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Ahvaz

Coordinates:31°18′17″N48°40′42″E/ 31.30472°N 48.67833°E/31.30472; 48.67833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the administrative division of Khuzestan province, seeAhvaz County.

Ahvaz
Persian:اهواز
City
From top: Thewhite bridge,black bridge,Ahvaz at night, the triangle building ofShahid Chamran University,the shrine ofAli ibn Mahziar,Karunriver, and the 8th bridge (Ghadir-bridge).
Official seal of Ahvaz
Seal
Nickname:
The City of Bridges
Ahvaz is located in Iran
Ahvaz
Ahvaz
Coordinates:31°18′17″N48°40′42″E/ 31.30472°N 48.67833°E/31.30472; 48.67833[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceKhuzestan
CountyAhvaz
DistrictCentral
Government
• MayorReza Amini[2]
Area
• City185 km2(71 sq mi)
Elevation
17 m (52 ft)
Population
(2016 Census)
•Urban
1,184,788[3]
DemonymAhvazi
Time zoneUTC+3:30(IRST)
Postal code
61xxx
Area code(+98) 61
ClimateBWh
Websitewww.ahvaz.ir

Ahvaz(Persian:اهواز;[ʔæhˈvɒːz]ⓘ)[a]is a city in theCentral DistrictofAhvaz County,Khuzestanprovince, Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[4]It is home toPersians,Arabs,Bakhtiaris,Dezfulis, Shushtaris, and others.[5]Languages spoken in the area includePersian,Arabic,Luriand dialects such asBakhtiari,DezfuliandShushtari.[6]

Ahvaz is home to over 1.2 million people within its metropolitan area, includingSheybani.Census results suggest a steady increase in population. At the time of the National Census of 2006, the city had 969,843 inhabitants in 212,097 households;[7]1,112,021 people in 288,271 households in 2011;[8]and in 2016 the census counted 1,184,788 people in 331,556 households.[9]

The riverKarunflows through the middle of the city. It is one of the two navigable rivers in Iran, alongside theArvand Rud(Shatt al-Arab).[10]Ahvaz has a long history, dating back to theAchaemenid period.In ancient times, the city was one of the main centers of theAcademy of Gondishapur.

Etymology

[edit]

The word Ahvaz is a Persianized form of the Arabic "Ahwaz," which, in turn, is derived from an older Persian word. TheDehkhoda Dictionaryspecifically defines the "Suq-al-Ahvaz" as "Market of the Khuzis", where "Suq" is the Elamite word for market, and "Ahvaz" is abroken plural(اسم جمع) of the form "af'āl" (افعال) of the word "Huz" or "هوز", which itself comes from the PersianHuz,fromAchaemenid inscriptionswhere the term first appears. Thus, "Ahvaz" in Persian means "the Huz-i people", which refers to the Khuzi original inhabitants of Khūzestān.

The name of the region appears in medievalSyriacsources asܒܝܬ ܗܘܙܝܐBeṯ Huzáyé,literally meaning "land of the Huzis".[11]

The term "Huz", meanwhile, is theOld Persianrendition of Suz (Susa-Susiana), the nativeElamitename of the region. SeeOrigin of the name KhuzestanandElam#Etymologyfor more details.

History

[edit]
See also:Khūzestān Province § History

Ancient history

[edit]

Ahvaz is the analog of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in the Achaemenid emperor Darius's epigraph. This word also appears in the Naqsh-Rostam inscription as "Khaja" or "Khooja".

