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Afro-Bahamians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Afro-BahamiansThe Bahamas
Total population
c.400,000
Regions with significant populations
Bahamascirca 344,844 (2017)
United States of Americacirca 55,000 (2015)
Languages
Bahamian dialect,English
Religion
Christianity,Santeria,Rastafari,Afro-American religions
Related ethnic groups
Afro-Caribbean

Afro-Bahamiansare an ethnicity originating inThe Bahamasof predominantly or partial nativeAfricandescent. They are descendants of various African ethnic groups, many associated with theBight of Biafra,kingdoms, theOyo Empire,and theKingdom of Kongo.According to the 2010 census, 92.7% of The Bahamas' population identifies as mixedAfricandescent.[1]

Origins

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MostAfricansbrought to The Bahamas wereWest African.Slaves came fromWest Central Africa(3,967 Africans), theBight of Biafra(1,751 Africans),Sierra Leone(1,187 Africans), theBight of Benin(1,044 Africans), theWindward Coast(1,030 Africans),Senegambia(806 Africans) and from theGold Coast(484 Africans).[2]

Afro Bahamians originally came by way of Bermuda with theEleutheran Adventurersin the 17th century, many also came directly from Africa, during the 18th and 19th centuries, the loyalists migrated to the Bahamas bringing thousands ofAfricanswith them from Georgia and South Carolina, since the 19th century many Afro-Haitians were settling in the southern Bahamas.[citation needed]

According to genetics, results indicate genetic signals emanating primarily from African and European sources, with the predominantly sub-Saharan African and Western European haplogroups E1b1a-M2 and R1b1b1-M269, respectively, accounting for greater than 75% of all Bahamian patrilineages. There are notable discrepancies among the six Bahamian populations in their distribution of these lineages, with E1b1a-M2 predominating Y-chromosomes in the collections from Abaco, Exuma, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence, whereas R1b1b1-M269 is found at elevated levels in the Long Island population. Substantial Y-STR haplotype variation within sub-haplogroups E1b1a7a-U174 and E1b1ba8-U175 (greater than any continental African collection) is also noted, possibly indicating genetic influences from a variety of West and Central African groups. Furthermore, differential European genetic contributions in each island (with the exception of Exuma) reflect settlement patterns of the British Loyalists subsequent to the American Revolution.[3]

History

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The earliest African inhabitants of the Bahamas came during the 1640s from Bermuda and England with theEleutheran Adventurers,many were also brought from other parts of the West Indies.[citation needed]

In the 1780s after the American Revolutionary war, many British loyalists resettled in the Bahamas. This migration brought some 7000 people, the vast majority beingAfricanslaves from theGullahpeople inGeorgiaand theCarolinas.SomeAfricansearned their freedoms and immigrated to the Bahamas by fighting for the British during theAmerican Revolutionary Waras members of theEthiopian Regiment.This migration made theBahamianpopulation majority ofAfricandescent for the first time, with a proportion of 2 to 1 over the European inhabitants.[4]

There was also an additional 9,560 people brought directly from Africa to the Bahamas from 1788 - 1807. 1807 was when the British abolished the slave trade.[5]

In 1807, the British abolished theslave trade.Throughout the 19th century, close to 7000 Africans were resettled in theBahamasafter being freed from slave ships by theRoyal Navy,which intercepted the trade, in the Bahamian islands. Slavery wasabolished in the British Empireon 1 August 1834.[citation needed]

During the War of 1812, the British Cutter Privateer Caledonia was chiefly manned by Black Bahamians about 70 in number. No less than 8 Privateers left Nassau prior to September 1812, returning with 17 prizes in total, the Caledonia returned with 6 of the 17 prizes. The Naval War of 1812 Volume 1 Chapter 5 pg. 597 mentions that the Caledonia was "a British Privateer mounting but 8 guns and manned chiefly with Blacks, about 70 in number, cruising between Savannah and Charleston and has already done a great deal of mischief." The Caledonia operated out of Nassau in The Bahamas.[6]

In the 1820s, hundreds of African American slaves andSeminolesescaped fromCape Floridato the Bahamas, settling mostly on northwestAndros Island,where they developed the village ofRed Bays.In 1823, 300 slaves escaped in a mass flight aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign atBill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[7][8]Some of their descendants continue Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[9]

In 1818,[10]the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to The Bahamas from outside theBritish West Indieswould be manumitted."This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by U.S. nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[11]The American slave shipsCometandEncomium,used in its domesticcoastwise slave trade,had wrecked offAbaco Islandin December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers, and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on theCometand 48 on theEncomium.Britain paid an indemnity to the US in those two cases.[12]

British colonial officials also freed 78 American slaves from theEnterprise,which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from theHermosa,which wrecked off Abaco island in 1840, after abolition was effective in August 1834.[13]The most notable case was that of theCreolein 1841, theCreole casewas the result of aslave revoltwhose leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale inNew Orleans.The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. TheCreolecase has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in US history".[14]

These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to American nationals were freed by 1842, increased tension between theUnited StatesandGreat Britain,although they had been cooperating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. Worried about the stability of its domestic slave trade and its value, the US argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The US worried that the success of the Creole's slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.[citation needed]

Bahamian culture

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Main articles:Culture of the BahamasandMusic of the Bahamas
Junkanoo costumes

Junkanoois a traditional Bahamian street parade of music, dance, and art held inNassaueveryBoxing DayandNew Year's Day.Junkanoo is also used to celebrate Emancipation Day.

