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Ahmed III

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Ahmed III
Ottoman Caliph
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Miniature byAbdulcelil Levni
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire(Padishah)
Reign22 August 1703 – 20 September 1730
PredecessorMustafa II
SuccessorMahmud I
Born30 December 1673
Hacıoğlu Pazarcık,Ottoman Empire
Died1 July 1736(1736-07-01)(aged 62)
Constantinople,Ottoman Empire
Burial
Tomb of Turhan Sultan,Istanbul, Turkey
ConsortsEmetullah Kadın
Mihrişah Kadın
Rabia Şermi Kadın
Musli Kadın
others
Issue
Among others
Names
Ahmed bin Mehmed
DynastyOttoman
FatherMehmed IV
MotherGülnuş Sultan
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraAhmed III's signature

Ahmed III(Ottoman Turkish:احمد ثالث,Aḥmed-isālis;30 December 1673 – 1 July 1736)wassultan of the Ottoman Empireand a son of sultanMehmed IV(r. 1648–1687). His mother wasGülnuş Sultan,originally named Evmania Voria, who was an ethnic Greek.[1][2][3][4][5]He was born atHacıoğlu Pazarcık,inDobruja.He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brotherMustafa II(1695–1703).[6]Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pashaand the Sultan's daughter,Fatma Sultan(wife of the former) directed the government from 1718 to 1730, a period referred to as theTulip Era.

During the initial days of Ahmed III's reign, significant efforts were made to appease the janissaries. However, Ahmed's effectiveness in dealing with thejanissarieswho had elevated him to the sultanate was limited. Grand VizierÇorlulu Ali Pasha,whom Ahmed appointed, provided valuable assistance in administrative affairs and implemented new measures for the treasury. He supported Ahmed in his struggles against rival factions and provided stability to the government. Ahmed was an avid reader, skilled in calligraphy and knowledgeable on history and poetry.

Early life and education[edit]

Sultan Ahmed was born on 30 December 1673. His father was SultanMehmed IV,and his mother wasGülnuş Sultan,originally named Evmenia.[7]His birth occurred in Hacıoğlupazarı, where Mehmed stayed to hunt on his return from Poland in 1673, while Gülnuş was pregnant at that time.[8]In 1675, He and his brother, Prince Mustafa (futureMustafa II) were circumcised. During the same ceremony their sistersHatice Sultanand Fatma Sultan were married to Musahip Mustafa Pasha andKara Mustafa Pasharespectively.[9]The celebrations lasted 20 days.[10]

He grew up in theEdirne Palace.His schooling began during one of the sporadic visits of the court to Istanbul, following a courtly ceremony calledbad-i basmala,which took place on 9 August 1679 in the Istavroz Palace. He was brought up in the imperial harem in Edirne with a traditional princely education, studying the Qur’an, the hadiths (traditions of Muhammad), and the fundamentals of Islamic sciences, history, poetry and music under the supervision of private tutors.[11]One of his tutors was chief muftiFeyzullah Efendi.[12]

Ahmed was apparently curious and intellectual in nature, spending most of his time reading and practising calligraphy. The poems that he wrote manifest his profound knowledge of poetry, history, Islamic theology and philosophy. He was also interested in calligraphy, which he had studied with the leading court calligraphers, primarily with Hafız Osman Efendi (died 1698), who influenced his art immensely, and, therefore, practiced it because of the influence of his elder brother, the future SultanMustafa II,who also became a notable calligrapher.[11]

During his princehood in Edirne, Ahmed made friends with a bright officer-scribe,Ibrahim,from the city ofNevşehir,who was to become one of the outstanding Grand Viziers of his future reign. From 1687, following the deposition of his father, he lived in isolation for sixteen years in the palaces of Edirne and Istanbul. During this period he dedicated himself to calligraphy and intellectual activities.[13][14]

Reign[edit]

Accession[edit]

Main article:Edirne event
Ahmed III is proclaimed sultan and prepares to gird thesword of Osman

The Edirne succession occurred between 19 August to 23 August. Under Mustafa, Istanbul had been out of control for a long time. As arrests and executions mounted, theft and robbery incidents became common. The people were dissatisfied with the poor governing of the Empire.[15]Mustafa was deposed by the Janissaries and Ahmed, who succeeded him to the throne on 22 August 1703. The first Friday salute was held in Bayezid Mosque.[16]