First namedŌhrmazd-Ardašēr(Persian:هرمزداردشیرHormozd ardeshir),[12]Ahvaz was built near the beginning of theSassanid dynastyon what historians believe to have been the site of the old city ofTaryana,a notable city under the PersianAchaemeniddynasty, or the city of Aginis referred to in Greek sources[13]whereNearchusand his fleet entered the Pafitigris. The city was founded either byArdashir Iin 230 (cf.Encyclopædia Iranica,al-Muqaddasi,et al.) or (according to the Middle PersianŠahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr (shahrestān hā-ye Irānshahr)) by his grandsonHormizd I;the city’s name either combined Ardashir's name with the Zoroastrian name for God,Ōhrmazd,or Hormizd's name with that of his grandfather. It became the seat of the province, and was also referred to asHūmšēr.During the Sassanid era, an irrigation system and several dams were constructed, and the city prospered. Examples of Sassanid-era dams areBand-e Bala-rud,Band-e Mizan,Band-e Borj AyarandBand-e Khak.The city replacedSusa,the ancient capital of Susiana, as the capital of what was then called Khuzestān.

The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while the other was inhabited by merchants.[14]When Arabs invaded the area in 640, the part of the city home to the nobility was demolished but theHūj-ī-stānwāčār"Market of Khūz State", the merchant area, remained intact. The city was therefore renamedSūq al-Ahwāz,"Market of theKhuz",a semi-literal translation of the Persian name of this quarter -Ahwāzbeing the Arabicbroken pluralofHûz,taken from the ancient Persian term for the nativeElamitepeoples,Hūja(remaining in medievalkhūzīg"of theKhuzh"and modernKhuzestān"Khuz State", as noted by Dehkhoda dictionary).

Medieval history

[edit]

During theUmayyadandAbbasideras, in Ahvaz flourished as a center for the cultivation ofsugarcaneand as the home of many well-known scholars. It is discussed by such respected medieval historians and geographers asibn Hawqal,Tabari,Istakhri,al-Muqaddasi,Ya'qubi,Masudi,andMostowfi Qazvini.Nearby stood theAcademy of Gundishapur,where the modern-day teaching hospital is said to have been first established.

Ahvaz was devastated in theMongolinvasions of the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently declined into avillage.The dam and irrigation channels, no longer maintained, eroded and finally collapsed early in the 19th century. During this time Ahvaz was primarily inhabited by the original Khuzhis and a small number ofSabians.Although most Arab migrants fled the city, a few stayed. Some minor cultivation continued, while all evidence of sugarcane plantations is still going on in the Haft Teppe area north of Ahvaz, although ruins of sugarcane mills from the medieval era remained in existence.[15]Several ruins of water mills also still remain inShushand Shushtar.

Modern history

[edit]

The seat of the province has, for most of its history, been in its northern reaches, first atSusa(Shush) and then atShushtar.During a short spell in theSasanianera, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardashir (modern Ahvaz). However, later in the Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed atShushtar,until the late Qajar period. With the increase in the international sea commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzestan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, the Karun flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king,Naser al-Din Shahand renamed after him,Nâseri.Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Nâseri prospered to the present day.

In the 19th century, "Ahwaz was no more than a smallboroughinhabited mainly bySabeans(1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890). "[16]

In the 1880s, underQajarrule, the Karun River was dredged and re-opened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of theSuez Canalfurther stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz, and namedBandar-e-Naseriin honor ofNassereddin Shah Qajar.

Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahwaz was in the hands ofheshmatoddolehGhajar, who acted as governor andSarhang Reza Gholi Khane Arghooncommander of Ghajari's army based in Khuzestan.Sheikh Khaz'alwas recognized byMozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajaras hereditary ruler ofMohammerah,Sardar Asad Bakhtiarias the most powerful leader of Khuzestan'sBakhtiaries.[citation needed]He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahwaz andAmir mojahede bakhtiariin Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahwaz was namedNâseriin honour to its founder Nassereddin Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during thePahlaviperiod, it resumed its old name,Ahwaz.The government of theKhūzestān Provincewas transferred there fromShûshtarin 1926. TheTrans-Iranian Railwayreached Ahwaz in 1929 and byWorld War II,Ahwaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated:Persians,sub-groupings of Persians andArabs.Natives of theIsfahanregion held an important place in retail trade, owners of cafes and hotels and as craftsmen.[17]

Iraqattempted to annex Khūzestān and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in theIran–Iraq War(1980–1988). Ahwaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war.

