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Aldebaran

Coordinates:Sky map04h35m55.2s,+16° 30′ 33″
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeAldebaran (disambiguation).Not to be confused withAlderamin,Alderaan,orA Tauri.
"Alpha Tauri" redirects here. For other uses, seeAlphaTauri.
Aldebaran
Location of Aldebaran (circled)
Observation data
EpochJ2000.0EquinoxJ2000.0
Constellation Taurus
Pronunciation /ælˈdɛbərən/[1][2]
Right ascension 04h35m55.23907s[3]
Declination +16° 30′ 33.4885″[3]
Apparent magnitude(V) 0.86 (0.75–0.95[4])
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Red giant branch[5]
Spectral type K5+ III[6]
Apparent magnitude(J) −2.095[7]
U−Bcolor index +1.92[8]
B−Vcolor index +1.44[8]
Variable type LB[4]
Astrometry
Radial velocity(Rv)+54.26±0.03[9]km/s
Proper motion(μ)RA:63.45±0.84[3]mas/yr
Dec.:−188.94±0.65[3]mas/yr
Parallax(π)49.97 ± 0.75mas[10]
Distance65.3 ± 1.0ly
(20.0 ± 0.3pc)
Absolute magnitude(MV)−0.641±0.034[10]
Details
Mass1.16±0.07[11]M☉
Radius45.1±0.1[12]R☉
Luminosity439±17[13]L☉
Surface gravity(logg)1.45±0.3[14]cgs
Temperature3,900±50[14]K
Metallicity[Fe/H]−0.33±0.1[14]dex
Rotation520 days[12]
Rotational velocity(vsini)3.5±1.5[14]km/s
Age6.4+1.4
−1.1[11]Gyr
Other designations
Alpha Tau, α Tau,87 Tauri,BD+16°629,GJ171.1, 9159,HD29139,HIP21421,HR1457,SAO94027
Database references
SIMBADdata
ARICNSdata

Aldebaran(Arabic:الدَّبَران,lit. 'The Follower') is astarlocated in thezodiacconstellationofTaurus.It has theBayer designationα Tauri,which isLatinizedtoAlpha Tauriand abbreviated Alpha Tau or α Tau. Aldebaran varies in brightness from anapparent visual magnitude0.75 down to 0.95, making it the brightest star in the constellation, as well as (typically) thefourteenth-brightest starin the night sky. It is positioned at a distance of approximately 65light-yearsfrom the Sun. The star lies along the line of sight to the nearbyHyades cluster.

Aldebaran is ared giant,meaning that it is cooler than the Sun with a surface temperature of3,900K,but its radius is about 45 timesthe Sun's,so it is over 400 times asluminous.As agiant star,it hasmoved offthemain sequenceon theHertzsprung–Russell diagramafter depleting its supply of hydrogen in thecore.The star spins slowly and takes 520 days to complete a rotation. Aldebaran is believed to host a planet several times the mass ofJupiter,namedAldebaran b. The planetary exploration probePioneer 10is heading in the general direction of the star and should make its closest approach in about two million years.

Nomenclature[edit]

Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation of Taurus (center).

The traditional name Aldebaran derives from the Arabical Dabarān(الدبران), meaning'the follower',because it seems to follow thePleiades.[15][16]In 2016, theInternational Astronomical UnionWorking Group on Star Names(WGSN) approved the proper nameAldebaranfor this star.[17][18]

Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and so has theBayer designationα Tauri, Latinised as Alpha Tauri. It has theFlamsteed designation87 Tauri as the 87th star in the constellation of approximately 7th magnitude or brighter, ordered byright ascension.It also has theBright Star Cataloguenumber 1457, theHDnumber 29139, and theHipparcoscatalogue number 21421, mostly seen in scientific publications.