Fındıklılı Mehmed Ağa welcomed the new sultan at the Harem gate on the Hasoda side, entered the arm, brought him to the Cardigan-i Saadet Department and placed them on the throne, and were among the first to pay tribute to him.[17]

As part of the fief system, Ahmed reorganized the land law in 1705. Bringing order to land ownership reduced the crime wave and brought peace to the troubled Empire. Due to his ardent support of the new laws, Ahmed was given the title 'law-giver', a title given to only three sultans earlier,Bayezid II(r. 1481–1512),Selim I(r. 1512–1520) andSuleiman I(r. 1520–1566). In the first three years of his reign, Ahmed appointed four separate Grand Viziers. However, the government only gained some stability after the appointment ofÇorlulu Ali Pashain May 1706.[18]

Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711[edit]

Main article:Pruth River Campaign

Ahmed III cultivated good relations with France, doubtless in view ofRussia's menacing attitude. He afforded refuge in Ottoman territory toCharles XII of Sweden(1682–1718) after the Swedish defeat at the hands ofPeter I of Russia(1672–1725) in theBattle of Poltavaof 1709.[19]In 1710 Charles XII convinced Sultan Ahmed III to declare war against Russia, and the Ottoman forces underBaltacı Mehmet Pashawon a major victory at theBattle of Prut.In the aftermath, Russia returnedAzovback to the Ottomans, agreed to demolish the fortress ofTaganrogand others in the area, and to stop interfering in the affairs of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Forced against his will into war with Russia, Ahmed III came nearer than any Ottoman sovereign before or since to breaking the power of his northern rival, whose armies hisgrand vizierNevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pashasucceeded in completely surrounding at the Pruth River Campaign in 1711.[6]The subsequent Ottoman victories against Russia enabled the Ottoman Empire to advance to Moscow, had the Sultan wished. However, this was halted as a report reachedIstanbulthat theSafavidswere invading the Ottoman Empire, causing a period of panic, turning the Sultan's attention away from Russia.

Wars with Venice and Austria[edit]

Main article:Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
Ahmed III in the Imperial Darbar of Topkapi Palace.

On 9 December 1714, war was declared on Venice, an army underSilahdar Damat Ali Pasha's command[18]managed to recover the wholeMorea(Peloponnese) from Venice through coordinated operations of the army and navy.[20]

This success alarmedAustriaand in April 1716, EmperorCharles VIprovoked the Porte into a declaration of war. The unsuccessful battle, also commanded by Silahdar Ali Pasha, ended with theTreaty of Passarowitz,signed on 21 July 1718, according to which Belgrade, Banat, and Wallachia were ceded to Austria. This failure was a disappointment for Ahmed as the treaty led to Istanbul's economy suffering from increased inflation.[21]

Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pashawho was the second leading figure of the empire after Ahmed had joined the Morea campaign in 1715, and was appointed as the city of Nish's minister of finance the following year. This post helped him realize the downturn of the state's finances, which led him to avoid war as much as possible during his vizierate. Ibrahim Pasha's policy of peace suited Ahmed well since he had no wish to lead any military campaigns, in addition to the fact that his interest in art and culture made him reluctant to leave his Istanbul.[21]

Character of Ahmed's rule[edit]

Sultan Ahmed III at a reception, painted in 1720

While shooting competitions were held inOkmeydanı,Istanbul with the idea of increasing the morale of the soldiers and the people, a new warship was launched inTersane-i Amire.

He tried three grand viziers at short intervals. Instead of Hasan Pasha, he appointed Kalaylikoz Ahmed Pasha on 24 September 1704, and Baltacı Mehmed Pasha on 25 December 1704.[15]

In 1707, a conspiracy led by Eyüplü Ali Ağa was unearthed to bring the sultan off the throne. What resulted were that necks were ordered to be cut in front of the Bab-I-Hümayun.

