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Alcohol-related crime

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Share of crimes which are alcohol-related

Alcohol-related crimerefers to criminal activities that involvealcoholuse as well as violations of regulations covering the sale or use of alcohol; in other words, activities violating thealcohol laws.[1][2]Underage drinkinganddrunk drivingare the most prevalent alcohol-specific offenses in the United States[1]and a major problem in many, if not most, countries worldwide.[3][4][5]Similarly, arrests for alcohol-related crimes constitute a high proportion of all arrests made by police in the U.S. and elsewhere.[6]

Crime perpetrators are much more likely to be intoxicated than crime victims. Alcohol availability and consumption rates and alcohol rates are positively associated with nuisance, loitering,panhandling,and disorderly conduct in open spaces;domestic violence;as well asviolent crimes,though specifics differ between particular countries and cultures.[1]Research found that factors that increase the likelihood of alcohol-related violence include difficult temperament, hyperactivity, hostile beliefs, history of family violence, poor school performance, delinquent peers, criminogenic beliefs about alcohol's effects, impulsivity, and antisocial personality disorder.[1]

In the early 2000s, the monetary cost of alcohol-related crime in the United States alone has been estimated at over $205 billion, twice the economic cost of all otherdrug-related crimes.[7]In a similar period in the United Kingdom, the cost of crime and its antisocial effects was estimated at £7.3 billion.[8]Another estimate for the UK for yearly cost of alcohol-related crime suggested double that estimate, at between £8 and 13 billion.[9]Risky patterns of drinking are particularly problematic in and around Russia, Mexico and some parts of Africa.[10]

The relation betweenalcohol and violenceis not yet fully understood, as its impact on different individual varies. While alcohol use correlates positively with crimes and violence, there is no simple, causal and direct relationship. Studies and theories ofalcohol abusesuggest, among others, that use of alcohol likely reduces the offender's perception and awareness of consequences of their actions.[11][1][6][12]TheWorld Health Organizationhas noted that out ofsocial problemscreated by the harmful use of alcohol, "crime and violence related to alcohol consumption" are likely the most significant issue.[10]

Types

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Some crimes are uniquely tied to alcohol, such aspublic intoxicationorunderage drinking,while others are simply more likely to occur together with alcohol consumption.

Currency

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Alcohol has been used as a currency fortransactional sexin South Africa, and Uganda.[13][14][15]

Public-order crimes

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See also:Passive drinking
Table from the 2010DrugSciencestudy ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug moreharmful to othersthan to the users themselves.[16]

Public-order crimescaused by drinking includedrunk driving,domestic violence,and alcohol-relatedsexual assaults.

Domestic violence and child abuse

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Main articles:Domestic violenceandchild abuse

Domestic violencetypically co-occurs with alcohol abuse. Alcohol use has been reported as a factor by two-thirds of domestic abuse victims. Moderate drinkers are more frequently engaged in intimate violence than are light drinkers and abstainers, however generally it is heavy and/or binge drinkers who are involved in the most chronic and serious forms of aggression. The odds, frequency, and severity of physical attacks are all positively correlated with alcohol use. In turn, violence decreases after behavioral marital alcoholism treatment. Studies also suggest there may be links between alcohol abuse andchild abuse.[1]

Driving under the influence

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Main article:Driving under the influence
An Estonian billboard warning against drunk driving

Driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians.[17]

With alcohol consumption, a drunk driver's level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement ofblood alcohol contentor BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the criminal offense with no need to prove impairment.[18]In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication.

Football hooliganism

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Football hooliganism is driven by violence that often is alcohol-fueled. This can be a hard difference to notice as hooligans are regular citizens just like the other fans. Notably, game days can be seen by fans as an opportunity to get drunk, this is supported by a study from Michael Ostrowsky who draws on other research:[f]ans who have been plied with alcohol are more likely than their sober counterparts to engage in a variety of behaviors, some of which can be problematic.[clarification needed]Using this information, it is clear that alcohol and sports have a strong connection. However, restricted usage of alcohol as seen in events such as the2022 Qatar World Cup,was effective in reducing the level of hooliganism that has been previously seen in other major tournaments.[citation needed]

Negligence

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Shards of broken beer bottles

Negligencein alcohol consumption can have a ripple effect on environmentally responsible behavior. For example, improper disposal of alcohol bottles is a common problem. Many are not recycled or left behind in public spaces. Discarded alcoholic beverage containers, especially broken glass shards that are difficult to remove, does not only create an eyesore but may also causeflat tiresfor cyclists, injure wildlife or kids. Also, people under the influence may forget to extinguishoutdoor fireplaces,which may create afire hazardsince unchecked fires can escalate intowildfires.

