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Ain Ebel

Coordinates:33°06′35″N35°24′10″E/ 33.10972°N 35.40278°E/33.10972; 35.40278
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Ain Ebel
عين إبل,ܥܝܢ ܐܒܠ
Village
Ain Ebel in the winter, with Our Lady of Ain Ebel church in the background
Ain Ebel in the winter, with Our Lady of Ain Ebel church in the background
Map showing the location of Ain Ebel within Lebanon
Map showing the location of Ain Ebel within Lebanon
Ain Ebel
Location within Lebanon
Coordinates:33°06′35″N35°24′10″E/ 33.10972°N 35.40278°E/33.10972; 35.40278
Grid position187/279PAL
CountryLebanon
GovernorateNabatieh Governorate
DistrictBint Jbeil District
Founded byUnknown
Government
• Type15 Member Municipal Council
• BodyMunicipal Council
•MayorImad Lallous (Party Unknown)
Area
• Total13.60 km2(5.25 sq mi)
Highest elevation
850 m (2,790 ft)
Lowest elevation
750 m (2,460 ft)
Population
• Total1,500−2,000; 3,500+ Summer Period
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Dialing code+961
Patron SaintSt. Mary

Ain Ebel(Arabic:عين إبل;Syriac:ܥܝܢ ܐܒܠ) is a Lebanese village[1]in theNabatieh/Nabatiye Governorate,about 90 kilometers (56 miles) south ofBeirut.Its inhabitants are predominantlyChristian.[2]

Ascross-border shellingbetweenHezbollahand Israel has increased, many residents, especially women and children, have fled to Lebanon’s capital,Beirut.[3]

Etymology

[edit]

Historian Taissier Khalaf writes that the name means "Spring of the Monk" because inAramaicAinmeans spring andEbelmeans a hermit or monk.[4]Others say thatEbelis a corruption ofBaal,theSemiticgod associated with storms and thus irrigation.[5]Combined withAinthe name may mean "Spring of Irrigation".[6]Edward Henry Palmertranslated it literally as "Spring of Camels" based on classical Arabic.[7]Variant spellings include Ainebel, Aïn Ebel, Ain Ebl, Ain Ibl, Ayn Ibil, Ain Ibil, Aïn Ibel, and Ain Ibel.

History

[edit]
Relief withApolloandArtemis,Louvre, found at Kh ed Doueir, just north of Ain Ebel

Ain Ebel is a historic village with numerous archaeological sites.

Prehistory

[edit]

Lower Paleolithicimplements found in Ain Ebel attest to the region being inhabited in prehistoric times.[8]AHeavy Neolithicsite of theQaraoun culturewas discovered byHenri Fleischwest of Ain Ebel in theWadi Koura,with tools suggesting use by forest dwellers at the start of theNeolithic Revolution.[9]The region stretching from the north of Ain Ebel to south nearYarounis rich in flint instruments, and the whole surrounding region as far asJishcontains megalithic ruins, perhaps pre-Canaanite.[10]

Ancient history

[edit]

In theBabylonian Talmud,Ain Ebel is referred to as'En Bol,a village northwest ofSafed,in a rabbinic discussion of the practice of baby girls undergoing ritual immersion prior to the immersion of the mother.[11]

Historian John T. Durward argues that Ain Ebel, located west ofKedeshofNaphtali(an ancient town documented in Judges 4:6, 10), is probably the biblical town of Abel Beth Ma'acah, and was the spiritual retreat of the clergy from Tyre and Acre.[12]

On the outskirts of the village is an area calledChalabounewhereErnest Renan,a French historian and philosopher who was sent by EmperorNapoleon IIIto Lebanon, found ancient graves.[13]According to Renan, Ain-Ebel had beautiful underground passages and large buildings in colossal stones and admirable carved sarcophagi in two remarkable places, Douair andChalaboune,which he believed was the Biblical town of Shaalabbin of theTribe of Dan.[14]On one of the graves, Renan discovered abas-reliefofApolloandArtemis.The relief was transported toFrancewhere it remains today at the Louvre.[15]In 2011 and after months of negotiation, theMusée du Louvreagreed to make an exact replica of the bas-relief, which was delivered to the municipality of Ain Ebel in November.[16]

Middle Ages and early Modern period

[edit]

It is believed that the village has been continuously inhabited at least since the 15th century when Christians from the north of Lebanon migrated to lower elevations in the south to cultivate feudal lands.[17]

In his book,Salut Jerusalem: Les memoires d'un chretien de Tyr a l'epoque des Croisades,the Lebanese historian, Bechara Menassa, wrote that the people of Ain Ebel were in touch with the Crusaders inToron,modernTebnine.Menassa described how a Frankish monk killed a wild animal in Ain Ebel.

