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Aditya-L1

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Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 in preflight
Mission typeSolar observation
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID2023-132AEdit this at Wikidata
SATCATno.57754Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html
Mission duration5.2 years (planned)[1]
10 months and 3 days (elapsed)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftPSLV-XL/C-57
Spacecraft typePSLV
BusI-1K[2]
ManufacturerISRO/IUCAA/IIA
Payload mass1,500 kg (3,300 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2 September 2023(2023-09-02),11:50 IST (06:20 UTC)[3][4]
RocketPSLV-XLC57
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSun–Earth L1orbit
RegimeHalo orbit
Period177.86 days[5]
Epoch6 January 2024[6]

Mission Insignia

Aditya-L1(Sanskrit:ĀdityaIPA:[aːd̪it̪jɐ]'Sun', L1 'Lagrange Point 1')[a]is acoronagraphyspacecraft for studying thesolar atmosphere,designed and developed by theIndian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) and various other Indian Space Research Institutes.[1]It is orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in ahalo orbitaround theLagrange point 1(L1) between theEarthand theSun,where it will study the solar atmosphere,solar magnetic storms,and their impact on the environment around the Earth.[7]

It is the firstIndian missiondedicated to observe the Sun.Nigar Shajiis the project's director.[8][9][10][11]Aditya-L1 was launched aboard thePSLVC57 at 11:50ISTon 2 September 2023,[12][3][4]It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from itsfourth stageat 12:57 IST.[13]It was inserted at the L1 point on 6 January 2024, at 4:17 pm IST.[14]

Mission objectives[edit]

The main objectives of Aditya-L1 are:

History[edit]

Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration
Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration

The mission was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).[16][17]It was initially envisaged as a small, 400 kg (880 lb) satellite in aLow Earth Orbit(800 km) with acoronagraphto study thesolar corona.An experimental budget of₹3crorewas allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.[18][19][20]The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it became a comprehensive solar and space environmentobservatoryto be placed atLagrange point 1(L1),[21]hence the mission was renamed asAditya-L1.As of July 2019,the mission has an allocated cost of₹378crores,excluding launch costs.[4]

TheEuropean Space Operations Centre(ESOC), operated by theEuropean Space Agency(ESA) is supporting the mission.[22]

On 11 January 2024, ISRO successfully deployed a 6-metermagnetometerboom aboard the Aditya-L1 in theHalo orbitat the Lagrange Point L1. After the liftoff, the boom had been stowed for 132 days. The in-orbit deployment period that was measured was roughly 9 seconds, which is well within the 8–12 second prediction range. The magnetometer boom will measure the low-intensity interplanetary magnetic field in space using two high-accuracyfluxgate magnetometersensors that are carried aboard. In order to reduce the impact of the spacecraft'smagnetic fieldon measurements, the sensors are placed 3 and 6 meters away from the craft. Using a dual sensor system also helps to cancel out the spacecraft's magnetic influence and facilitates accurate estimation. Thecarbon-fiber-reinforced polymers(CFRP) was used in the construction of the boom segments. Through the use of spring-drivenhingemechanisms, the five pieces are joined to enable folding in close proximity to the craft throughout the journey and opening up upon reaching the desired orbit. The hinges lock into place as the mechanism fans out. In the stowed position, two hold-downs firmly secure the boom in place. Information obtained via thetelemetryswitches validates the release of the hold-down, the initial motion, and the locking of every hinge.[23][24]

Overview[edit]

Lagrange pointsin the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.

The mission took 126 Earth days after launch to reach thehalo orbitaround the L1 point, which is about 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) from Earth.[25]The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at astationkeepingΔv of 0.2–4 m/s per year.[26]The 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) satellite carries seven science payloads with various objectives, including instruments to measurecoronal heating,solar windacceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring ofnear-UVsolar radiation(which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona,[27]andin-situcharacterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, andsolar magnetic storms.[1]

Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the Sun'sphotosphere,chromosphereandcorona.Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from theEarth's magnetic field,and hence, could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit, as proposed in the original mission concept back in 2008.[28]

One of the major unsolved problems in the field ofsolar physicsis coronal heating. The upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of 2,000,000 K (2,000,000 °C; 3,600,000 °F), whereas the lower atmosphere is just 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F).[29]In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics andheliophysics.

Payloads[edit]

TheAditya spacecraftbefore integration with thePSLVrocket

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at the L1 point. There are seven payloads on board, with four forremote sensingof the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.[30]

Type Sl.No Payload Capability Laboratories
Remote Sensing Payloads 1 Visible Emission LineCoronagraph(VELC) CoronaImaging andspectroscopy Indian Institute of Astrophysics,Bangalore
2 Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) Photosphereandchromosphereimaging-narrow and broadband Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics,Pune
3 Solar Low Energy X-raySpectrometer(SoLEXS) Soft X-rayspectrometer:Sun-as-a-star observation U R Rao Satellite Centre,Bangalore
4 High Energy L1 Orbiting X-raySpectrometer(HEL1OS) Hard X-rayspectrometer:Sun-as-a-star observation
In-situ Payloads 5 Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) Solar windand Particle analyzer:Protonsand Heavier ions with directions Physical Research Laboratory,Ahmedabad
6 PlasmaAnalyser Package For Aditya (PAPA) Solar windand Particle Analyzer:Electronsand Heavier Ions with directions Space Physics Laboratory,Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre,Thiruvananthapuram
7 Advanced Tri-axialHigh ResolutionDigitalMagnetometers In-situmagnetic field (Bx, By and Bz). Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems,Bangalore