Alcohol consumption can contribute to nighttimenoise pollution,especially through loud music played by intoxicated individuals. This disrupts sleep and relaxation for nearby residents, impacting health and productivity. Municipal noise ordinances often establish quiet hours and penalties for violations.

Public drunkenness

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Main article:Public intoxication
See also:Drinking in public
Drunkard passed out on a bench

Public drunkenness or intoxication is a common problem in many jurisdictions. The offenders are often lower class individuals and this crime has a very high recidivism rate, with numerous instances of repeated instances of the arrest, jail, release without treatment cycle. The high number of arrests for public drunkenness often reflects rearrests of the same offenders.[6]

Robbery and violent crimes

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Main article:Violent crimes
A broken bottle for glassing.

Robbery and violent crimes often involve alcohol use, and there is a positive correlation between such crimes and alcohol use.[1]15% of robberies, 63% of intimate partner violence incidents, 37% of sexual assaults, 45–46% of physical assaults and 40–45% of homicides in the United States involved use of alcohol.[19][7]A 1983 study for the United States found that 54% of violent crime perpetrators, arrested in that country, had been consuming alcohol before their offenses.[6]In the United Kingdom, in 2015/2016, 39% of those involved in violent crimes were under alcohol influence.[20]International studies are similar, with an estimate that 63% of violent crimes worldwide involves the use of alcohol.[7]

Glassing(or bottling inNew Zealand) is a physical attack using aglassorbottleas a weapon. Glassings can occur at bars or pubs wherealcoholic beveragesis served and such items are readily available. The most common method of glassing involves the attacker smashing an intact glass vessel in the face of the victim, though it can also be smashed onto a surface, then gripped by the remaining base of the glass or neck of the bottle with the broken shards protruding outwards and used in a manner similar to a knife.

Sexual assaults

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Main articles:Alcohol and sexandBeer goggles

Rape is any sexual activity that occurs without the freely givenconsentof one of the parties involved. This includesalcohol-facilitated sexual assaultwhich is considered rape in most if not all jurisdictions,[21]ornon-consensual condom removalwhich is criminalized in some countries (see the map below).

A 2008 study found that rapists typically consumed relatively high amounts of alcohol and infrequently used condoms during assaults, which was linked to a significant increase in STI transmission.[22]This also increase the risk ofpregnancy from rapefor female victims. Some people turn to drugs or alcohol to cope with emotional trauma after a rape; use of these during pregnancy can harm the fetus.[23]

Alcohol-facilitated sexual assault
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Most sexual assaults occur when the victim has consumed alcohol, rather than "spiked"drinks.[24]
See also:Campus sexual assault

One of the most commondate rape drugsis alcohol,[25][26][11]administered either surreptitiously[27]or consumed voluntarily,[25]rendering the victim unable to make informed decisions or give consent. The perpetrator then facilitatessexual assaultorrape,a crime known as alcohol- ordrug-facilitated sexual assault(DFSA).[28][21][29]However, sex with an unconscious victim is considered rape in most if not all jurisdictions, and some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much.[30]The risk of individuals either experiencing or perpetratingsexual violenceandrisky sexual behaviorincreases withalcohol abuse,[31]and by the consumption ofcaffeinated alcoholic drinks.[32][33]

Non-consensual condom removal
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Court decision declaring stealthing as rape or sexual assault
Law prohibiting stealthing

Non-consensual condom removal,or "stealthing",[34]is the practice of a person removing acondomduringsexual intercoursewithout consent, when their sex partner has onlyconsentedto condom-protected sex.[35][36]Purposefully damaging a condom before or during intercourse may also be referred to as stealthing,[37]regardless of who damaged the condom.