Ahmed III left the finances of theOttoman Empirein a flourishing condition, which had remarkably been obtained without excessive taxation or extortionate procedures. He was a cultivatedpatronof literature and art, and it was in his time that the firstprinting presswas authorized to use either the Arabic or Turkish languages; it was set up in Istanbul, and operated byIbrahim Muteferrika(while the printing press had been introduced to Constantinople in 1480, all published works before 1729 were in Greek, Armenian, or Hebrew).

It was in his reign that an important change in the government of theDanubian Principalitieswas introduced: previously, thePortehad appointedHospodars,usually nativeMoldavianandWallachianboyars,to administer those provinces; after theRussian campaignof 1711, during whichPeter the Greatfound an ally inMoldaviaPrinceDimitrie Cantemir,the Porte began overtly deputizingPhanarioteGreeksin that region, and extended the system to Wallachia afterPrinceStefan Cantacuzinoestablished links with PrinceEugene of Savoy.The Phanariotes constituted a kind ofDhimminobility, which supplied the Porte with functionaries in many important departments of the state.

Foreign relations[edit]

Sultan Ahmed III receives French ambassador Vicomte d'Andrezel atTopkapı Palace.
French ambassadorMarquis de Bonnacbeing received by Sultan Ahmed III.

The ambassadors ofSafavid Iranand theArchduchy of Austriawere well received when they came from 1706 to 1707.

In the year 1712, theMughal EmperorJahandar Shah,a grandson ofAurangzeb,sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III and referred to himself as the Ottoman Sultan's devoted admirer.[22]

TheMughal EmperorFarrukhsiyar,another grandson ofAurangzeb,is also known to have sent a letter to the Ottomans but this time it was received by theGrand VizierNevşehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha.The letter provided a graphic description of the efforts of theMughalcommanderSyed Hassan Ali Khan Barhafighting against theRajputandMaratharebellion.[23]

Deposition[edit]

Main article:Patrona Halil

Sultan Ahmed III had become unpopular by reason of the excessive pomp and costly luxury in which he and his principal officers indulged; on 20 September 1730, a mutinous riot of seventeenJanissaries,led by theAlbanianPatrona Halil,was aided by the citizens as well as the military until it swelled into an insurrection, this consequently led the Sultan to give up his throne.

Ahmed voluntarily led his nephewMahmud I(1730–1754) to the seat of sovereignty and paid allegiance to him as Sultan of the Empire. He then retired to theKafespreviously occupied by Mahmud and died atTopkapı Palaceafter six years of confinement.

Architecture[edit]

Ahmed III commissioned the building of water claps, fountains, park waterfalls and three libraries, one inside the Topkapı Palace, with the famous lines "Ahmed was a master in the writings on plates" which have survived. The “Basmala” at the Topkapi Palace apartment door with its plates in the Üsküdar Yeni Mosque are among them.[24]

A library was built by Ahmed in 1724–1725 situated next to the tomb entrance ofTurhan Sultan,the structure has stone-brick alternate meshed walls, is square-shaped and covered with a flattened dome with an octagonal rim, which is provided withpendentives.There are original pen works left in the pendentives and dome of the library.[25][26]

Disasters[edit]

In 1714, an Egyptian galleon near the Gümrük (Eminönü) Pier caught fire and burned, which resulted in the deaths of 200 people.[27]

WhileNevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pashacontinued his preparations for his return to Istanbul, a fire broke out in the city. The districts of Unkapanı, Azapkapı,Zeyrek,Fatih,Saraçhane, Horhor, Etmeydanı, Molla Gürani, Altımermer, Ayazma Gate, Kantarcılar, Vefa, Vez Neciler, Old Rooms, Acemioğlanlar Barracks, Çukur Çeşme, Langa, Davudpaşa were burned from the fire.[28]

A large three-minute earthquake occurred on 14 May 1719. While thecity walls of Istanbulwere destroyed in the earthquake, 4,000 people died inIzmitand Yalova was destroyed. Reconstruction work followed after the quake ended in Istanbul. The most meaningful element to reflect the cultural aspect or weight of these works today is the Topkapı Palace Enderun Library, which was built in that year. A rich foundation was established for this institution, which is also known as the Sultan Ahmed-i Salis Library, which has a face-to-face with its architectural and valuable manuscripts.[29]

Family[edit]

See also:Ottoman Imperial Harem

Ahmed III is known to be the Sultan with the largest family (and harem) of the Ottoman dynasty. The hostess of his harem was Dilhayat Kalfa, known to be one of the greatest Turkish composeress of the early modern period.

