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Adıyaman Province

Coordinates:37°48′02″N38°18′19″E/ 37.80056°N 38.30528°E/37.80056; 38.30528
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Adıyaman Province
Adıyaman ili
Province
Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut
Location of the province within Turkey
Location of the province within Turkey
CountryTurkey
SeatAdıyaman
Government
•GovernorOsman Varol
Area
7,337 km2(2,833 sq mi)
Population
(2022)[1]
635,169
• Density87/km2(220/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3(TRT)
Area code0416
Websitewww.adiyaman.gov.tr

Adıyaman Province(Turkish:Adıyaman ili,Kurdish:Parêzgeha Semsûr[2]) is aprovincein theSoutheastern Anatolia RegionofTurkey.The capital isAdıyaman.Its area is 7,337 km2,[3]and its population is 635,169 (2022).[1]The province is considered part ofTurkish Kurdistanand has aKurdishmajority.[4]

Adıyaman Province was part of the province ofMalatyauntil 1954, when it was made into a province as a reward for voting for the winningDemocratic Partyin the1954 general election.[5]

History

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Early Armenian rule

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Armenianexistence in Adıyaman dates back to the 4th century, where they were known as 'fire worshippers'. Armenians lived in the area whenMuslim Arabscaptured the area in 639. TheArabsconsidered the city as part ofArmeniaand experienced immigration fromByzantine Armeniadue toByzantineoppression in 713. The city came underSeljuk ruleafter theBattle of Manzikertin 1071 and the localArmeniansestablishedprincipalitiesin the area. One of these principalities was founded byPhilaretos Brachamioswho tried to protect the land between theSeljukand theByzantine.After his death, the region came under control of various chieftains such asKogh VasilandConstantine of Gargar.[6]The region around Gargar and theMor Bar Sauma Monasterybecame a particular base of power for local chiefs of Syrian and Armenian origin.[7]

The Armenians had good relations with the EuropeanCrusader states,but the CrusaderCounty of Edessawould advance against the Armenians in Adıyaman. Political leaders in Adıyaman were also victims of assassinations by Edessa. The wife ofKogh Vasilfounded an army to protect the area from Edessa as well, but Edessa ultimately captured the area. Close relations between the Armenians and theCrusader states,however, continued untilNur ad-Dincaptured the areain 1150. The area came under the rule ofTimurtashof theArtuqidsfor his support for Nur ad-Din and later theSeljuksfrom the beginning of the 13th century. The locals failed at removing the rulership ofKilij Arslan IIduring the late 12th century. In the subsequent period, the area was fought over between theMamluk Sultanateand theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia,changing hands between the two until it finally came under permanentMamlukcontrol.[8]

Ottoman rule

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OttomanSultanSelim Icaptured the area during theOttoman–Mamluk Warin 1516-1517. In the firstdefterof the area in 1519, it was mentioned that theKurdishReşwantribe populated the area. Documents from 1524 and 1536 also contain records of the Reşwan tribe living in the area. The tribe was engaged in agriculture after having had a nomadic lifestyle.[9]

Evliya Çelebivisited the city in the 17th century and described the agricultural life.[10]

At the beginning of the 19th century, most Armenians lived near the castle of Adıyaman city and mostly made their living through shop keeping and trading. In the villages, they were involved inagricultureandanimal husbandry.The local Armenians welcomed American missionaries approaching them during the 19th century at first, but prevented them from converted them later on. Some of theGregorian Armeniansdid however convert to Protestantism and the missionaries ultimately divided the local Armenian community.Ainsworthvisited the town of Adıyaman in the 1842 and mentioned that the town contained 800 Muslim households and 300 Armenian households and that it had severalmosquesbut nochurches.After his visit to the town, he visited the Kurdish village of Kerkunah in the outskirts and afterwardsKâhta,where he mentioned that a Kurdish rebellion was taking place.[11]Most of the rural areas spokeKurdishin 1882, whileTurkishwas prevalent in Adıyaman town.[12]

Armenian nationalismincreased among the Armenians by the end of the century and most of the Armenian population fell victim to theArmenian genocidein 1915. There are, however, still some Armenians aroundKâhta.[8]