Late Ottoman period

[edit]

InJanuary 1837,Ain Ebel was hit by theGalilee earthquake,which devastated the South all the way to Safad and Tiberias.[18]

By the mid-nineteenth century, Ain Ebel had become the principal village of Christianity in the Upper Galilee, and in 1861 it was chosen for the first religious retreat organized in the Holy Land where 55 priests from the archdioceses of Tyre and Acre gathered for a reunion.[19]

Ain Ebel is mentioned in a Christian anthology, containing contributions from ministers and members of various evangelical denominations published in the United Kingdom in 1866:

Forwards we marched, with light spirits, through close woods, varied by occasional clearings, like what are called the 'rides' in old English forests; and sometimes we arrived at snug villages or prospects of such by the names of Teereh, Hhaneen and Ain Ibil, the latter at two hours from Tibneen. The people are Christians, and they cultivate silk and tobacco... A poor Maronite priest in his black robes and dark blue turban, came up to me, and, leaning on his staff, represented the sad story of his village (Ain Nebel) the day before, when of the subordinate officers of Tamar Bek, going round to inspect the Christians in their compulsory and unpaid labour at the lime-kilns, and finding the work of one of the men not equal to the task exacted, shot him dead on the spot.

— Johnstone, John, "Byeways in Palestine by a British Consul, Upper Galilee, Forest Scenery", page188,The Christian Treasury, Volume 22(1866)

In 1875Victor Guérinvisited, and noted 800 Maronite and 200 Greek Orthodox villagers.[20]

In 1881, thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine(SWP)described 'Ain Ibl as a: "Well-built modern village, with a Christian chapel; contains about 1,000 Christians (800 Maronites and 200 United Greeks). It has vineyards on the slope of the hill on which the village is placed, and olives in the valley below. Good water supply from springs in the valley."[21]

P. Engbert writes that the inhabitants of Ain Ebel offered the Jesuits in 1888 a fairly large lot of land after almost all the inhabitants signed the petition which was presented to R. P. Lefebvre.[22]

In 1889, the village harvest was bad and an epidemic spread among the townspeople, lasting all winter and killing more than fifty people.[23]

French Mandate

[edit]

The village celebrated the arrival of High CommissionerGouraudto Lebanon by flying theflag of Franceand playing theFrench anthem.[24]By 1920, Ain Ebel had a population of 1,500, living in about 300 houses.[25]

Massacre of 1920

[edit]

While delegates from the Shia Conference of El-Hujair were inDamascusswearing allegiance toKing Faisal,an act the Maronites ofJabal Amelconsidered threatening, a Shia gang led by Mahmoud Bazzi, which "proceeded from brigandage to confronting France and its Christian friends in the south",[26]attacked Ain Ebel on May 5, 1920, pillaging and killing more than 50 people.[27][28]It appears that the gangs responded to a call forjihad.[29]The people of Ain Ebel defended the town from sunrise to sunset until they ran out of ammunition.[30]

A contemporary Franciscan document chronicling the event states that attackers abandoned themselves in the violence, massacring children in the arms of their parents before killing them, raping young women and then killing them, and burning people who were still alive.[31]The survivors fled south to Haifa until French ships took them back to Tyre where General Gouraud promised the Maronite Patriarch to punish those who had caused the massacres and destruction.[32]The town was completely destroyed, and the damage done to the two churches, school and convent, were evidence of sectarian malice.[25][33]The neighboring villages ofDebelandRmaichwere also attacked so after 12 days of plundering and massacres,[34]the French arrived and suppressed all activities inJabal Amilregion.[35]

While awaiting to return to their village, it was reported that a soldier, in the service of the English, offered the villagers to sell their properties to theZionistsbecause they were not guaranteed a return to Ain Ebel, but they all refused. This was yet another example of how the Christians of the Tyre district were under a lot of pressure to abandon their land and emigrate out of the area.[36]The massacres hardened Maronite opinion in favor of Jabal Amil being part of Greater Lebanon, which borders were cemented at theSan Remo conferencein 1920.[26]