Consorts[edit]

Ahmed III had at least twenty-one consorts:[30][31][32][33]

  • Emetullah Banu Kadın.Baş Kadin(first consort) and his first concubine, she was the mother of Fatma Sultan, Ahmed's firstborn and favorite daughter. She was Ahmed's most beloved consort, who dedicated a mosque, a school and a fountain to her. Very devoted and active in charity, she died in 1740 in theOld Palace.
  • Emine Mihrişah Kadın.She was the mother of four sons including Mustafa III, 26thSultanof theOttoman Empire,but she premorted at her son's rise and therefore was neverValide Sultan.She died in April 1732. Her son built theAyazma Mosquein her honor inÜsküdar.
  • Rabia Şermi Kadın.She was the mother of Abdülhamid I, 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, but she premorted at the rise of her son and therefore was never Valide Sultan. In 1728, a fountain was dedicated to her in Üsküdar. She died in 1732. Her son built theBeylerbeyi Mosquein her honor.
  • Ayşe Mihri Behri Kadın. Before she became a consort, she was treasurer of theharem.
  • Hatem Kadın. Mother of twins, she died in 1772 and was buried inEyüp cemetery.
  • Emine Musli Kadın.Also called Muslıhe Kadın, Muslu Kadin or Musalli Kadın. She mother of two daughters, she died in 1750 and was buried with them in theYeni Cami.
  • Rukiye Kadın. Mother of a daughter and a son, she built a fountain near the Yeni Cami. She died after 1738 and was buried with her daughter in the Yeni Cami.
  • Fatma Hümaşah Kadın. She died in 1732 and was buried by the Yeni Cami.
  • Gülneş Kadın. Also called Gülnuş Kadın. She is listed in a document naming her consorts exiled toOld Palaceafter the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730.
  • Hürrem Kadın. Listed in a document that names the consorts exiled to Old Palace after the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730.
  • Meyli Kadın. Listed in a document that names the consorts exiled to Old Palace after the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730.
  • Hatice Kadın. She died in 1722 and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Nazife Kadın. Listed in a document that names the consorts exiled to Old Palace after the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730, perphaps the 29 December 1764.[34]
  • Nejat Kadın. Listed in a document that names the consorts exiled to Old Palace after the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730.
  • Sadık Kadın. Also called Sadıka Kadin. Listed in a document that names the consorts exiled to Old Palace after the deposition of Ahmed III whose jewels were confiscated. She died after 1730.
  • Hüsnüşah Kadın. She died in 1733 and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Şahin Kadın. She died in 1732 and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Ümmügülsüm Kadın. She died in 1768 and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Zeyneb Kadın. Mother of a daughter, she died in 1757 and was buried by the Yeni Cami.
  • Hanife Kadın. Mother of a daughter, she died in 1750 and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Şayeste Hanim.BaşIkbal.She died in 1722 and was buried by the Yeni Cami.

Sons[edit]

Ahmed III had at least twenty-one sons, all buried, apart from the two who became Sultans, in theYeni Cami:[35][31][32][33]