The area was part ofMamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayetas Behisni, Hasanmansur and Kahta districts. These three districts had a total population of 99,439 in 1914 of which93.4% was Muslim and6.6% Christian.[13]

Republican era

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The names of 224 villages in Adiyaman Province wasTurkifiedas part of the campaign to remove any mention of Kurdishness in the country.[14]In 1932, the whole region was chiefly populated by Kurds.[15]The province had a population of 208,755 in 1955 of which99.8% adhered toIslamand0.2% toChristianity.[16]In 1960, the province had a population of 233,717 of which99.7% was Muslim and0.3% Christian.[17]In 1965, the population increased to 267,277 of which99.8% was Muslim and0.2% Christian.[18]The Turkish authorities put the province underState of emergency(OHAL) in the early 1990s as part of theKurdish–Turkish conflict.[19]

In 2023,7.8 and 7.5 magnitude earthquakes in Kahramanmaraşalso affected Adıyaman.

Geography

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The province consists of the districtsAdıyaman(center district),Besni,Çelikhan,Gerger,Gölbaşı,Kâhta,Samsat,SincikandTut.

Demographics

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Population
YearPop.±% p.a.
191499,439—
192377,819−2.69%
1935126,460+4.13%
1950181,670+2.44%
1960233,717+2.55%
1970303,511+2.65%
1980367,595+1.93%
1990513,131+3.39%
2000623,811+1.97%
2010590,935−0.54%
2020632,459+0.68%
2022635,169+0.21%
Source: Population censuses (1914-2000)[13][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]and TÜIK (2010-2022)[28]

Out of the 339 villages in the province, 296 are populated by Kurds while the remaining 43 are populated by Turks. In terms of religious affiliation, 293 of the villages have an Hanafi population, 80 villages with an Alevi population and two villages are reported to having aShafi'ipopulation.[29]

The majority of the population isHanafiKurdish,[30][31]with a significantKurdish Alevipopulation.[32]One estimate from 2014 places the Alevi population at 11%.[33]The province is generally morepiousthan other Kurdish areas in Turkey[34]and has been a hotspot for radicalization andIslamismin recent years (seeDokumacılar).[35]Historian Şahidin Şimşek argued that Hanafi adherents in the province had been manipulated by the state to believe thatKurdish nationalismequated to Alevism. Another theory points at the poverty in the province.[36]

The Kurdish tribes in the province include the Alikan, Atman, Balyan, Belikan tribe, Bêzikan, Birîmşa, Bîstikan, Canbegan, Celikan, Dêrsimî, Dirêjan, Gewozî, Hevêdan, Heyderan, Hûriyan, Izol, Kawan, Kerdizan, Kîkan, Kirvar, Mirdesan, Molikan, Mukriyan, Pîrvan, Reşwan, Şavak,[37]Sinemilli, Sînanka,Şêxbizinand the Teşikan tribe.[38][39]

The Alevis of the western districts ofBesni,GölbaşıandTutare Turkmen and Kurdish.[40]