Later French rule

[edit]

During theFrench Mandate,the network of paved road expanded, coinciding with the introduction of automobiles in Lebanon. The arrival of the first car in a village became a celebratory event, and this was true in Ain Ebel, where the inhabitants, dressed in their Sunday best, gathered in the church square to welcome the first car to drive through the village.[37]The French planned to build an automobile road to connect the southern villages with those ofMandatory Palestine.The original plan was to build the road fromBint JbeilviaYarounandRmaich,but the people of Ain Ebel protested, knowing the significance of such a road for the development of their town, and in the end, they were able to convince the French government to change the plan and have the road run through the village.[38]

DuringWorld War II,theVichy Frenchhad a line of widely spaced blockhouses that stretched from the coast to the inland heights, reaching Ain Ebel.[39]During theSyria–Lebanon Campaignto liberate Lebanon and Syria from the Vichy, Australian Captain Douglas George Horley was ordered to clear Ain Ebel.[40]Australian Brigadier J. E. S. Stevens decided that he would seize Aitaroun, Bint Jbel, Ain Ebel, Yaroun, Rmaich,Ayta ash Shab,Ramié, Jereine,Aalma ech Chaaband Labouna to cut a road fromAl-Malkiyyato the French frontier road so as to make a second gateway into the coastal zone.[39]The Australian squad, guided by Meir Davidson's squad, finally captured the town ofBint Jbeiland the villages ofAitarounand Ain Ebel.[41]After taking Yaroun and Bint Jbeil, Ain Ebel was found to have been abandoned by the Vichy.[40]

Contemporary history

[edit]

In October 1948, during the1948 Arab–Israeli War,Ain Ebel receivedPalestinian refugees,especially from the village ofEilabunviaMeiron,who stayed in the church for three days before being relocated to theMieh Mieh refugee camp.[42]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the village was often caught in the skirmishes between thePalestine Liberation Organizationand theIsrael Defense Force.[43]Israel imposed a food and fuel blockade on Christian villages, such as Ain Ebel andQlaiaa,forcing the inhabitants to deal with Israel.[44]Christian militiaarrived in Ain Ebel and neighboring Christian villages in August 1976[45]to open a new line of confrontation against the PLO strongholds in neighboring villages.

Ain-Ebel native,Monsignor Albert Khreishwas abducted from his home on April 24, 1988.[46]A week later on May 1, 1988, Monsignor Albert Khreish, who was head of the Maronite Spiritual Affairs Court, and nephew ofCardinal Anthony Peter Khoraish,was found dead in the pine forest outside ofGhazir.[47]Khreish, who was shot 30 times, was an authority on international law and had served on the Maronite religious tribunal and lectured at the Government-run Lebanese University.[48]His death was believed to be politically motivated, but the case was unsolved.[49]

2006 Lebanon War

[edit]

In July 2006, Ain Ebel, like other villages that string Lebanon's southern border, such asDebel,Qaouzah,Rmaich,andYaroun,was caught in the2006 Lebanon Warbetween Lebanon and Israel. The village and its surrounding valleys were attacked by Israël.[50]During the conflict, the village witnessed ferocious battles with missiles destroying many houses and orchards and leaving the townspeople besieged and without bread for three weeks.[51]

After allegations that Hezbollah was using humans as shields, theHuman Rights Watchvisited Ain Ebel on several occasions, and their "investigations revealed that this was wrong, because Hezbollah was defending Lebanon from Israeli attacks that were endangering civilians" when they launched rockets from or near civilian homes, adding that on July 24, around 9:30 am, a convoy of 17 vehicles, fleeing Ain Ebel also were attacked by Israël, and put civilians under attack.[52][53]Residents of Ein Abel informedHuman Rights Watchinvestigators that Hezbollah had declared several fields "off limits" to the locals following the Israeli withdrawal in 2000, later using these areas to construct military installations.[54]

Death of Elias Hasrouni

[edit]