  • Şehzade Mehmed (24 November 1705 - 30 July 1706).
  • Şehzade Isa (23 February 1706 - 14 May 1706).
  • Şehzade Ali (18 June 1706 - 12 September 1706).
  • Şehzade Selim (29 August 1706 - 15 April 1708).
  • Şehzade Murad (17 November 1707 - 1707).
  • Şehzade Murad (25 January 1708 - 1 April 1708).
  • Şehzade Abdülmecid (12 December 1709 - 18 March 1710). Twin of Şehzade Abdülmelek.
  • Şehzade Abdülmelek (12 December 1709 - 7 March 1711). Twin of Şehzade Abdülmecid.
  • Şehzade Süleyman (25 August 1710 - 11 October 1732) - with Mihrişah Kadin. He died in theKafesafter two years of imprisonment.
  • Şehzade Mehmed (8 October 1712 - 15 July 1713).
  • Şehzade Selim (21 March 1715 - February 1718) - with Hatem Kadın. Twin of Saliha Sultan.
  • Şehzade Mehmed(2 January 1717 - 2 January 1756) - with Rukiye Kadın. He died in the Kafes after twenty-six years of imprisonment.
  • Mustafa III(28 January 1717 - 21 January 1774) - with Mihrişah Kadin. 26thSultanof theOttoman Empireafter twenty-seven years of imprisonment in the Kafes.
  • Şehzade Bayezid (4 October 1718 - 24 January 1771) - with Mihrişah Kadin. He died in the Kafes after forty-one years of imprisonment.
  • Şehzade Abdullah (18 December 1719 - 19 December 1719).
  • Şehzade Ibrahim (12 September 1720 - 16 March 1721).
  • Şehzade Numan (22 February 1723 - 29 December 1764). He died in the Kafes after thirthy-four years of imprisonment.
  • Abdul Hamid I(20 March 1725 - 7 April 1789) - with Rabia Şermi Kadın. 27thSultanof theOttoman Empireafter forty-four years of imprisonment in the Kafes.
  • Şehzade Seyfeddin (3 February 1728 - 1732) - with Mihrişah Kadin. He died in the Kafes after two years of imprisonment.
  • Şehzade Mahmud (1730 - 22 December 1756). He died in the Kafes after twenty-six years of imprisonment.
  • Şehzade Hassan (? -?). He probably died in the Kafes.

Daughters[edit]

Ahmed III had at least thirty-six daughters:[35][31][32][33]

  • Fatma Sultan(22 September 1704 - May 1733) - with Emetullah Kadın.[36]She was her father's favorite daughter. She married twice and had two sons and two daughters. She and her second husband were the real power during theTulip Era.She fell from grace after thePatrona Halilrevolt and was confined toÇırağan Palace,where she died three years later.
  • Hatice Sultan (21 January 1701 - 29 August 1707). Buried in themausoleumTurhan Sultanin theYeni Cami.
  • Ayşe Sultan (? - 1706). Buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Mihrimah Sultan (17 June 1706 -?). She died as a child and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Rukiye Sultan (3 March 1707 - 29 August 1707). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Ümmügülsüm Sultan(11 February 1708 - 28 November 1732). Twin of Zeynep Sultan. She married once and had four sons and a daughter.
  • Zeynep Sultan (11 February 1708 - 5 November 1708). Twin sister of Ümmügülsüm Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Zeynep Sultan (5 January 1710 - July 1710). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Hatice Sultan (8 February 1710 - 1710, before September). She was buried in the Turhan Sultan mausoleum in Yeni Cami.
  • Hatice Sultan(27 September 1710 - 1738) - with Rukiye Kadın. She married twice and had a son.
  • Emine Sultan (1711 - 1720). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Atike Sultan(29 February 1712 - 2 April 1737). She got married once and she had a son.
  • Rukiye Sultan (7 March 1713 - October 1715). Buried in the Turhan Sultan mausoleum in Yeni Cami.
  • Zeynep Asima Sultan(8 April 1714 - March 25, 1774). She married twice and she had a son.
  • Saliha Sultan(21 March 1715 - 11 October 1778) - with Hatem Kadın. Twin of Şehzade Selim. She was married five times and had a son and four daughters.
  • Ayşe Sultan(10 October 1715 - 9 July 1775) - with Musli Kadın. Nicknamed Küçük Ayşe (meaning Ayşethe youngest) to distinguish her from her cousinAyşethe eldest,daughter ofMustafa II.She married three times and had a daughter.
  • Ferdane Sultan (? - 1718). She died as a child and she was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Reyhane Sultan (1718 - 1729). Also called Reyhan Sultan or Rihane Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Ümmüseleme Sultan (? - 1719). Also called Ümmüselma Sultan. She died as a child and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Rabia Sultan (19 November 1719 - before 1727). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Emetullah Sultan (1719 - 1723) Also called Ümmetullah Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Rukiye Sultan (? - 1720). She died as a child and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Beyhan Sultan (? - 1720). She died as a child and was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Emetullah Sultan (17 September 1723 - 28 January 1724). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Emine Sultan (late 1723/early 1724 - 1732). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Nazife Sultan (May 1723/1725 - before 1730 or 29 December 1764). Exceptionally, she never married, most likely because she was chronically ill or had physical and/or mental problems. She lived in seclusion in theOld Palaceall her life. However, according to other historians, she actually died a child and the Nazife who died in the Old Palace in 1764 was instead one of Ahmed III's consorts with the same name, Nazife Kadin.
  • Ümmüselene Sultan (12 October 1724 - 5 December 1732). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Naile Sultan (15 December 1725 - October 1727). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Esma Sultan(14 March 1726 - 13 August 1778) - with Hanife Kadın or Zeyneb Kadın. Nicknamed Büyük Esma (meaning Esmathe eldest) to distinguish her from her nieceEsmathe younger,daughter of Abdülhamid I. She married three times and had a daughter.
  • Sabiha Sultan (19 December 1726 - 17 December 1726). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Rabia Sultan (28 October 1727 - 4 April 1728). Also called Rebia Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Zübeyde Sultan(28 March 1728 - 4 June 1756) - with Musli Kadın. She married twice.
  • Ümmi Sultan (? - 1729). Called also Ümmügülsüm Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Ümmühabibe Sultan (? - 1730). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Akile Sultan (? - 1737). She was buried in the Yeni Cami.
  • Ümmi Sultan (1730 - 1742). Called also Ümmügülsüm Sultan. She was buried in the Yeni Cami.

