across northern Canada and Alaska was built in the 1950s using 1950s-eraAN/FPS-19radars. These used two 500 kWmagnetronson huge always-turningparabolic antennasystems and rooms filled with tube-based electronics to drive them. The systems required constant maintenance by on-site staff and was enormously expensive to operate.

Desiring a much simpler, and less-costly, system, in 1977 theRome Air Development Center(RADC) began the "Seek Igloo" project to find a replacement for the FPS-19 that would require less power and would run for extended times without maintenance. In 1980,General Electricwon the contest with their GE-592 design, and the final design was accepted by RADC on 30 September 1983 and passed acceptance tests that year.

Seek Igloo was officially concerned only with the radars in the Alaska area, while Seek Frost addressed the rest of the DEW line. However, the term is widely used to describe the entire development project. Seek Frost also included the shorter-rangedAN/FPS-124as a gap filler, which was not needed in the Alaska area.

North Warning System and others

Conversations amongNORADcommands about the DEW line had been ongoing for some time, and the Royal Canadian Air Force was aware of the plans to convert to the new radars. As part of the 24-hour whirlwindShamrock Summitin 1984, Canadian Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneyand US PresidentRonald Reagansigned an agreement to create theNorth Warning Systemto replace DEW. Implementation of the North Warning System has resulted in a reduction in operations and maintenance (O&M) spending by up to 50% compared to DEW. Shortly thereafter, the Air Force purchased another FPS-117 to replace the agingAN/FPS-67radar atBerlin Tempelhof Airport.

During this time, theRoyal Air Forcehad grown concerned about the vulnerability of theirLinesman/Mediatorradar network. Designed in the era of thehydrogen bomb,the system was entirely unhardened as it was believed such efforts would be futile against multi-megaton attacks. As the strategic balanced changed and conventional attacks became more likely, Linesman appeared trivially easy to defeat. The RAF planned to replace Linesman with theIUKADGEnetwork using theMarconi Martelloradars, but as this system dragged on they eventually purchased two AN/FPS-117 as well.

Further sales soon followed, and the system remains in production as of 2020.Over 120 examples have been produced and are operated by 15 countries.

AN/TPS-59

AN/TPS-59. The individual transmitter/receiver modules are visible in this image.

As the first FPS-117 systems were being tested, theUS Marine Corpssent out a tender for an air-warning radar with long range and good jamming rejection. In contrast to the Air Force, the Marines required that the system be "transportable", that is, capable of being moved between locations. GE won the contract with a modified version of the FPS-117, the TPS-59.

The TPS-59 was essentially a cut-down version of the FPS-117 split up into several components. The main antenna was mounted on a custom trailer and offloaded at the operational site and then raised and leveled using hydraulic jacks. The remainder of the system was packed into a series of ISO containers that could be carried by anysemi-trailer.The first example entered service in 1985.

In the 1990s, the Marines sent out another contract for upgrades to theirMIM-23 Hawkmissile systems to allow them to attack short-range ballistic missiles. The TPS-59(V)3 modified the existing TPS-59 radar sets to provide much higher altitude coverage, up to 500,000 ft (150,000 m).

All U.S. TPS-59 radars were decommissioned in September 2020.

AN/TPS-77

A further version of the series was introduced as theTPS-117,soon renamedTPS-77.This is a further cut-down of the original design, producing a smaller antenna. Combined with modern electronics, the system is now transportable by a single customprime movervehicle. This system has replaced most radars in the UK's network.

Description

The system is a long range (up to 250 nautical miles or 460 kilometres),L-bandpencil beamsearch radar with solid-state transmitters. The AESA principle uses active transmitters in each individual antenna in the 44-by-32antenna array.The combined power of the entire array is about 25 kW,much lower than the multi-megawatt transmitters found in earlier radar designs. To compensate for the lower power, longer pulses are used. To extract accurate range information, the receivers employpulse compression.The system design includes a redundant architecture with computer software remote controlled and monitored operations to minimize manning requirements. It is typically also equipped with anidentification friend or foesystem using a second antenna on top.

The Air Force and the FAA also operate a limited number of AN/FPS-117 radars within the continental United States. The AN/FPS-117 radar is capable of randomly hopping among 18 channels in the 1215-1400 MHz band.

Originally selected for theAlaskan Air Command's SEEK IGLOO project, the radar was also picked to replace the United States Air Force's AN/FPS-67 radar atBerlin'sTempelhof Airportand was commissioned at Tempelhof in July 1984.

The AN/TPS-77 is a version of the same radar mounted on a transportable platform. This is currently the main radar used by theRoyal Air Force.

The RRP-117 version is a model which is being supplied to Germany with an offset input fromSiemensin fixed-site applications.

In 2011, Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to upgrade the radars to extend their operational lives through 2025.

Operators

Map with AN-TPS-77 operators in blue

• AlbaniaAs of November 2020,Albania Air Force operates aAN/TPS-117Long-range radar system on Mida mountain nearPukë,which was a joined investment of Albania and the US throughLockheed Martinwith $19 million coming from Albania and $3 million from the US. The radar is integrated into theNATO Integrated Air Defense System.
• Australia
• Belgium
• Brazil
• Canada- Used inNorth Warning System
• Croatia
• Denmark
• Egypt- AN/TPS-59 and AN/TPS-59/M34
• Estonia- Used inBaltic Air Surveillance Network
• Germany- UsesGermanvariantRRP-117
• Hungary
• Greece
• Iceland
• Iraq
• Italy
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Latvia- Used inBaltic Air Surveillance Network
• Lithuania- Used inBaltic Air Surveillance Network
• Malaysia
• Pakistan- AN/TPS-77.
• Romania
• Saudi Arabia
• Singapore-Republic of Singapore Air Force
• South Korea- Used onUlleungdo Islandto defendLiancourt Rocksfrom a territorial dispute withJapan,and on theKorean Demilitarized Zone.
• Taiwan- 7 AN/FPS-117 and 4 AN/TPS-117 acquired in 2002.
• Thailand
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• United States- Used inNorth Warning System

Variants

• AN/FPS-117- Standard fixed version produced byLockheed Martin.
• AN/TPS-77- Transportable version produced byLockheed Martin.
• RRP-117-Germanfixed variant produced byLockheed Martin,modified bySiemensto meetLuftwafferequirements.

See also

• Bendix AN/FPS-20
• AN/TPS-59
• Ground Master 200