Elias Hasrouni, a veteranLebanese Forcesofficial, was first thought to have died in a car crash on Sunday, August 6, 2023, but an autopsy later revealed that he was killed and many, includingSamir Geagea,believed the murder was politically motivated.[55]Samir Geagea declared Hasrouni's death an assassination, pointing the finger at Hezbollah as the crime occurred deep within areas controlled by them but that accusation was never proven.[56]PoliticianSamy Gemayelalso hinted that Hezbollah might have been behind the killing.[57]The residents of Ain Ebel, one of the few Christian villages in the predominately Shiite province, one of Hezbollah's main power bases, are mostly supportive of Hezbollah's largest political ennemy, the Lebanese Forces, and the murder of Hasrouni created sectarian tentions.[58]Two months later, Hasrouni's wife, Yvette Sleiman died in a car accident, but it was unclear whether her death was also politically motivated.[59]

2023 Lebanon-Israel border conflict (8 October 2023 - present)

[edit]

Ain Ebel, about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the border withIsrael,was caught in the crossfire during the2023 Lebanon-Israel border conflict.While the village, like other neighboring Christian villages, was not aligned toHezbollah,Israeli attacks led some villagers, especially the women and children, to evacuate to Beirut.[60]Only 40% of the population, mostly adult men, remained in the village.[3]The Saint-Joseph and Saints-Cœurs Schools closed amid the war after three of their students were killed on November 5 on the road between Aitaroun and Ain Ebel by an Israeli strike.[61][62][63]On November 23, 2023, several rockets hit Ain Ebel as a result of theIron Domeintercepting 48 missiles launched by Hezbollah.[64]As residents prepared for a subdued Christmas under the shadow of the ongoing conflict,United Nations peacekeepinghanded out toys on Saturday, December 23 to some 250 children whose families had remained in Ain Ebel and in the nearby villages ofRmaichandDebel.[65]

Geography

[edit]

Located in the mountainous region of southern Lebanon, known asBelad Bechara[66]inJabal Amel,or the Lebanese Upper Galilee, Ain Ebel occupies several hills with elevation ranging from 750 to 850 meters above sea level. There are three natural springs in Ain Ebel, including Tarabnine, Tahta and Hourrié, and in the valley between Ain Ebel andHanineis Ain Hanine.[10]

Ain Ebel in winter

Climate

[edit]

The village has a Mediterranean climate[67]and enjoys four seasons with autumn and spring being mild but rainy, winter being cold and sometimes snowy and summer being dry and very pleasant with average temperatures between 25–27 °C (77–81 °F).[68]

Temperature in Ain Ebel is rarely below 1°C (34°F) or above 30°C (86°F):
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
185
8
3
83
9
5
49
14
7
17
18
10
20
24
14
1
24
14
1
25
16
1
27
18
3
26
17
20
25
15
91
21
11
125
13
6
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█Precipitation totals in mm
Source:[69][70]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
7.3
46
37
3.3
48
41
1.9
57
45
0.7
64
50
0.8
75
57
0
75
57
0
77
61
0
81
64
0.1
79
63
0.8
77
59
3.6
70
52
4.9
55
43
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█Precipitation totals in inches

Geology

[edit]

Deposits ofbitumen,a black mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally, is found in Ain Ebel.[71][72]Flint is also found; it was excavated and used to build tools by ancient dwellers of the region.[10]

Vegetation

[edit]

The main agricultural products areolives,almonds,chestnuts,pecans,grapes,figs,pomegranates,andapples.Oak and pine woods can be found on the outskirts of the village.

In January 2023, perennial oak trees were illegally cut down in the western woods of the town, and while the culprit, a resident ofAyta ash Shab,was arrested, he was believed to be close toHezbollahand was eventually released by a decision from theNabatiehPublic Prosecutor.[73]

During the2023-2024 Lebanon-Israel border conflict,theIsraeli armyconducted airstrikes on the forest areas between Ain Ebel and Bint Jbeil.[74]Additionally, Israel's use of white phosphorus and other incendiary weapons burned tens of thousands of olive trees and other crops in the border area.[75]

Demographics

[edit]

The people of Ain Ebel are mainlyMaronite Catholics,Greek CatholicsandArmenian Catholics.[76]In 2009, there were 410 members of theSaint-Élieparish of theMelkite Churchin the village.[77]

Education

[edit]

There are three schools in the village: twoprivate schools(Saints-Cœurs and Saint Joseph) and onepublic school.Of the three, the oldest is Saints-Cœurs, which was established by the Jesuits in 1881.[78]