Iraq had pressed its claims to Khūzestān. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that theIranian Arabinhabitants resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority they face discrimination from the centralgovernment;they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. SeePolitics of Khūzestān.

In 1989, theFoolad Ahwazsteel facility was built close to the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsoredfootballclub,Foolad F.C.,which was the champion ofIran's Premier Football Leaguein 2005.

Commercial Building in Kianpars street

In 2005 the city witnessed aseries of bomb explosions.Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. TheArab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwazclaimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[18]

Gunmen killed at least 29 people inan attackon a crowd watching a military parade on 22 September 2018.[19]

Bridges

[edit]

There are 9 bridges over theKarunriver.[citation needed]

Pol-e Siah (Black Bridge)

[edit]
Black Bridge

BlackBridge,also known as Victory Bridge, is the first bridge over of Ahvaz. The bridge was used inWWIIto supplyAlliesinSoviet Unionand it had a vast impact in Allies victory.[20]

White Bridge

[edit]
White Bridge
8th Bridge

White Bridge(Persian:پل سفید), is anarch bridgecompleted on 21 September 1936 and inaugurated on 6 November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today.

The other 7 bridges are:

Third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also namedDialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.

Location and roads

[edit]

Ahvaz is located 100 km north-east ofAbadanand is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:

Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of theKarun riverwhile residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.

Climate

[edit]

Ahwaz has a subtropicalhot desert climate(Köppen climate classificationBWh) with long, extremely hot summers and cool, short winters. Summer temperatures are regularly at least 45 °C (113 °F), sometimes exceeding 50 °C (122 °F),[21]with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around 5 °C (41 °F). Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On June 29, 2017, the temperature reached 54 °C (129 °F).[22]Furthermore, the dew point peaked at 23 °C (73 °F) which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. Despite the fact that it has never snowed in Ahvaz, it has fallen down to −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) before.

Sahel Cinema
Climate data for Ahvaz (1991-2020, extremes 1951-2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		40.5
(104.9) 		43.4
(110.1) 		49.2
(120.6) 		54.0
(129.2) 		52.4
(126.3) 		51.6
(124.9) 		50.0
(122.0) 		45.0
(113.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		54.0
(129.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		32.9
(91.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		45.1
(113.2) 		47.3
(117.1) 		46.6
(115.9) 		42.9
(109.2) 		36.3
(97.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		33.6
(92.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.7
(67.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.9
(100.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		26.3
(79.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.1
(86.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		19.3
(66.8)
Record low °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−7.0
(19.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 45.9
(1.81) 		23.1
(0.91) 		29.2
(1.15) 		16.7
(0.66) 		3.0
(0.12) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		9.4
(0.37) 		40.6
(1.60) 		50.7
(2.00) 		218.9
(8.63)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 4.7 3.2 3.7 3.1 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 1.2 3.3 4.5 24.3
Average afternoonrelative humidity(%) 72 60 50 40 27 21 24 28 30 39 56 71 43
Averagedew point°C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 185 198 236 245 295 343 345 344 309 269 210 182 3,161
Source 1:NOAA NCEI[23]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[24]Tutiempo (September–December record high)[25][26]
Climate data for Ahvaz (1951–2010, records 1951-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		40.5
(104.9) 		43.4
(110.1) 		48.8
(119.8) 		54.0
(129.2) 		52.4
(126.3) 		51.6
(124.9) 		49.5
(121.1) 		45.0
(113.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		54.0
(129.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		39.3
(102.7) 		44.6
(112.3) 		46.5
(115.7) 		46.3
(115.3) 		42.5
(108.5) 		36.0
(96.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		19.4
(66.9) 		33.0
(91.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.3
(54.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.3
(99.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		17.9
(64.2)
Record low °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−7.0
(19.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 48.2
(1.90) 		26.9
(1.06) 		26.4
(1.04) 		16.1
(0.63) 		4.4
(0.17) 		0.4
(0.02) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		6.4
(0.25) 		31.4
(1.24) 		48.7
(1.92) 		209.2
(8.24)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 4.9 3.6 3.6 2.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.9 4.5 24.2
Averagerelative humidity(%) 71 61 51 41 28 22 24 28 29 38 53 69 43
Averagedew point°C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		9.5
(49.2)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 174.7 193.2 214.1 233.8 284.4 326.2 336.1 331.2 301.8 263.5 209.5 176.4 3,044.9
Source 1: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[24](temperatures),[27]

