Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura
Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura عبد الرحمن بن سمرة | |
|---|---|
  653  665 Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura invaded the territory ofZamindawar,in the vicinity ofKandahar. | |
| Died | c.670 Basra |
| Allegiance | Rashidun caliphate Umayyad Caliphate |
| Battles/wars | Umayyad campaign against theKingdom of KapisaandTurk Shahis |
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Samura(Arabic:عبد الرحمن بن سمرة,diedc. 670inBasra)[1]was a general of theRashidun caliphateand the succeedingUmayyad Caliphate,and caliphal governor ofSijistanin the 7th century CE.
Biography[edit]
According toIbn Manzur,Ibn Samura was aQurayshite.His father was Samura ibn Habib ibn Rabi'a ibnAbd Shams ibn Abd ManafibnQusayy ibn Kilab.[2]
Ibn Samura participated in theBattle of Mu'tahin 629. AfterKhalid ibn al-Walidmanaged to organize the safe retreat from the abortive battle, Khalid sent Ibn Samura in advance as a messenger toMedina,capital of the nascent Muslim state, to report the battle result to the Islamic prophetMuhammad.[2]
By 652, he replacedRabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithias the governor ofSistan.[3]
During theMuslim conquest of Sistan,Ibn Samura was sent by governor ofBasra,Abdallah ibn Amirto Sistan, and then initiated theMuslim conquest of Khorasan,where he first secured peace in a place named "land of al-Dawar".[2]
Capture of Zamindawar (653 CE)[edit]
In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, and seizedRukhkhajandZamindawar.In the shrine of Zoon inZamindawar,it is reported that Samura "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade themarzbānof Sīstān "that the idol was worthless.[4][5]Samura explained to the marzbān: "my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good."[6]BostandZabulsubmitted to the Arab invader by treaty in 656 CE.[4]
It is then recorded by Abu Labid that when the army was trying to get their hands on the spoils of war, Ibn Samura stood up and warned them by narrating a hadith he heard from Muhammad that the Prophet forbade the seizing of spoils of war before it is distributed first according to the rule of Sharia. Then those who took the booty returned what they had taken, he then distributed it among them.[7]
Then Ibn Samura sent the spoils of war to Abdullah ibn Amir.[8]Bost(Sīstān) andZabulistansubmitted by atreaty of capitulation,also signed with the marzban ofKermanbefore the death ofCaliph Uthmanin 656.[4]The Muslims soon lost these territories during theFirst Civil War(656-661).[4]
Upon the caliph's death, he returned toBasra,where its governorAbd Allah ibn Amirwas dismissed by the newCaliph Ali.He joinedMu'awiya Iafter theBattle of the Camel,and was sent as one of the envoys toHasan ibn Aliin 661. Abdallah ibn Amir was reappointed as governor in Basra by Mu'awiya, and Samura was sent along withAbd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulamito restore Arab rule in easternKhurasanand Sīstān. He introduced the office ofṣāḥib al-shurṭa(chief of police) to Sīstān and built a mosque in Zaranj.
Capture of Kabul (665 CE)[edit]
The territories he had conquered had to be reclaimed by force or by treaty. He launched an expedition toArachosiaand Zabulistan, recovering Bust and other cities.Kabulwas occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months. Kabul soon revolted but was reoccupied after a month-long siege. He managed to convert 12,000 inhabitants of Kabul to Islam before leaving the city according toFirishta.Mu'awiya personally confirmed him as governor dependent on the caliph.[citation needed]Abd al-Rahman's capture and plunder ofKabulput an end to the rule of theNezak HunkingGhar-ilchi.The Nezak ruler was succeeded by the powerful Turk dynasty of theTurk Shahis:Barha Tegin,the first Turk Shahi ruler took the throne in 665-666 CE and soon recaptured the territory as far asKandaharandBost.[9]
After Mu'awiya deposed Samura from Sīstān in 665, he retired to Basra where the slaves he had brought from Kabul built a mosque in his house in the building style of Kabul. He died in Basra in 670.[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani.Tahdhib al-Tahdhib:Part 6. p. 190.
- ^abcHawramani, Ikram (1311)."عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب بن ربيعة"[Abdul Rahman bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiah].Hawramani.com.Ikram Hawramani.Retrieved5 December2021.
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 1311 CE) - Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq; Brief history of Damascus
- ^Marshak & Negmatov 1996,p. 450.
- ^abcdDaryaee, Touraj; Daryāyī, Tūraǧ (16 February 2012).The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History.Oxford University Press, USA. p. 216.ISBN978-0-19-973215-9.
- ^André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
- ^"Amir Kror and His Ancestry".Abdul Hai Habibi.alamahabibi.com.RetrievedAugust 14,2012.
- ^al-Khattabi, Abd al-Karim."Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land".Retrieved5 December2021.
Al- Khattabi said: Al- Nahbi is a noun based on an act of plundering, such as desiring out of desire. What is meant by looting is taking the money of the spoils without division
Abu Dawud, Sulaymān;Al-Albani, Nasiruddin."Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land".sunnahweb.Retrieved5 December2021.حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، - يَعْنِي ابْنَ حَازِمٍ - عَنْ يَعْلَى بْنِ حَكِيمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي لُبَيْدٍ، قَالَ كُنَّا مَعَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سَمُرَةَ بِكَابُلَ فَأَصَابَ النَّاسُ غَنِيمَةً فَانْتَهَبُوهَا فَقَامَ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَنْهَى عَنِ النُّهْبَى. فَرَدُّوا مَا أَخَذُوا فَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ. graded authentic by al-Albani
- ^Cite error: The named reference
Abdul Rahma bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiahwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page). - ^Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200.ISBN978-1-83860-868-2.
Sources[edit]
- Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). "Sogdiana". In Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; R. Shabani, Samghabadi (eds.).History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750.Paris: UNESCO Publishing.ISBN92-3-103211-9.