Saint Joseph School

Within a decade, Ain Ebel had two schools, and Missionary Père Angelil requested the aid of the nuns of Ain Ebel in 1890 to teach for eight days the inhabitants in neighboringMi'ilyaafter which two nuns remained there to manage the new school.[79]

Arts, culture, sports

[edit]
Our Lady of Ain Ebel
Lebanon Mountain Trailin Ain Ebel

Architecture

[edit]

There are three historic churches, built in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and a convent that was built in 1857.[80]

A shrine, consisting of a 200-foot tower to be topped by a 45-foot statue of the Virgin Mary, is being built in Ain Ebel at the north entrance of the village, funded primarily by expatriates.[3]

Religious structures

[edit]

Chapels

  • Chapel of the Sacred Heart
  • Saint Mary's Chapel

Churches

  • Our Lady of Ain Ebel Maronite Catholic Church
  • Saint ElieGreek Catholic Melkite Church
  • The New Saint Elie Greek Catholic Melkite Church

Convents

Shrines

Festivals

[edit]

Each summer, a grand festival is organized in honor of theBlessed Virgin Mary.The festival culminates on theAssumption of Maryon August 15. Outdoor events and open-air concerts are held in the village's square. The festivities peak with a procession of theVirgin Maryicon.

Hiking

[edit]

Funded by theUnited States Agency for International Development(USAID), in partnership with the Community Support Program (CSP), Ain Ebel's western slopes, which are covered with olive and oak trees, became connected in 2022 to theLebanon Mountain Trail,a long-distance hiking trail that crosses Lebanon from north to south.[82]

Notable figures from Ain Ebel

[edit]

Academia

Arts

Business

Cardinal Anthony Peter Khoraich

Clergy

Diplomacy

  • Ambassador Mounir Khoreich[92]

Journalism

Politics

Military

In literature

[edit]
  • InHalf a Lira's Worth: The Life and Times of Vivroniaby Mick Darcy
"The Kazzy family, in the early 1920s, were small landholders in the village of Ain Ebel, in Southern Lebanon

In media

[edit]
  • YouTuber Anthony Rahayel featured the village in a specialepisodein 2022.[100]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Piveteau, Jean (1968).La Préhistoire: Problèmes et Tendances.Paris: Ed. du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 113.
  2. ^"Christians in Lebanon's tense border area prepare to celebrate a subdued Christmas".AP News.23 December 2023. Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2024.Retrieved3 June2024.
  3. ^abcMatt Bradley and, Ziad Jaber (2 November 2023)."Emptied by worries of war, a tiny Christian town clings to Lebanon's edge".NBC News.Retrieved24 December2023.
  4. ^Khalaf, Taissier (2006).al-Masīḥ fī al-Jūlān: Tārīkh wa-Athār[Christ in the Golan: History and Traces] (in Arabic). Dār Kanʻān.
  5. ^Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992).The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary.Vol. 1. New York: Doubleday.
  6. ^"Ain-Ebel".Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2003.Retrieved13 October2008.
  7. ^From A Personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p.62
  8. ^Field, Henry (1956).Ancient and Modern Man in Southwestern Asia.Vol. 1. University of Miami Press. p. 44.
  9. ^Copeland, L.; Wescombe, P. (1966).Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon: North, South and East-Central Lebanon.Impr. Catholique. p. 88.Retrieved3 March2011.
  10. ^abcHulot & Rabot, "Actes de la societé géographie," Seance du 6 décembre 1907, La Géographie, Volume 17, Paris, 1908, page 78
  11. ^The Talmud Babylonian: Seder Tomoroth,"Tractate Niddah," Folio 32a.Translated by Epstein, I. Halakah. 1935.Retrieved3 May2019.
  12. ^Durward, John T. (1913).Holy Land and Holy Writ.Baraboo, WI: Pilgrimage Publishing Company. p. 668.
  13. ^Renan 1864,pp. 677–678.
  14. ^Minervini, Giulio.Bulletino archeologico italiano,Volumes 1–2, "Antichità Oritentali", Naples, Italy, 1862 pages 150–151
  15. ^Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881).The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology.Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 236.
  16. ^Al-Amin, Danny (18 November 2011),عين ابل تفاوض اللوفر وتستعيد نسخة عن تحفتها,Al-Akhbar,no. 1565
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Bibliography

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