Death[edit]

Ahmed lived in Kafes of the Topkapi Palace for six years following his deposition, where he fell ill and died on 1 July 1736. He was buried in his grandmother's tomb inTurhan Sultan Mausoleumin New Mosque, at Eminönü in Istanbul.[37]

In fiction[edit]

InVoltaire'sCandide,the eponymous main character meets the deposed Ahmed III on a ship fromVenicetoConstantinople.The Sultan is in the company of five other deposed European monarchs, and he tells Candide, who initially doubts his credentials:

I am not jesting, my name is Achmet III. For several years I was Sultan; I dethroned my brother; my nephew dethroned me; they cut off the heads of my viziers; I am ending my days in the old seraglio; my nephew, Sultan Mahmoud, sometimes allows me to travel for my health, and I have come to spend the Carnival at Venice. "[38]

This episode was taken up by the modern Turkish writerNedim Gürselas the setting of his 2001 novelLe voyage de Candide à Istanbul.

In fact, there is no evidence of the deposed Sultan being allowed to make such foreign travels, nor did Voltaire (or Gürsel) assert that it had any actual historical foundation.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Freely, John (2001).The lost Messiah.Viking. p. 132.ISBN0-670-88675-0.He set up his harem there, his favourite being Rabia Giilniis Ummetiillah, aGreekgirl from Rethymnon on Crete
  2. ^Bromley, J. S. (1957).The New Cambridge Modern History.University of California: University Press. p. 554.ISBN0-521-22128-5.the mother of Mustafa II and Ahmed III was aGreek
  3. ^Sardo, Eugenio Lo (1999).Tra greci e turchi: fonti diplomatiche italiane sul Settecento ottomano.Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. 82.ISBN88-8080-014-0.Their mother, aGreek,lady named Rabia Gülnûş, continued to wield influence as theValide sultan- mother of the reigning sultan
  4. ^Library Information and Research Service (2005).The Middle East.Library Information and Research Service. p. 91.She was the daughter of aGreekfamily and she was the mother of Mustafa II (1664–1703), and Ahmed III (1673–1736).
  5. ^Baker, Anthony E; Freely, John (1993).The Bosphorus.Redhouse Press. p. 146.ISBN975-413-062-0.The Valide Sultan was born Evmania Voria, daughter of aGreekpriest in a village nearRethymnonon Crete. She was captured by the Turks when they tookRethymnonin 1645.
  6. ^abOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Ahmed III.".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 431.
  7. ^Baker, Anthony E (1993).The Bosphorus.Redhouse Press. p. 146.ISBN975-413-062-0.The Valide Sultan was born Evmania Voria, daughter of a Greek priest in a village near Rethymnon on Crete. She was captured by the Turks when they took Rethymnon in 1645.
  8. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 295.
  9. ^Uluçay 2011,p. 110.
  10. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 286.
  11. ^abKeskiner 2012,p. 47.
  12. ^Hathaway, Jane (August 30, 2018).The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker.Cambridge University Press. p. 133.ISBN978-1-107-10829-5.
  13. ^Keskiner 2012,p. 47-8.
  14. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 296.
  15. ^abSakaoğlu 2015,p. 297.
  16. ^Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2015)Bu mülkün sultanları
  17. ^Türkal 2013,p. 31.
  18. ^abKeskiner 2012,p. 56.
  19. ^Chisholm 1911.
  20. ^Ágoston & Masters 2009,p. 25.
  21. ^abKeskiner 2012,p. 57.
  22. ^Farooqi, N.R. (1989).Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748.Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
  23. ^Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989).Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi.Retrieved2012-04-29.