It is a variable star listed in theGeneral Catalogue of Variable Stars,but it is listed using its Bayer designation and does not have a separatevariable star designation.[4]

Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as theWashington Double Star Catalogas WDS 04359+1631 and theAitken Double Star Catalogueas ADS 3321. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as H IV 66 in theHerschel Catalogue of Double Starsand Σ II 2 in theStruve Double Star Catalog,and together with a 14th-magnitude star as β 550 in theBurnham Double Star Catalogue.[19][20]

Observation[edit]

Aldebaran in theHyades

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in thenight sky,partly due to its brightness and partly due to being near one of the more noticeableasterismsin the sky. Following the three stars ofOrion's beltin the direction opposite toSirius,the first bright star encountered is Aldebaran.[21] It is best seen at midnight between late November and early December.

The star is, by chance, in the line of sight between the Earth and theHyades,so it has the appearance of being the brightest member of theopen cluster,but the cluster that forms the bull's-head-shaped asterism is more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.[22]

Aldebaran is 5.47 degrees south of theeclipticand so can beoccultedby theMoon.Such occultations occur when the Moon'sascending nodeis near theautumnal equinox.[23]A series of 49 occultations occurred starting on 29 January 2015 and ending at 3 September 2018.[24]Each event was visible from points in thenorthern hemisphereor close to theequator;people in e.g. Australia orSouth Africacan never observe an Aldebaran occultation since it is too far south of the ecliptic. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the occultation of 22 September 1978.[25]In the 2020s, Aldebaran is inconjunction in ecliptic longitudewith the sun around May 30 of each year.[26]

With a near-infraredJ bandmagnitudeof −2.1, onlyBetelgeuse(−2.9),R Doradus(−2.6), andArcturus(−2.2) are brighter at that wavelength.[7]

Observational history[edit]

Occultation of Aldebaran bythe Moon.Aldebaran is the red dot to the right, barely visible in the thumbnail.

On 11 March AD 509, a lunaroccultationof Aldebaran was observed inAthens,Greece.[27]English astronomerEdmund Halleystudied the timing of this event, and in 1718 concluded that Aldebaran must have changed position since that time, moving several minutes of arc further to the north. This, as well as observations of the changing positions of starsSiriusandArcturus,led to the discovery ofproper motion.Based on present day observations, the position of Aldebaran has shifted 7′ in the last 2000 years; roughly a quarter the diameter of thefull moon.[28][29]Due toprecession of the equinoxes,5,000 years ago thevernal equinoxwas close to Aldebaran.[30]Between 420,000 and 210,000 years ago, Aldebaranwas the brightest starin the night sky,[31]peaking in brightness 320,000 years ago with an apparent magnitude of−1.54.[31]

English astronomerWilliam Herscheldiscovered a faint companion to Aldebaran in 1782;[32]an 11th-magnitude star at anangular separationof 117″.This star was shown to be itself a closedouble starbyS. W. Burnhamin 1888, and he discovered an additional 14th-magnitude companion at an angular separation of 31″. Follow-on measurements of proper motion showed that Herschel's companion was diverging from Aldebaran, and hence they were not physically connected. However, the companion discovered by Burnham had almost exactly the same proper motion as Aldebaran, suggesting that the two formed a widebinary starsystem.[33]

Working at his private observatory inTulse Hill,England,in 1864William Hugginsperformed the first studies of the spectrum of Aldebaran, where he was able to identify the lines of nine elements, includingiron,sodium,calcium,andmagnesium.In 1886,Edward C. Pickeringat theHarvard College Observatoryused a photographic plate to capture fiftyabsorption linesin the spectrum of Aldebaran. This became part of theDraper Catalogue,published in 1890. By 1887, the photographic technique had improved to the point that it was possible to measure a star'sradial velocityfrom the amount ofDoppler shiftin the spectrum. By this means, the recession velocity of Aldebaran was estimated as30 miles per second(48 km/s), using measurements performed atPotsdam ObservatorybyHermann C. Vogeland his assistantJulius Scheiner.[34]

Aldebaran was observed using an interferometer attached to theHooker Telescopeat theMount Wilson Observatoryin 1921 in order to measure itsangular diameter,but it was not resolved in these observations.[35]

The extensive history of observations of Aldebaran led to it being included in the list of 33 stars chosen as benchmarks for theGaia missionto calibrate derived stellar parameters.[36]It had previously been used to calibrate instruments on board theHubble Space Telescope.[13]