(precipitation),[28](humidity),[29](days with precipitation),[30](sunshine)[31][32]

Source 2: IRIMO(Dew point 1957-2010)[33]

People

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986579,826—
1991724,653+4.56%
1996804,980+2.12%
2006969,843[35]+1.88%
20111,112,021+2.77%
20161,184,788+1.28%
source:[34]

According to the 2016 census, the city had an estimated population of 1,184,788 people.[9]

Languages

[edit]
Main article:Persian dialects in Khuzestan

Based on a survey taken by the Iranian ministry of culture in 2010, the most common languages in Ahvaz arePersian(44.8%),Arabic(35.7%), and Bakhtiari (15.8%).[36]Many Ahvazis arebilingual,speaking bothPersianand one of the following languages/Dialects. The Arabic spoken in Ahvaz is a variety ofKhuzestani Arabic.[37][38][39]Another part of Ahvazis speakBakhtiari dialectofLuri language.[40][41][42]Modern Mandaic(orMandae) language is also spoken among theMandaeansof Ahvaz. It is a descendant of theClassical Mandaiclanguage that has been partially influenced by Khuzestani Persian.

Languages of Khuzestan Province
Language Percente
Persian
 
 44.8%
Arabic
 
 35.7%
Bakhtiari
 
 15.8%
Qashqai
 
 2.3%
Kurdish
 
 0.9%
Other
 
 0.5%

Pollution

[edit]

In 2011, theWorld Health Organizationranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[43]The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. Thepollutioncan be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.[44]

Transportation

[edit]

Airport

[edit]
Ahvaz International Airport --of "Martyr Major-General HajQasem-Soleimani"[45]

Ahvaz International Airport(IATA:AWZ,ICAO:OIAW) (Persian:فرودگاه بینالمللی اهواز) is an airport serving the city of Ahvaz,Iran.

Railway

[edit]
Ahvaz Railway Station

Ahwaz railway station(Persian:ايستگاه راه آهن اهواز,Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Ahvaz) is located in Ahvaz,Khuzestan Province.

  • Ahwaz is accessible via freeways fromIsfahanandShiraz,and roadways toTehran.
  • A metro urban railway systemis being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.[46]

Sport

[edit]

Traditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes:Takhti Stadiumand the newly constructedGhadir Stadium.There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately ownedstadiumis currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz.

Football

[edit]
Image of aflare stackin Ahvaz, due to inefficient combustion, emits tons of black coloredsootinto the atmosphere, causing problems like climate change and cancer around the country.[47]
Foolad Arena,home ofFoolad FC

Footballis a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian majorFootballclubs:Foolad,Esteghlal Khuzestanare currently playing in thePersian Gulf Pro League,andEsteghlal Ahvazis playing inAzadegan League.

Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016,Esteghlal Khuzestanwon the league for the first time.

A number of other teams such asFoolad Bthe second team of Foolad andKarun Khuzestanplay in the2nd Division.

Futsal

[edit]

Ahvaz has also two teams in theIranian Futsal Super League,which areSherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSCandGaz Khozestan FSC.