References

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  1. ^ab"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"(XLS).TÜİK.Retrieved19 September2023.
  2. ^"Parêzgeha Semsûrê çûn û hatina bajêr qedexe kir".Peyama Kurd(in Kurdish). 2 April 2020.Retrieved27 April2020.
  3. ^"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri".General Directorate of Mapping.Retrieved19 September2023.
  4. ^"Kurds, Kurdistān".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2 ed.).BRILL.2002.ISBN9789004161214.
  5. ^"Adıyaman Tarihi"(in Turkish).Retrieved8 December2020.
  6. ^Beihammer 2017,p. 42.
  7. ^MacEvitt 2010,p. 293.
  8. ^abDalyan, Murat Gökhan."A Glance at the History of Armenians in Adıyaman".Marmara University.Retrieved19 April2021.
  9. ^Dede, Suat (December 2011)."From nomadism to sedentary life in Central Anatolia: The case of the Risvan tribe (1830 - 1932)"(PDF).Bilkent University School of Economics and Social Sciences:20–21 & 68.Retrieved29 March2015.
  10. ^Arslan, Ramazan (2010)."XIX. Yüzyılda Adıyaman'da Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapı"(PDF).Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(in Turkish) (26).Kütahya Dumlupınar University:5.
  11. ^Ainsworth, W. F. (1842).Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia.Vol. I. pp. 267–271.
  12. ^Arslan, Ramazan (2010)."XIX. Yüzyılda Adıyaman'da Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapı"(PDF).Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(in Turkish) (26).Kütahya Dumlupınar University:4.
  13. ^abKarpat, Kemal (1982).Ottoman population 1830-1914.The University of Wisconsin Press.p. 146.ISBN9780299091606.
  14. ^Tuncel, Harun (2000)."Türkiye'de İsmi Değiştirilen Köyler English: Renamed Villages in Turkey"(PDF).Fırat University Journal of Social Science(in Turkish).10(2): 28. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 November 2013.Retrieved13 January2013.
  15. ^Oriental Institute Communications: Tell Asmar and Khafaje: The First Season's Work in Eshnunna 1930/31.Vol. 13–19.Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.1932. p. 129.
  16. ^Dündar, Fuat (2000),Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar(in Turkish), p. 202,ISBN9789758086771
  17. ^Dündar, Fuat (2000),Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar(in Turkish), p. 211,ISBN9789758086771
  18. ^Dündar, Fuat (2000),Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar(in Turkish), p. 222,ISBN9789758086771
  19. ^Yavuz, Hakan (2001)."Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey".Nationalism and Ethnic Politics.7(3): 1–24.doi:10.1080/13537110108428635.S2CID144320678.
  20. ^Kopar, Metin (2017),"Adıyaman in The State Annuals Of Turkish Republic (1925-1930)",Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(in Turkish): 185,retrieved22 April2021
  21. ^"1935 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1935.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 August 2022.
  22. ^"1950 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1950.Archived(PDF)from the original on 20 January 2022.
  23. ^"1960 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1960.Archived(PDF)from the original on 5 July 2022.
  24. ^"1970 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1970.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 August 2022.
  25. ^"1980 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1980.Archived(PDF)from the original on 17 June 2022.
  26. ^"1990 General Census"(PDF)(in Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.1991.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 August 2021.
  27. ^"2000 Census of Population"(PDF)(in English and Turkish).Turkish Statistical Institute.2003.Retrieved29 June2023.
  28. ^"Population Of SRE-1, SRE-2, Provinces and Districts".TÜIK.Retrieved29 June2023.
  29. ^Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989).Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey.p. 179.
  30. ^"Kurds, Kurdistān".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2 ed.).BRILL.2002.ISBN9789004161214.
  31. ^Turkish state (2014),pp. 13–35.
  32. ^Yalçın, Kemal (2004).Sari gyalin.Birzamanlar Yayincilik. p. 157.ISBN9789756158050.
  33. ^Rençber, Fevzi (2014)."Adıyaman Alevilerinin Coğrafi Dağılımları ve Demografik Yapısı".Mezhep Araştırmaları(in Turkish): 15.
  34. ^Pamuk, Humeyra (15 October 2015)."Small Turkish town haunted by lost sons, hand of Islamic State".
  35. ^Yavuz, M. Hakan; Ali Özcan, Nihat (2015)."Turkish Democracy and the Kurdish Question".Middle East Policy.22(4): 73–87.doi:10.1111/mepo.12159.
  36. ^Bozarslan, Murat (23 July 2015)."The Islamic State's secret recruiting ground in Turkey".Al-Monitor.Retrieved8 January2020.
  37. ^"Kültürel Kimliklerin Çeşitliliği Bağlamında Özgün Bir Örnek: Şavak Aşireti".Dil Ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Antropoloji Dergisi.(in Turkish).26.Ankara University:129–156. 2013.Retrieved11 May2020.
  38. ^Oncu, Mehmet (2019).Ferhenga devoka herêma Semsûrê.Sîtav. pp. 20–326.ISBN9786057920607.
  39. ^Aşiretler raporu(in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. 1998. pp. 21–34.
  40. ^"Adıyaman Alevilerine kısa bir bakış".Alevi Net(in Turkish). 16 March 2017.

Further reading

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37°48′02″N38°18′19″E/ 37.80056°N 38.30528°E/37.80056; 38.30528

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