Consuming alcohol can be risky in sexual situations. It can impair judgment and make it difficult for both people to give or receive informedsexual consent.However, a history of sexual aggression andalcohol intoxicationare factors associated with an increased risk of men employing non-consensual condom removal and engaging in sexually aggressive behavior with female partners.[38][39]

Wartime sexual violence
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The use of alcohol is a documented factor inwartime sexual violence.

For example,rape during the liberation of Serbiawas committed by SovietRed Armysoldiers against women during their advance to Berlin in late 1944 and early 1945 duringWorld War II.Serbian journalist Vuk Perišić said about the rapes: "The rapes were extremely brutal, under the influence of alcohol and usually by a group of soldiers. The Soviet soldiers did not pay attention to the fact that Serbia was their ally, and there is no doubt that the Soviet high command tacitly approved the rape."[40]

While there wasn't a codified international law specifically prohibiting rape during World War II,customary international lawprinciples already existed that condemned violence against civilians. These principles formed the basis for the development of more explicit laws after the war,[41]including theNuremberg Principlesestablished in 1950.

Street crimes

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Research suggests a link between alcohol use and involvement instreet crime.Intoxication can impair judgment and lower inhibitions, increasing the likelihood of risky behavior like theft or violence. This can escalate situations and lead to more serious crimes.

Street fighting
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Street fightingis usually illegal due to its disruption of public order. Some fights are driven by alcohol. Alcohol itself does not directly lead to violence but it acts as a catalyst, allowing cheers from the crowds or provocation from opponents to ignite the fight between fighters.[42]Since the consumption of alcohol negatively impacts the brain function, drunk people fail to assess the situation which often results in overreacting and unpredictable fights.[42]

Vandalism
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Alcohol-fueled vandalism is a form of destructive behavior that occurs when individuals under the influence of alcohol damage or destroy property, often public or private, that doesn't belong to them. This vandalism can range from minor acts like spray-painting graffiti or breaking windows to more serious offenses like damaging vehicles or buildings.

Impaired judgment and impulse control are key factors. Alcohol intoxication weakens a person's ability to make sound decisions and control their urges, making them more likely to engage in risky or destructive behavior. Additionally, the disinhibition caused by alcohol can lead to a sense of anonymity or invincibility, further emboldening individuals to commit vandalism. Social settings where heavy alcohol consumption is present, particularly those with large groups, can create a sense of conformity or peer pressure, increasing the likelihood of vandalism.

The consequences of alcohol-fueled vandalism can be significant for both the victims and the perpetrators. Victims may face financial losses to repair or replace damaged property. Beyond the financial impact, vandalism can also create a sense of fear and insecurity within communities. For the perpetrators, vandalism can lead to criminal charges, fines, or even jail time.

Rum-running

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Main article:Rum-running

Rum-running,theillegal businessofsmugglingalcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law.

Straw purchase

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A photograph of a group of people standing outside at nighttime, two of whom are barechested and one of whom is balancing on a stone
In the United Kingdom, the police normally only enforce the laws against public intoxication if the intoxicated person is unable to act in a reasonable manner, as demonstrated by such activities as climbing onStonehenge(pictured).
Main article:Straw purchase
See also:Shoulder tap (alcohol)

Straw purchasesof alcohol are illegal in most jurisdictions when a person under the legaldrinking agerequests that a person above the legal age purchase alcohol for the underage person, and the straw purchaser knows or might reasonably assume based on the circumstances that the person is under the legal age.

InEngland and Wales,buying alcohol on behalf of a person under 18 is asummary offenceunder section 149 of theLicensing Act 2003,punishable by an unlimited fine (level 5 on thestandard scale). There is an exception for beer, wine or cider served to a 16 or 17-year-old with a meal at a table.[43]

Manufacturing

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Moonshine

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Moonshine(bootleg liquor) is illegal to produce inmost countries and territories.