Colleges and universities

[edit]

Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:

Notable people

[edit]
Hamed Haddadi
[edit]
  • Rumi statue
    Rumistatue
  • The 8th Bridge (Qadir)
    The 8th Bridge (Qadir)
  • The White Bridge
    The White Bridge
  • White Bridge over Karun river
    White Bridge over Karun river
Panoramic view of Ahvaz at night
Panoramic view of Ahvaz at night

See also

[edit]

Ahvaztravel guide from Wikivoyage

Media related toAhvazat Wikimedia Commons

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^AlsoromanizedasAhvâzandAhwaz

References

[edit]
  1. ^OpenStreetMap contributors (22 July 2023)."Ahvaz, Ahvaz County"(Map).OpenStreetMap(in Persian).Retrieved22 July2023.
  2. ^امینی شهردار منتخب اهواز شدIranian Students' News Agency
  3. ^"Statistical Center of Iran > Home".www.amar.org.ir.
  4. ^Habibi, Hassan."Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz".Islamic Parliament Research Center(in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2014.Retrieved25 January2024.
  5. ^Getting know to Ahwazaparat.com Retrieved 5 May 2018
  6. ^AbdulHussain Sa'dian, Land and people of Iran, Anthropology and ceremonies of Iranian ethnicities, publishers science and life, pp. 463–463.
  7. ^"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)".AMAR(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 September 2011.Retrieved25 September2022.
  8. ^"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)".Syracuse University(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 18 January 2023.Retrieved19 December2022.
  9. ^ab"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)".AMAR(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 06. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 21 October 2020.Retrieved19 December2022.
  10. ^"Khuzestan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".www.citypopulation.de.
  11. ^Bar Bahlul,Hasan."Bar Bahlul Dictionary".Retrieved1 February2012.
  12. ^Dodgeon M. H. and Lieu S. N. C.,The Roman Eastern Frontier and The Persian Wars; A Documentary History,London (1991), p.35;ISBN0-415-10317-7
  13. ^"Ahvaz".toiran.com.Retrieved23 April2015.
  14. ^cf.Encyclopædia Iranica
  15. ^X. de Planhol,Encyclopædia Iranica
  16. ^Encyclopædia Iranica,p.690, see entry:Ahvaz
  17. ^Ibid,p.690
  18. ^Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of AhwazMIPT Terror Knowledge Base
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  36. ^فهرست نویسی پیش از انتشار کتابخانه ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران * شماره کتاب شناسه ملّی:۲۸۹۰۶۹۰ *عنوان و نام پدیدآورنده:طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخصهای فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخصهای غیرثبتی){گزارش}:گزارشهای پیشرفت طرحها وکلان شهرها/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس *بهاء:۱۰۰۰۰۰ ریال-شابک:۷-۶۸-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-مؤسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۹۵ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی)*یادداشت:عنوان دیگر:طرح و بررسی و سنجش شاخصهای فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخصهای غیرثبتی) سال ۱۳۸۹ *توصیفگر:شاخصهای غیرثبتی+شاخصهای فرهنگی+گزارشهای پیشرفت طرحها و کلانشهرها *توصیفگر:ایران ۳۸۶۲۸۹ *تهران۱۹۹۰۶۶ /مشهد۲۹۲۳۴۱ /اصفهان ۱۷۰۰۱۷/تبریز۱۸۴۸۱/کرج ۲۷۸۲۵۲/شیراز۲۵۱۷۰۳/اهواز۱۷۶۴۰۳/قم۲۷۰۸۷۷ *شناسنامه افزوده:واعظی، منصور، ۱۳۳۳–۷۳۵۰۶۸ *شناسنامه افزوده:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس /شورای فرهنگ عمومی *مرکز پخش:خیابان ولیعصر، زرتشت غربی، خیابان کامبیز، بخش طباطبایی رفیعی، پلاک۱۸، تلفن:۷–۸۸۹۷۸۴۱۵ *لیتوگرافی، چاپ و صحافی:سازمان چاپ و انتشارات اوقاف
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