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)[edit]

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a key instrument on theAditya spacecraft.The VELC is an internallyoccultedreflective coronagraph designed to fulfil specific observation needs. The instrument allows for high spatial resolution imaging 1.25-2.5arcsecondsof the Sun's corona, simultaneous observations in three modes (Imaging, Spectroscopy andSpectro-polarimetry), and even utilizes artificial intelligence to aid in the detection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The instrument was developed byIndian Institute of Astrophysics,Bangalore.[31]

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)[edit]

The SUIT is an ultraviolet imaging telescope designed to study the solar spectral radiation in theultravioletrange, using narrowband and broadband spectral filters in the range of 200-400 nm with the hope of developing a better understanding between solar activity and the atmospheric dynamics of Earth. The SUIT provides near-simultaneous coverage of the solar atmosphere, from lower photosphere to the upper chromosphere. The instrument was developed byInter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics,Pune,in collaboration with ISRO.[31]

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)[edit]

The SoLEXS is an X-ray spectrometer designed to continuously measure the solarsoft X-rayflux (1 keV-22 keV) from the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L1. These measurements can be used to better understand the properties of the Sun's corona, in particular, why the temperature of the corona is so high. The SoLEXS will observe solar flares, and in conjunction with data provided by the VELC, will help study the complex thermal properties of the Sun's outer layers. The instrument was developed byU R Rao Satellite Centre,Bangalore.[31]

High Energy L-1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)[edit]

Developed by the Space Astronomy Group, URSC, the HEL1OS (pronouncedhelios)is an x-ray spectrometer designed to study solar flares in the x-ray spectrum, in particular, energy bands of 10-150 Kev (kilo-electron volts). Using a twin-pair ofCadmium Telluride(CdTe) andCadmium Zinc Telluride(CZT) detectors, the instrument aims to study the acceleration and movement of electrons in the Sun's corona, as well as to study thecut-offenergy between thermal and non-thermal solar emissions.[31]

Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)[edit]

The ASPEX is an instrument composed of low andhigh energy particlespectrometers, designed to conduct measurements of the Sun's solar wind particles. Solar Wind Ion Spectrometer (SWIS), the low energy spectrometer, contains two analysers, each designed to study particles entering the device in different planes. Supra Thermal Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS), the high energy spectrometer, also consists of two parts, STEPS 1 and STEPS 2, both designed to separate protons andalpha particlesand measure the integratedflux.The instrument was developed by thePhysical Research Laboratory,Ahmedabad.[31]

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)[edit]

The PAPA is an instrument on board the Aditya-L1 designed to study the temperature, distribution and velocity of the solar winds. The instrument contains two sensors; the Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and the Solar Wind lon Composition Analyser (SWICAR). The detectors are used in conjunction to analyse the energy levels of electrons and ions within the solar wind. The instrument was developed by the Space Physics Laboratory of theVikram Sarabhai Space Centre,Thiruvananthapuram.[31]

Digital Magnetometers[edit]

On board the Aditya-L1 spacecraft are a pair of magnetic sensors on a deployable boom, one positioned in the middle and the other at the tip. The purpose of these sensors is to gather information about the magnitude and direction of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF), as well as to study other events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CME). Data from the magnetic sensors will be used to supplement that of the PAPA and ASPEX sensors.[31]

Mission profile[edit]

Flight Sequence of PSLV-C57

Launch[edit]

PSLV-C57 on launch pad housing Aditya-L1

On 2 September 2023, at 11:50IST,thePolar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV-C57) accomplished a successful launch of theAditya-L1from theSecond Launch Padof theSatish Dhawan Space Centre(SDSC) located inSriharikota.

Aditya-L1,following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successfulinjectioninto anelliptical orbitaround the Earth at 12:54IST.[32]

Aditya-L1underwent a series of four Earth-boundorbital maneuvresprior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards theLagrange point(L1). It reached its designated orbit at the L1 point 126 days after its launch on 6 January 2024 at 4:17 IST.[33][34]

Orbit raising burns[edit]

Trajectory of PSLV-C57/Aditya L1 Mission
First orbit raising burn

On 3 September 2023, theAditya-L1performed its first Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 245 km (152 mi) into 22,459 km (13,955 mi) orbit.[35]

Second orbit raising burn

On 5 September 2023,Aditya-L1performed its second Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 282 km (175 mi) into 40,225 km (24,995 mi) orbit.

Third orbit raising burn

On 10 September 2023,Aditya-L1performed its third Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 296 km (184 mi) into 71,767 km (44,594 mi) orbit.