Physical characteristics[edit]

Size comparison between Aldebaran and theSun

Aldebaran is listed as thespectral standardfortype K5+ III stars.[6]Its spectrum shows that it is agiant starthat has evolved off themain sequenceband of theHR diagramafter exhausting thehydrogenat its core. The collapse of the center of the star into a degenerateheliumcore has ignited a shell of hydrogen outside the core and Aldebaran is now on thered giant branch(RGB).[5]

Theeffective temperatureof Aldebaran'sphotosphereis3,910K.It has a surface gravity of1.59cgs,typical for a giant star, but around 25 times lower than the Earth's and 700 times lower than the Sun's. Itsmetallicityis about 30% lower than theSun's.

Measurements by theHipparcossatellite and other sources put Aldebaran around 65.3 light-years (20.0 parsecs) away.[10]Asteroseismology has determined that it is about 16% more massive than the Sun,[11]yet it shines with 518 times the Sun's luminosity due to the expanded radius. The angular diameter of Aldebaran has been measured many times. The value adopted as part of the Gaia benchmark calibration is20.580±0.030mas.[13]It is 44 times thediameter of the Sun,approximately 61 million kilometres.[37]

Aldebaran is a slightlyvariable star,assigned to theslow irregulartypeLB.TheGeneral Catalogue of Variable Starsindicates variation between apparent magnitude 0.75 and 0.95 from historical reports.[4]Modern studies show a smaller amplitude, with some showing almost no variation.[38]Hipparcos photometry shows an amplitude of only about 0.02 magnitudes and a possible period around 18 days.[39]Intensive ground-based photometry showed variations of up to 0.03 magnitudes and a possible period around 91 days.[38]Analysis of observations over a much longer period still find a total amplitude likely to be less than 0.1 magnitudes, and the variation is considered to be irregular.[40]

Thephotosphereshows abundances ofcarbon,oxygen,andnitrogenthat suggest the giant has gone through its firstdredge-upstage—a normal step in the evolution of a star into a red giant during which material from deep within the star is brought up to the surface byconvection.[41]With its slow rotation, Aldebaran lacks adynamoneeded to generate acoronaand hence is not a source ofhard X-ray emission.However, small scalemagnetic fieldsmay still be present in the lower atmosphere, resulting from convection turbulence near the surface. The measured strength of the magnetic field on Aldebaran is0.22G.[42]Any resulting soft X-ray emissions from this region may be attenuated by thechromosphere,although ultraviolet emission has been detected in thespectrum.[43]The star is currently losing mass at a rate of(1–1.6)×10−11M🜨/yr(about oneEarth massin 300,000 years) with a velocity of30 km/s.[41]Thisstellar windmay be generated by the weak magnetic fields in the lower atmosphere.[43]

Beyond the chromosphere of Aldebaran is an extended molecular outer atmosphere (MOLsphere) where the temperature is cool enough for molecules of gas to form. This region lies at about 2.5 times the radius of the star and has a temperature of about1,500K.The spectrum reveals lines ofcarbon monoxide,water,andtitanium oxide.[41]Outside the MOLSphere, the stellar wind continues to expand until it reaches thetermination shockboundary with the hot, ionizedinterstellar mediumthat dominates theLocal Bubble,forming a roughly sphericalastrospherewith a radius of around1000 au,centered on Aldebaran.[44]

Visual companions[edit]

Five faint stars appear close to Aldebaran in the sky. Thesedouble starcomponents were given upper-caseLatin letterdesignations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Some characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran, are shown in the table.