  24. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 307.
  25. ^"YENİCAMİ KÜLLİYESİ İstanbul'da XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında inşasına başlanan ve XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında tamamlanan külliye".İslam Ansiklopedisi.Retrieved11 April2020.
  26. ^"YENİCAMİ KÜTÜPHANESİ".TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi(in Turkish).Retrieved2023-06-30.
  27. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 299.
  28. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 300.
  29. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 301.
  30. ^Topal 2001,p. 600 and beyond.
  31. ^abcOnur, Oral (1994).Edirne türbeleri ve evlad-ı Fatihan mezarları.O. Onur. p. 27.
  32. ^abcAktaş, Ali (2008).ÇELEBİZÂDE ÂSIM TARİHİ: Transkripsiyonlu metin.
  33. ^abcSakaoğlu, Necdet. (2008).Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler(1. baskı ed.). Oğlak Yayıncılık.ISBN978-975-329-623-6.OCLC316234394.Retrieved2021-01-22.
  34. ^According to other historians, this would instead be the date of death of Nazife Sultan, a daughter of Ahmed III, survival is controversial due to the fact that it turns out she never married.
  35. ^abTopal 2001,p. 680 and beyond.
  36. ^According to Alderson, she was instead the daughter of Ayşe Behri Mihri Kadın, but this has been discredited.
  37. ^Sakaoğlu 2015,p. 306.
  38. ^Woolf, H. I.; Jackson, Wilfrid (2008)."Full text of" Candide, and other romances. Translated by Richard Aldington, with an introd. and notes. Illustrated by Norman Tealby "".Internet Archive.

Sources[edit]

  • This article incorporates text from theHistory of Ottoman Turks(1878)
  • Aktep, Münir (1989)."Ahmed III".TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2 (Ahlâk – Amari̇)(in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation,Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 34–38.ISBN978-975-389-429-6.
  • Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds. (2009).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.New York: Facts On File.ISBN978-0816062591.
  • Aktaş, Ali (2008).ÇELEBİZÂDE ÂSIM TARİHİ: Transkripsiyonlu metin.
  • Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001).Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 3.Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 1332.ISBN978-9-759-76063-2.
  • Keskiner, Philippe Bora (2012).Sultan Ahmed III (r. 1703–1730) as a Calligrapher and Patron of Calligraphy.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008).Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler.Oğlak Yayıncılık.ISBN978-9-753-29623-6.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2015).Bu Mülkün Sultanları.Alfa Yayıncılık.ISBN978-6-051-71080-8.
  • Topal, Mehmet (2001).Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed AghaNusretnâme: Tahlil ve Metin (1106–1133/1695–1721).
  • Türkal, Merve (2013).Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Ağa'nin Hayati ve eserleri (1658 / 1726–27).
  • Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011).Padişahların kadınları ve kızları.Ankara: Ötüken.ISBN978-9-754-37840-5.
  • Uysal, Zekiye (2019).Topkapı Sarayındaki III. Ahmet Kütüphanesi'nin Alçı Bezemeleri.

External links[edit]

Media related toAhmed IIIat Wikimedia Commons

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Ahmed III
Born:30 December 1673Died:1 July 1736
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
22 August 1703 – 1 October 1730 		Succeeded by
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
22 August 1703 – 1 October 1730 		Succeeded by
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