Methanol laced alcohol
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Main article:List of methanol poisoning incidents

Outbreaksofmethanol poisoninghave occurred when methanol is used to adulterate moonshine.[44]Methanol has a high toxicity in humans. If as little as 10 mL of pure methanol is ingested, for example, it can break down intoformic acid,which can cause permanent blindness by destruction of theoptic nerve,and 30 mL is potentially fatal,[45]although the median lethal dose is typically 100 mL (3.4 fl oz) (i.e. 1–2 mL/kg body weight of pure methanol[46]).Reference dosefor methanol is 0.5 mg/kg/day.[47]Toxic effects take hours to start, and effective antidotes can often prevent permanent damage.[45]Because of its similarities in both appearance and odor toethanol(the alcohol in beverages), it is difficult to differentiate between the two.

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Pruno
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A one-US-gallon (3.8 L) jug of contraband prison wine made from oranges, confiscated from an inmate

Prison officials take a dim view of alcohol. Brewing any kind of prison hooch is strictly prohibited and comes with stiff penalties, from solitary confinement to extended sentences. It's a crime that disrupts the fragile order within prison walls.

Pruno,also known as prison hooch or prison wine, is a term used in theUnited Statesto describe an improvisedalcoholic beverage.It is variously made fromapples,oranges,fruit cocktail,fruit juices,hard candy,sugar,high fructose syrup,and possibly other ingredients, including crumbledbread.[48]Bread is incorrectly thought to containyeastfor the pruno to ferment. Pruno originated in USprisons,where it can be produced with the limited selection of equipment and ingredients available to inmates. It can be made using only a plastic bag, hot running water, and a towel or sock to conceal the pulp duringfermentation.The end result has been colorfully described as a "bile-flavoredwine cooler".[49]Depending on the time spent fermenting (always balanced against the risk of discovery by officers), the sugar content, and the quality of the ingredients and preparation, pruno'salcohol content by volumecan range from as low as 2% (equivalent to a very weak beer) to as high as 14% (equivalent to a strong wine).

Wine fraud

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Wine fraudrelates to the commercial aspects of wine. The most prevalent type of fraud is one where wines are adulterated, usually with the addition of cheaper products (e.g. juices) and sometimes with harmfulchemicalsand sweeteners (compensating for color or flavor).

Prevention and enforcement

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See also:BreathalyzerandElectronic tagging
Early 20th century Dutch poster about the dangers of alcoholism

Criminologist Hung-En Sung has concluded in 2016 that with regards to reducing drunk driving, law enforcement has not generally proven to be effective. Worldwide, the majority of those driving under the influence do not end up arrested. At least two-thirds of alcohol-involved fatalities involve repeat drinking drivers. Sung, commenting on measures for controlling drunk driving and alcohol-related accidents, noted that the ones that have proven effective include "lowering legal blood alcohol concentrations, controlling liquor outlets, nighttime drivingcurfewsfor minors, educational treatment programs combined withlicensesuspension for offenders, andcourt monitoringof high-risk offenders. "[1]In general, programs aimed at reducing society's consumption of alcohol, including education in schools, are seen as an effective long-term solution. Strategies aiming to reduce alcohol consumption among adult offenders have various estimates of effectiveness.[8]

Alcohol use is stereotypically associated with crime, and therefore policing alcohol-related street disorder and enforcing compliance checks of alcohol-dispensing businesses has proven successful in reducing public perception of and fear of criminal activities.[1]

Taxes

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  • Pigovian taxes,which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods.
  • Sin taxesare used to increase the price in an effort to lowertheir use,or failing that, to increase and find new sources of revenue.

History

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Gin LanebyWilliam Hogarth,1751

TheGin Crazewas a period in the first half of the 18th century when the consumption ofginincreased rapidly in Great Britain, especially in London. By 1743, England was drinking 2.2gallons(10 litres) of gin per person per year. TheSale of Spirits Act 1750(commonly known as the Gin Act 1751) was anActof theParliament of Great Britain(24 Geo. 2.c. 40) which was enacted to reduce the consumption ofginand otherdistilled spirits,a popular pastime[50]that was regarded as one of the primary causes ofcrime in London.[51]

Gilbert Paul Jordan(aka The Boozing Barber) was a Canadianserial killerwho is believed to have committed the so-called "alcohol murders" between 1965-c. 2004inVancouver,British Columbia.

See also

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References

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