WDS 04359+1631 catalogue entry[20]
α Tau Apparent
magnitude 		Angular
separation(″) 		Position
angle(°) 		Year Parallax(mas)
B 13.60 31.60 113 2007 47.3417±0.1055[45]
C 11.30 129.50 32 2011 19.1267±0.4274[46]
D 13.70 — — — —
E 12.00 36.10 323 2000
F 13.60 255.70 121 2000 0.1626±0.0369[47]

Some surveys, for exampleGaia Data Release 2,[45]have indicated that Alpha Tauri B may have about the sameproper motionandparallaxas Aldebaran and thus may be aphysical binarysystem. These measurements are difficult, since the dim B component appears so close to the bright primary star, and the margin of error is too large to establish (or exclude) a physical relationship between the two. So far neither the B component, nor anything else, has been unambiguously shown to be physically associated with Aldebaran.[48]A spectral type of M2.5 has been published for Alpha Tauri B.[49]

Alpha Tauri CD is abinary systemwith the C and D component stars gravitationally bound to and co-orbiting each other. These co-orbiting stars have been shown to be located far beyond Aldebaran and are members of the Hyades star cluster. As with the rest of the stars in the cluster they do not physically interact with Aldebaran in any way.[32]

Planetary system[edit]

Main article:Aldebaran b

In 1993 radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran,ArcturusandPolluxshowed that Aldebaran exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as asubstellar companion.The measurements for Aldebaran implied a companion with a minimum mass 11.4 times that ofJupiterin a 643-day orbit at a separation of 2.0 AU (300 Gm) in a mildlyeccentricorbit. However, all three stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion.[50]

In 2015 a study showed stable long-term evidence for both a planetary companion and stellar activity.[12]Anasteroseismicanalysis of the residuals to the planet fit has determined that Aldebaran b has a minimum mass of5.8±0.7Jupiter masses,and that when the star was on the main sequence it would have given this planet Earth-like levels of illumination and therefore, potentially, temperature.[11]This would place it and any of its moons in thehabitable zone.Follow-up study in 2019 have found the evidence for planetary existence inconclusive though.[51]

The planetary system[52]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b(disputed[51]) 5.8MJ 1.46±0.27 628.96±0.9 0.1±0.05 — —

Etymology and mythology[edit]

Aldebaran was originallyنَيِّر اَلدَّبَرَان(Nayyir al-Dabarānin Arabic), meaning'the bright one of the follower',since it follows the Pleiades; in fact, the Arabs sometimes also applied‍ the nameal-Dabarānto the Hyades as a whole.[53]A variety of transliterated spellings have been used, with the currentAldebaranbecoming standard relatively recently.[16]

Mythology[edit]

This easily seen and striking star in its suggestiveasterismis a popular subject for ancient and modern myths.

  • Mexican culture: For theSerisof northwestern Mexico, this star provides light for the seven women giving birth (Pleiades). It has three names:Hant Caalajc Ipápjö,Queeto,andAzoj Yeen oo Caap('star that goes ahead'). The lunar month corresponding to October is calledQueeto yaao'Aldebaran's path'.[54]
  • Australian Aboriginalculture: amongst indigenous people of the Clarence River, in north-easternNew South Wales,this star is the ancestorKarambal,who stole another man's wife. The woman's husband tracked him down and burned the tree in which he was hiding. It is believed that he rose to the sky as smoke and became the star Aldebaran.[55]

Names in other languages[edit]

In modern culture[edit]

Italian frigateAldebaran(F 590)

As the brightest star in a Zodiac constellation, it is givengreat significancewithinastrology.[60]

The name Aldebaran or Alpha Tauri has been adopted many times, including

The star also appears in works of fiction such asFar from the Madding Crowd(1874) andDown and Out in Paris and London(1933). It is frequently seen inscience fiction,including theLensmanseries(1948-1954) andFallen Dragon(2001).

Aldebaran regularly features inconspiracy theoriesas one of the origins ofextraterrestrial aliens,[61]often linked toNazi UFOs.[62]A well-known example is the German conspiracy theoristAxel Stoll,who considered the star the home of theAryan raceand the target of expeditions by theWehrmacht.[63]

The planetary exploration probePioneer 10is no longer powered or in contact with Earth, but its trajectory is taking it in the general direction of Aldebaran. It is expected to make its closest approach in about two million years.[64]

The Austrian chemistCarl Auer von Welsbachproposed the namealdebaranium(chemical symbol Ad) for arare earth elementthat he (among others) had found. Today, it is calledytterbium(symbol Yb).[65][66][67]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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