Fourth orbit raising burn

On 15 September 2023,Aditya-L1performed its fourth Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its original orbit to a 256 km (159 mi) into 121,973 km (75,791 mi) orbit. This was the last of such maneuvers, being directly followed by the Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection, which took place on 19 September.

Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection

On 19 September 2023,Aditya-L1performed its last maneuvre around Earth to escape its orbit and headed towards the Lagrange 1 point, taking at least four months to further reach its destination, 1.5 million kilometers away.[36]

On 30 September 2023,Aditya-L1had escaped the Earth's sphere of influence and was on the way to the Lagrange point 1.[36]

Trajectory correction maneuver

On 6 October 2023,Aditya-L1performed a Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM1). It was needed to correct the trajectory evaluated after tracking the Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre performed on 19 September 2023.[37]

Halo orbit insertion

On 6 January 2024,Aditya-L1was successfully injected on theHalo orbitof Lagrange point 1 (HOI), at 4:17 pm IST.[38]

Mission stages and maneuvres
Stage and Sequence Date/Time Time (IST) Periapsis Apoapsis Orbital Period Burn TIme Ref.
Launch
Earth Orbit Insertion 2 September 2023 12:54 p.m 235 km (146 mi) 19,500 km (12,100 mi) 22 hours, 46 minutes [39]
Earth Bound maneuvres
Earth Bound maneuvre 1 3 September 2023 11:40 a.m. 245 km (152 mi) 22,459 km (13,955 mi) 39 hours, 20 minutes [40]
Earth Bound maneuvre 2 5 September 2023 3:00 a.m 282 km (175 mi) 40,225 km (24,995 mi) 4 days, 23 hours and 30 minutes [41]
Earth Bound maneuvre 3 10 September 2023 2:30 am 296 km (184 mi) 71,767 km (44,594 mi) 4 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes [42]
Earth Bound maneuvre 4 15 September 2023 2:15 am 256 km (159 mi) 121,973 km (75,791 mi) 3 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes [43]
Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Injection 19 September 2023 2:00 am [44]
Trajectory correction maneuvres
Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM) 6 October 2023 16s [45]
Halo orbit injection
Halo orbit insertion (HOI) 6 January 2024 4:17 pm approx. 177.86 earth days [46]
Animation of Aditya-L1
Around the Earth
Around the L1 point - Frame rotating with Earth
Aditya-L1·Earth·L1 point

Orbit[edit]

Aditya-L1 completed its first Halo-orbit around L1 point on July 2 2024. It take it approximately 178 days to complete each orbit.It underwent two station-keeping maneuvers on February 22 and June 7, and later one on July 2.[47]

Gallery[edit]

Images of sun taken from SUIT( Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) instrument of Aditya-L1 in different wavelengths.

Team[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^fromSanskritĀditya,a synonym for the Hindusolar deity,Surya.
  1. ^abcdSomasundaram, Seetha; Megala, S. (25 August 2017)."Aditya-L1 mission"(PDF).Current Science.113(4): 610.Bibcode:2017CSci..113..610S.doi:10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 August 2017.Retrieved25 October2023.
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  12. ^ISRO [@isro](1 September 2023)."PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website https://isro.gov.in Facebook https://facebook.com/ISRO YouTube https://youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
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  40. ^ISRO [@isro] (3 September 2023)."The satellite is healthy and operating nominally. The first Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#1) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The new orbit attained is 245km x 22459 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#2) is scheduled for September 5, 2023, around 03:00 Hrs. IST"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  41. ^ISRO [@isro](4 September 2023)."Aditya-L1 Mission: The second Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#2) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru. ISTRAC/ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation. The new orbit attained is 282 km x 40225 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#3) is scheduled for September 10, 2023, around 02:30 Hrs. IST"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  42. ^ISRO [@isro](9 September 2023)."Aditya-L1 Mission:The third Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#3) is performed successfully from ISTRAC, Bengaluru.ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru, SDSC-SHAR and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation.The new orbit attained is 296 km x 71767 km. The next maneuvre (EBN#4) is scheduled for September 15, 2023, around 02:00 Hrs. IST"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  43. ^ISRO [@isro](14 September 2023)."Aditya-L1 Mission: The fourth Earth-bound maneuvre (EBN#4) is performed successfully. ISRO's ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru, SDSC-SHAR and Port Blair tracked the satellite during this operation, while a transportable terminal currently stationed in the Fiji islands for Aditya-L1 will support post-burn operations. The new orbit attained is 256 km x 121973 km. The next maneuvre Trans-Lagragean Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) a send-off from the Earth is scheduled for September 19, 2023, around 02:00 Hrs.IST"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  44. ^ISRO [@isro](18 September 2023)."Aditya-L1 Mission: Off to Sun-Earth L1 point! The Trans-Lagrangean Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre is performed successfully. The spacecraft is now on a trajectory that will take it to the Sun-Earth L1 point. It will be injected into an orbit around L1 through a maneuver after about 110 days. This is the fifth consecutive time ISRO has successfully transferred an object on a trajectory toward another celestial body or location in space"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
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External links[edit]

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