Sloop Sailing Regatta - Is sailing using traditional Bahamian fishing boats for competition. It is presently being considered for National Sport of The Bahamas.

A Junkanoo celebration

Folklore

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Obeah- Obeah is rarely practiced in the Bahamas, mainly within outer more rural islands and settlements.[15]The practice of Obeah is, however, illegal and punishable by law.[16]

Obeah is a common topic of conversation and pop-culture in the Bahamas:

  • Various local songwriters reference Obeah in their music.
  • If a person meets some kind of misfortune it is often jokingly blamed on "sperrits" or the devil.
  • When a man is deeply in love with a woman, local Bahamians tease him saying his lover gave him "Coo-Coo Soup," a love-potion like soup.

Sperrits- A Bahamian take on spirits. Much akin to the spirits of Obeah and Voodoo. They are said to reside in graveyards at night and wander the bushes of the islands. They can be good or evil in nature and are blamed for both inconveniences and strokes of luck. Obeah-men are said to be able to both call upon and control sperrits.

Shigidi- is a spirit from among the Yoruba Orisha that controls nightmares and is the patron Orisha of Assassins. A book written by Alfred Burdon Ellis published in 1894 called The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs. He mentions that the Superstition of Shigidi still lingers among the negroes of The Bahamas of Yoruba descent, who talks of being hagged (cursed) and believe that nightmare is caused by a demon that crouches upon the breast of the sleeper.[17]

Hags- are witch-like vampires that generally prey on good looking babies or women. They shed their skins when noticed and appear as floating candle-flames. They reside among the everyday inhabitants as humans.[18]

Major accomplishments

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Bert Williamsthe first successful Bahamian actor on Broadway and comedian in The United States. Opening the doors for future generations of black entertainers to find success in the American entertainment industry.[19]

Sidney Poitierbecame the first black man and Afro-Bahamian person to win an Academy Award for lead actor in The US.[20]

Shaunae Miller-Uibobecame the first Bahamian to hold two world records in Athletics, 200m straight and the 300m indoor record.[21]

Pauline Davis-Thompsonbecame the first Bahamian to win an individual Olympic gold medal at the 2000 Olympics following the disqualification ofMarion Jones[22]

Allan Glaisyer Minnsbecame the first mayor in Great Britain, being elected mayor ofThetford, Norfolkin 1904.

Tonique Williams-Darlingbecame the first Bahamian to win an Olympic 400m gold in 2004, she also became the first Bahamian woman to win a World Championship Gold in the 400m in 2005.

Troy Kempbecame the first Bahamian to win Gold at the World Championships in 1995. He won the High Jump.[23][circular reference]

Mychal Thompsonbecame the first foreign born player to be selected number 1 overall in the NBA draft in 1978.

Notable Bahamians

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Main article:List of Bahamians

References and footnotes

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  1. ^"CIA - The World Factbook -- Bahamas, The".CIA.Retrieved2010-04-02.
  2. ^"Photo by tght fthyt".Photobucket.
  3. ^Simms, T. M.; Martinez, E.; Herrera, K. J.; Wright, M. R.; Perez, O. A.; Hernandez, M.; Ramirez, E. C.; McCartney, Q.; Herrera, R. J. (2011)."Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.146(4): 594–608.doi:10.1002/ajpa.21616.PMID21989964.
  4. ^"Smithsonian folkways"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-09-20.Retrieved2017-07-07.
  5. ^Caribbean and Southern: Transnational Perspectives on the U.S. South edited by Helen A. Regis pg 40
  6. ^Canadiana volume 1 pg. 131
  7. ^"Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park",Network to Freedom,National Park Service, 2010, accessed 10 April 2013
  8. ^Charles Blacker Vignoles,Observations on the Floridas,New York: E. Bliss & E. White, 1823, pp. 135–136
  9. ^Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas,"Journal of Black Studies.Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298. Abstract on-line athttp://jbs.sagepub.com/content/37/2/275.abstractArchived2015-11-05 at theWayback Machine.
  10. ^Appendix: "Brigs Encomium and Enterprise",Register of Debates in Congress,Gales & Seaton, 1837, p. 251-253. Note: In trying to retrieve American slaves off theEncomiumfrom colonial officials (who freed them), the US consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that "he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State."
  11. ^Gerald Horne,Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation,New York University (NYU) Press, 2012, p. 103
  12. ^Horne (2012),Negro Comrades of the Crown,p. 137
  13. ^Horne (2012),Negro Comrades of the Crown,pp. 107–108
  14. ^Williams, Michael Paul (11 February 2002)."Brig Creole slaves".Richmond Times-Dispatch.Richmond, VA.Retrieved2 February2010.
  15. ^"International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Bahamas".U.S. Department of State.Retrieved22 July2012.
  16. ^[1]ArchivedJune 15, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  17. ^The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs... by Alfred Burdon Ellis Page 75
  18. ^Items of folk-lore from Bahama Negroes page 36
  19. ^"Blackface! - Bert Williams".black-face.com.
  20. ^"Sidney Poitier wins Best Actor Oscar for" Lilies of the Field "".History.com.Retrieved16 April2023.
  21. ^"Shaunae excited about world record performance - The Nassau Guardian".thenassauguardian.com.
  22. ^"More comprehensive national presence advocated for Pauline Davis-Thompson - The Nassau Guardian".thenassauguardian.com.
  23. ^"IAAF: Troy KEMP - Profile".iaaf.org.
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